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Scientific Sessions 2015: Hepatitis b&c and treatment options
1. Dr Upali Weragama MBBS(Pera),
MD(Col), MRCP(UK), MAGA(USA)
Consultant Physician
Sri Lanka Police Hospital
Colombo
2. High risk of transmission
Other STIs
Alcohol & other substance abuse
Treatment & compliance
Reinfection & anti-viral drug resistance
Complications & prognosis
4. •More than 400 million people have chronic
HBV infection
•Estimated 170 million people infected with HCV
•About 1.4 million die each year from causes
related to these two infections
5.
6. High risk sexual behaviour
- unprotected receptive anal intercourse
with ejaculation
- - anal fisting
-group sex
Associated other STIs & HIV
Abuse of alcohol & other substances
7.
8. Antigens
Hepatitis B surface Antigen
Hepatitis B e antigen
Hepatitis B core antigen – not seen in blood
Antibody
Hepatitis B surface antibody
Hepatitis B e antibody
Hepatitis B core antibody (IgM and total)
9. Molecular assays
Hepatitis B DNA
Qualitative or quantitative
correlates with circulating viral particles
either measured as copies / ml or IU / ml
treatment if HBV DNA - > 20,000 IU / ml
Genotypes ( upto 10; A-J,) & many subgenotypes
10. •HCV antibody (positive 1-6 months after infection)
•All anti-HCV positive patients
HCV RNA for confirmation
Viral load assay
Genotyping ( 6 genotypes & more than 50 subtypes)
•Liver biopsy is not mandatory before treatment but may
be helpful
11.
12.
13. Prevent / reduce
progression of the disease, particularly to cirrhosis
liver failure
hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
extra-hepatic manifestations
Acheive SVR
Promote compliance / counseling
14. Host
Non-Modifiable
older age at time of infection
male sex
Modifiable
alcohol consumption
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
obesity / insulin resistance
Viral
Genotype
Coinfection with hepatisis B / C virus or HIV
15.
16.
17. Pre exposure ( vaccination)
Immediate post exposure
Acute Hep B infection
Chronic Hep B infection
18. Given before exposure to high risk groups
Three doses at 0, 1, 6 months
Transient HBsAg positivity after vaccination
Anti HBs 1 – 2 months after the 3rd dose
Effective ~ 90%
Last about 20 years
No routine boosters are recommended
If no antibodies , can repeat vaccination
schedule
19. Given within 48 hours, (up to a week)
following known / possible exposure
vaccination & antibody status of the recipient
HBV serology status ( eg e antigen) of the source
dose - depending on body weight
different site from vaccine – antero-lateral thigh
20. Antiviral therapy is generally not necessary
because 95% of immunocompetent adults
recover spontaneously
Severe or fulminant acute hepatitis B
Lamivudine or telbivudine
21. HBe status
Age of the patient & comrbidities
Presence of significant fibrosis / cirrhosis
ALT level
HBV DNA level
25. Antiviral therapy is generally not necessary
-will spontaneously clear in 20% to 50% of
patients
-in two-thirds of patients, this will occur within 6
months
-regular laboratory monitoring is recommended
HCV RNA (eg, every 4 -8 weeks) for 12
months
Severe or fulminant acute hepatitis C infection
26.
27. •Elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels
•Fibrosis
•Age greater than 18 years
•Positive HCV antibody and serum HCV RNA test
results
•Compensated liver disease (eg, no hepatic
encephalopathy or ascites)
•Acceptable hematologic and biochemical indices
(hemoglobin, neutrophil count, serum creatinine
•Willingness to be treated and to adhere to treatment
requirements
28. Standard therapy is a combination of peginterferon
and ribavirin
Newer drugs
shorter treatment duration
well tolerated
increased SVR rates
Men who have Sex with Men
Certain high risk sexual behaviour
In particular, safer sex strategies should be emphasized given the high rates of reinfection after SVR, which may approach 30% over 2 years, in HIV-infected MSM with acute HCV infection.
7.3 billion
6%, 2.6%
Death HBV 800,000 & HCV 500,000
overall sero-prevalence of HBV (<2%) and HCV ( <1%)
A sero-surveillance study of 407 children aged 1 to 5 Years in Kalutara district tested negative for current Hepatitis B infection(Hepatitis B Sero-Survey-2014, Epidemiology Unit-MRI joint Study) .
A study done with 250 drug users in the Colombo district in 2005 revealed • 12.6% (CI 5.1-24.5) prevalence of ever injecting drug use • 7.6% Prevalence of HBV, but none were infective (HBsAg negative) • 0.4% Prevalence of anti-HCV • None tested positive for HIV (Tissera H. A, 2005).
people interned in prisons A study among cohort of prison inmates(n=393) in Sri Lanka revealed low prevalence of • HBV (HBsAg-0.25%) • HCV (HCV RNA- 0.5%) • Injecting drug use (4.3%) None of the injecting drug users were positive for HBV-DNA or HCV-RNA (Niriella M. A et al)
Samples: serum or plasma
Genotype C –poor prognosis in terms of cirrhosis & HCC
An accurate assessment of fibrosis is vital in assessing the urgency for treatment. The degree of hepatic fibrosis is one of the most robust prognostic factors used to predict disease progression and clinical outcomes.
The most efficient approach to fibrosis assessment is to combine direct biomarkers and vibration-controlled transient liver elastography. A biopsy should be considered for any patient who has discordant results between the 2 modalities that would affect clinical decision making. For example, 1 shows cirrhosis and the other does not. The need for liver biopsy with this approach is markedly reduced.
The first is to achieve sustained eradication of HCV (ie, SVR),
SUSTAINED VIROLOGIC RESPONSE
which is defined as the persistent absence of HCV RNA in serum 6 months or more after completing antiviral treatment.
HBV genotype C , HCV Genotype 3
Human plasma with high titer of Hep B antibody
Not for treatment of hepatitis B
not intra-venously
in patients with symptomatic acute hepatitis B
The endpoint of treatment for HBeAg-positive patients is HBeAg seroconversion.158-160 Liver chemistries should be monitored every 3 months and HBV DNA levels every 3-6 months while on therapy, and HBeAg and anti-HBe tested at the end of 1 year of treatment and every 3-6 months thereafter. Treatment may be discontinued in patients who have confirmed HBeAg seroconversion (HBeAg loss and anti-HBe detection on 2 occasions 1-3 months apart) and have completed at least 6 months of consolidation therapy after the appearance of anti-HBe. The durability of response after cessation of treatment is expected to be 70% to 90%
only 11% of those who remain viremic at 6 months will spontaneously clear infection at some later time.
The endpoint of treatment for HBeAg-positive patients is HBeAg seroconversion.158-160 Liver chemistries should be monitored every 3 months and HBV DNA levels every 3-6 months while on therapy, and HBeAg and anti-HBe tested at the end of 1 year of treatment and every 3-6 months thereafter. Treatment may be discontinued in patients who have confirmed HBeAg seroconversion (HBeAg loss and anti-HBe detection on 2 occasions 1-3 months apart) and have completed at least 6 months of consolidation therapy after the appearance of anti-HBe. The durability of response after cessation of treatment is expected to be 70% to 90%
The treatment of hepatitis C has evolved over the years. Initial studies used IFN monotherapy. Subsequently, combination of ribavirin and IFN or of IFN to which polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecules have been added (ie, PEG-IFN) were used.
The first protease inhibitor indicated for use in HCV infection, boceprevir.
HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitor
treatment duration 12 weeks for patients without cirrhosis
24 weeks for those with cirrhosis