3. Evolution of the Cooperative
movement in Odisha
First Consumer Coop Store in Cuttack, 1998 by
Madhusudan Das
1903 – Credit Coop Society
1910 - 50 Cooperative Credit Societies which later federated
to establish Banki-Dompora Central Cooperative Union
Till the formation of a separate state of Orissa in 1936 the
Coop. Societies regulated by Bihar-Orissa Cooperative Act.
1951: The Orissa Cooperative Societies Act 1951 was enacted
1962: The above was substituted by OCS Act 1962 with
major amendments in 1991 and 1996.
2001: The Orissa Self-Help Cooperative Act 2001
4. The Orissa Self-Help
Cooperatives ACT, 2001
An Act
To provide for the formation of cooperatives
and conversion of cooperative societies as self-help, self-
reliant, mutual-
aid, autonomous, voluntary, democratic, business enterprises,
which are to be owned, managed and controlled by members
for their economic and social betterment,
through the financially gainful provision of core services
which fulfill a common need felt by them,
and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
5. Incorporation
Registration of a New Cooperative
Where not less then ten individuals, each being member of
different family, intend to form a Cooperative; or
two or more Cooperatives registered under this Act
Provided that after registration of the Cooperative, any
member of the family may be admitted as member of the
Cooperative subject to provisions of section 16 of this Act.
Such articles of association and the memorandum of
association as specified in Schedule B or C as the case may
be, shall be submitted to the Registrar .
6. Memorandum of association
Every memorandum of association shall contain −
(a) the proposed name of the Cooperative;
(b) the address where the registered office of the Cooperative is to be
situated;
(c) the objects of the Cooperative;
(d) declaration by the promoter(s) of their commitment to the
Cooperative principles as provided for in schedule D;
Articles of association
(1) The members constituting a Cooperative, shall have a set of articles of
association, not contrary to the provisions of this Act, and the affairs of
the Cooperative shall be managed in accordance with the terms
, conditions and procedures specified in the articles of association.
(2) Except on such specific matters as provided under this Act, the
functioning of every Cooperative shall be regulated by its regulated by
its articles of association.
7. Name and Location
Name of a Cooperative
(1) A Cooperative may not be registered with exactly the same name as another Cooperative
already registered under this Act or the Cooperative Societies Act:
Every Cooperative shall display its full name, in legible characters in a conspicuous position, –
(a) at its office or place at which it carries on the business;
(b) in all notices and other official publications;
(c) on all its contracts, business letters, orders for goods, invoices, statements of account, receipts
and letters of credit; and
(d) on all bills of exchange, promissory notes, endorsements, cheques , and orders for money it signs
or that are signed on its behalf.
A Cooperative with limited liability shall have as a suffix to, or as part of its name, the
expression “limited”.
Location of registered office
(1) Every Cooperative shall intimate to the Registrar the full address of its registered
office, within ninety days of being registered as a Cooperative.
(2) Every Cooperative shall display in full the address of its registered office in legible
characters in a conspicuous position –
8. Transfer of Assets
Transfer of Assets and liabilities
A Cooperative may, by a special resolution, decide to transfer its assets and
liabilities, in whole or in part, to any other Cooperative which agrees, by a
special resolution, to receive such assets and accept such liabilities.
information about the transfer of assets and liabilities has been sent by the
Cooperative concerned to the Registrar and his/her acknowledgement of
receipt of the information received.
Amalgamation section 4 sub-section (2)
When two or more cooperatives amalgamate themselves into a new
cooperative the registration of the cooperatives so amalgamated shall stand
cancelled and it shall be deemed to have been dissolved and the Registrar shall
delete the names of the cooperatives from the register of cooperatives. On the
other hand the name of the newly formed Cooperative which is registered by
the Registrar shall find place in the register of cooperatives.
When two or more cooperatives amalgamate themselves into a new cooperative
all the members of the cooperatives who have assented to or deemed to have
assented to the amalgamation shall be deemed to have become members of the
new cooperative.
9. Merger
Merger section 4 sub-section (2)
When a cooperative merges itself into any other cooperative the
registration of the former cooperative shall stand cancelled and
it shall be deemed to have been dissolved and the Registrar shall
delete the name of such cooperative from the register of
cooperatives. On the other hand, the name of the newly formed
cooperative which is registered by the Registrar shall find place
in the register of cooperatives.
When a cooperative merges itself into any other cooperative the
members of the first cooperative who assented or deemed to
have assented to the merger, shall be deemed to have become the
members of the cooperative formed after merger.
10. Membership
Eligibility for Membership in a Cooperative
Any person who needs the services of a cooperative, expresses
willingness to accept the responsibilities of membership, meets such
other conditions as may be specified in the articles of association of the
cooperative, is in a position to use the services, and is competent to
contract under the Indian Contract Act, 1872, may be admitted as a
member; subject to the condition that the Cooperative is in a position
to extend its services to such person.
Every applicant for membership, and every member of a cooperative
must keep each cooperative of which the applicant is a
member, informed of membership in other cooperatives, and a
cooperative may refuse admission or remove from membership on
grounds, among others, of dual or conflicting membership, in other
cooperatives having similar business.
