2. INTRODUCTION TO
NETWORK STANDARDS
NETWORK ARCHITECTURES ARE DEFINED BY EXACT AND
DETAILED SPECIFICATION REGARDING THE PHYSICAL LAYOUT
CABLING AND METHODS USED TO ACCESS AND MAINTAIN
COMMUNICATIONS IN AND BETWEEN NETWORK MEDIA.
THE INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEER
(IEEE), IS ONE OF THE INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION
RESPONSIBLE FOR DEVELOPING AND PROVIDING NETWORKING
TECHNOLOGY SPECIFICATION FOR WORLDWIDE USAGE
WE CALL THESE NETWORKING TECHNOLOGY SPECIFICATIONS AS
NETWORK STANDARDS.
3. COMMON NETWORK STANDARDS
• NETWORK COMMUNICATION USE A VARIETY OF STANDARDS TO
ENSURE THAT DATA IS TRAVELS CORRECTLY TO ITS DESTINATION.
• NETWORK STANDARDS DEFINE GUIDELINE THAT SPECIFY THE WAY
COMPUTER ACCESS THE MEDIUM TO WHICH THEY ARE ATTACHED.
• THE GUIDELINE ALSO DESCRIBE THE TYPE OF MEDIUM USED, THE
SPEEDS USED ON DIFFERENT TYPE OF PHYSICAL CABLE OR WIRELESS
TECHNOLOGY USED.
• THE WELL KNOWN STANDARDS ADOPTED BY THE IEEE ARE THE 802
STANDARDS. THESE PHYSICAL CABLING AND SPECIFY THE WAY DATA
IS TRANSMITTED.
• THE ONES WE WILL GET TO KNOW HERE ARE
• 802.3
• 802.7
• 802.8
• 802.11
4.
5.
6.
7.
8. Words to know
• Protocol – special set of rules that end points in a
telecommunication use when they communicate.
• Peer To Peer- each computer can act as a server for the
others.
• Carrier Networks-are proprietary networks infrastructure.
• Bit Stream- is a contiguous sequence of bits representing a
stream of data transmitted continuously over a
communication paths, serially.
• Routing is the process of selecting best paths in a network.
• Frame is data that is transmitted between network points as a
unit complete with addressing and necessary protocol control
information. A frame is usually transmitted serial bit by bit and
contains a header field and a trailer field that "frame" the
data. (Some control frames contain no data.)
9. OPEN SYSTEM
INTERCONNECTIONS
• OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) is reference model for
how applications can communicate over a network. A
reference model is a conceptual framework for understanding
relationships. The purpose of the OSI reference model is to
guide vendors and developers so the digital communication
products and software programs they create will interoperate,
and to facilitate clear comparisons among communications
tools.
10. 7 LAYERS OF OSI
1. PHYSICAL LAYER
2. DATA LINK LAYER
3. NETWORK LAYER
4. THE TRANSPORT LAYER
5. THE SESSION LAYER
6. THE PRESENTATION LAYER
7. THE APPLICATION LAYER
11. Layer 1: Physical Layer
• This layer conveys the bit stream through the network at the
electrical, optical or radio level. It provides
the hardware means of sending and receiving data on a carrier
network.
