4. • Non-equivalent groups and historical controls
• Interrupted time series
• Single-case experimental designs
• Cross-lagged correlational designs
4
5. • Similar to real experiments
• Typically involve pre- and post-treatment
measurements
• But:
Without random assignment -> Groups are not
equivalent
5
6. also known as literature controls
• Easier
• Fewer ethical worries
But:
Caution because of selection and report bias
6
9. Lived Died Total % who lived
Hospital A 790 210 1000
Hospital B 900 100 1000
9
10. Lived Died Total % who lived
Hospital A 790 210 1000 79%
Hospital B 900 100 1000 90%
10
11. Lived Died Total % who lived
Hospital A 790 210 1000 79%
Hospital B 900 100 1000 90%
Fair Condition and Better
Lived Died Total % who lived
Hospital A 580 10 590
Hospital B 860 30 890
Poor Condition and Worse
Lived Died Total % who lived
Hospital A 210 200 410
Hospital B 40 70 110
11
12. Lived Died Total % who lived
Hospital A 790 210 1000 79%
Hospital B 900 100 1000 90%
Fair Condition and Better
Lived Died Total % who lived
Hospital A 580 10 590 98.3%
Hospital B 860 30 890 96.6%
Poor Condition and Worse
Lived Died Total % who lived
Hospital A 210 200 410 51.2%
Hospital B 40 70 110 36.3%
12
13. • A series of discreet measurements
• A clear definition of the beginning and ending
of the treatment
13
25. Simple = from the undivided population
Random = every sampling unit is equally likely
to be selected
With Replacement
Without Replacement
25
26. Stratified = First divide population into strata
Random = In each stratum, each unit is
equally likely to be selected
Advantage:
Reduced sampling error (improved accuracy)
26