11. Admission as member
(1) Admission to membership shall be made, in accordance with the procedure specified
in the articles of association.
Withdrawal from membership
Withdrawal from membership will nonetheless require the member to fulfil such
obligations as were undertaken/assumed as a member, under the provision of this
Act, the articles of association or other agreements.
Cessation of membership
Every Cooperative shall, inform the nominee of the member, in the event of the death of
the member, and inform the member about the cessation of membership.
Termination of membership
The board may terminate the membership of a member who has acted prejudicial to the
objects and interests of the cooperative, violated any of the provisions of the articles of
association of the cooperative, the policies of the general body or board, and/or
conditions stipulated in contracts entered into by the member with the Cooperative:
12. Cooperative education
Every Cooperative shall include in its budget annually, provision for expenses for the
education and training of members, potential members, staff and members of board for
the development of their cooperative in accordance with the Cooperative principles as
specified in scheduled D.
Services primarily for members
A Cooperative’s services shall normally be available to members only.
Voting right of members
In Primary and Secondary Cooperatives, members shall have equal voting rights i.e. one
member, one vote, and shall be organized in a democratic manner:
Provided that a member shall have to be a member for at least one full financial
year, before being eligible to cast his/her vote except the case of promoters.
Liability of members
A Cooperative may be registered with limited or unlimited liability.
13. GB
General body
There shall be a general body for every Cooperative consisting of all members of such
Cooperative:
Functions, responsibilities and powers of general body
The following and such other matters, as are considered necessary by the board, shall be dealt
with by the general body at its annual general body meeting -
(a) long term plan and budget;
(b) annual operational plan and budget for the current financial year;
(c) appointment of auditors for the current financial year;
(d) annual report of activities for the previous financial year;
(e) annual audited statements of accounts, and the auditor’s report relating to the previous
financial year;
(f) report on deviations, if any, from the approved budget relating to
the previous financial year;
(g) disposal of surplus, if any, of previous financial year;
(h) management of deficit, if any, of previous financial year;
(i) creation of specific reserves and other funds;
(j) actual utilisation of reserves and other funds;
14. Management
Board of directors
There shall be an elected board of directors for every Cooperative constituted
and entrusted with the direction of the affairs of the Cooperative in accordance
with the provisions of this Act and the articles of association:
Functions, responsibilities and powers of board
The board may perform functions, discharge responsibilities and exercise powers
as specified under and in accordance with the terms, conditions and procedure
laid down in the articles of association
(a) to interpret the organizational objectives, to set up specific goals to be achieved
towards these objectives, and to make periodic appraisal of operations;
(b) to elect and remove office bearers;
(c) to appoint and remove the chief executive;
(d) to make provisions for regulating the appointment of all employees of the
Cooperative, the scales of pay, allowances and other conditions of service
including disciplinary action;
(e) to finalise long term perspective plan, annual plan and budget to be placed
before the general body.
15. Elections
(1) The conduct of elections of directors to the board and of
representatives to the representative general body of a cooperative 28
shall be the responsibility of the incumbent board or the promoter
board, as the case may be, of the cooperative.
(2) Elections shall be conducted in the manner specified in the articles of
association. Elections shall be conducted before expiry of the term of
office of the outgoing directors are representatives, as the case may be.
(3) Where a board fails to conduct elections in time in accordance with
the articles of association of the cooperative, all directors on the board
shall cease to be directors from the date of expiry of the term of office
of the outgoing director(s) or representative(s), as the case may be.
(4) Elections of directors shall take place
16. Finance
Mobilisation of funds
(1) A Cooperative may mobilize funds in the shape of equity capital,
deposits and loans from its members in such form, to such extent and
under such conditions as may be specified in the articles of association.
(2) A Cooperative may raise funds and other forms of financial support
such as guarantee form non-members, including banks, other financial and
non-financial institutions, on mutually agreed terms, to such extent and
under such conditions as may be specified in the articles of association.
Deployment of funds
Such of its funds as are not needed for use in its business, a Cooperative
may invest or deposit, outside its business.
Disposal of surplus
Surplus, if any, arising out of the business of a Cooperative may be used
(a) deficit cover fund;
(b) surplus refund among its members;
(c) development of its business;
(e) common services to its members;
(f) rewards or incentives to employees; and
17. Accountability
Accounts, records and documents to be maintained
Every Cooperative shall keep at its registered office, at least the following
accounts, records and documents, namely−
objectives of the Cooperative;
an up-to date copy of its articles of association;
the minutes books;
account of all sums of money received and expended by the Cooperative and
their respective purposes;
account of all purchases and sales of goods by the Cooperative;
account of the assets and liabilities of the Cooperative;
a list of members, their fulfilment of responsibilities over the previous financial
year, their eligibility to exercise their rights for the current financial year
updated within forty five days of closure of the Cooperative’s financial year;
and
all such other accounts, records and documents as may be required by this Act
or other laws and regulations.
18. Audit: A Cooperative shall get its accounts audited by -
(a) a chartered accountant within the meaning of the Chartered
Accountants Act, 1949; or
(b) by any other auditor in service under Auditor general of
Cooperative Societies, on payment of fees to be decided by the
Auditor General of Cooperative Societies; or
(c) by a retired Cooperative Auditor/Retired Government
Auditor with minimum three years of experience.
Disputes
Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the
time being in force, if any dispute touching the
constitution, management, or business of cooperative
arises, such dispute shall be referred to the concerned arbitral
tribunal.
19. DISSOLUTION
A Cooperative may, by a special resolution, move for
its own dissolution:
Provided that a notice of the general body meeting
shall be sent by registered post with an invitation to
attend such meeting, to the Registrar, to the
creditors, if any, to any Secondary Cooperative to
which the cooperative is affiliated and to any
cooperative(s) with which a partnership contract has
been entered into.
20. Company Act 1956
The company act came into force from 1 April 1956.
The act was based upon the recommendation of company law committee
appointed under the chairmanship of Mr. C. H. Bhaba on 25-10-1950.
The committee submitted its report in 1952.The India company act extends to
the whole India.
Company
Section 3 (1)(i) & (ii) of the company act 1956 defines a company as :
“a company formed and registered under this act or an existing company”.
“ Existing company” means a company formed and registered under any of
the earlier company laws.
21. Incorporation under Company
Act 1956….
Separate legal entity: a company is an separate legal entity means it is different
from its members. it work as individual body.
Artificial person: a company is a purely a creation of law .It is invisible
, intangible and exists only in the eyes of law.
Perpetual existence : According section 34(2) of the act states that an
incorporated company has a perpetual life. The life of the company is not
related to the life of the members. Law create the company and law alone can
dissolve it. The existence of the company is not affected by
death, insolvency, retirement or transfer of share members.
Common seal: A company being an artificial person can not work as a natural
being, therefore it work through directors, officers and employees.
Limited liability: liability of a member shall be limited to the value of share
held by him , he can not be called upon to bear the loss from his personal
property.
Transferability of share ; a company can not impose absolute restriction on the
rights of members to transfer their shares. the share of a company are freely
transferable. The shareholder can transfer his share to any person without the
consent of other members.
22. Type of Companies
From the point of view of formation.
Chartered Companies(East India Company)
Statutory Companies (Reserve bank of India)
Registered companies.
From the point of view of liability.
Limited Companies.
Guarantee Companies.
Unlimited Companies.
From the point of public investment.
Public company.
Private company
Producer Company
23. Memorandum of Association
It is one of the documents which has to be filed with registrar Of the
companies at the time of incorporation of a company.
It is a vital document, tell about the object of the company’s
formation, the power of the company as well as the boundaries beyond
which the action of the company can not go.
Importance of memorandum
It defines the rights and liabilities of the members.
It shows the capital structure of the company.
It shows the object of the company.
It specifies the state in which the registered office of the company is
situated.
It shows the constitution of the company.
It specify the conditions under which the company
has been incorporated.
24. Articles of Association
The article of association are the bye laws of the company according to which
director and other officers are required to perform their functions as regards
the management of the company, its accounts and audit.
Article of association of the company as originally framed or as attained from
time to time in presence of any previous companies law or of this act. (sec.(2)
of company act 1956.
Contents of article of association
Rights of different classes of shareholders.
Use of common seal of the company.
Keeping of books of accounts and their audit.
Appointment, powers , duties ,salary of MD , manager and secretary.
Borrowing power of directors.
Voting rights of member.
Board meetings and proceedings.
Winding up company.
25. Company Vs. Coop Act
Factor of Company Act Orissa state self help
comparison cooperative act
Legal status Central act – companies act 1956 sec 3 Orissa state self help cooperative act
2001
Objects and An autonomous and voluntary association A self reliant, autonomous, voluntary,
activities formed to carry out a particular purpose . Focus democratic business enterprise
on profit. owned, managed and controlled by
members which Focus on members
social and economic betterment
Promoters Individuals, Corporate Members themselves, Govt.
Membership Minimum 2 member for private company 7 for 10 or more individuals, 2 or more
public company, maximum member is 50 for cooperatives
private company where as the members are
unlimited for public company.
Voting rights
Share Not tradable but transferable Not tradable
Member benefits
Liability Limited liability Liability may be limited or unlimited
26. Company Vs. Coop Act
Factor of Company Act 1956 Orissa state self help cooperative
comparison act 2001
Board and general Board takes decisions, GB GB takes decisions, board acts on behalf of
body relationship approves GB.
Operational Chief executive and professional Board , appointment of chief
management staff executive/staff .
Source of finance Equity, bank, fixed deposits, Equity capital, deposit and loans from
Govt. bonds, other company members, banks,
Reserves Mandatory to create every year Created if there were profits
Financial audit Internal audit control External audit
Dispute settlement By arbitration Through cooperative mechanism.
penalties Stringent penalties for Exist but not stringent
contravention of Act.
State control Minimal Significant-registration, audit, dissolution
of co-operative
Borrowing power More freedom and alternatives. Restricted
