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-923925-1009650Transformarea politropa<br />LICEUL TEORETIC „MIRON COSTIN” PASCANI<br />Batalan Mihaela & Prodan Valentina<br />Profesor indrumator:dl Cazacu Ion<br />Clasa aX-a C<br />2010-2011<br />Cuprins<br />,[object Object]
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Surse1     Transformare politropă  este acea transformare pentru care căldura molară a unui gaz de masă dată se menţine constantă  (V = const , C = const ), legea procesului fiind: pV n = const.<br />n : exponent politropic ( constantă caracteristică fiecărui proces politrop)n ∈ [ -∞,+ ∞].<br />C : căldura molară (coeficient caloric având valoarea egală cu cădura schimbată de 1kmol de substanţă pentru a varia temperatura sistemului cu un grad – [C]SI = J/mol Kde sistem ).<br />Transformarea politropa  reprezinta o transformare de stare generala, care defineste procesele termodinamice in cursul carora agentul termic schimba energie sub forma de carldura si lucru mecanic  cu mediul exterior si in care se modifica toti parametrii de stare p,V,T.Un exemplu de astfel de transformare apare într-un cilindru închis. Lucrul mecanic produs de piston este obţinut atât din căldura provenită din mediul ambiant, cât şi din energia internă a sistemului. <br />In practica, destinderea sau comprimarea gazelor nu se poate realize in mod riguros adiabatic si nici izotermic .In procesele reale , schimbul de caldura dintre agentul termic si mediu nu poate fi impiedicat complet , pentru o izolare adiabatica , dupa cum nu poate fi nici intensificat atat de mult incat temperature agentului sa se mentina constanta in timpul procesului termodinamic .Procesele reale de comprimare sau destindere din instalatiile termice pot fi considerate transformari politrope .<br />Lucrul mechanic al transformarii politrope va fi :<br />l12=p1V1-p2V2n-1=R(T1-T2)n-1=p1V1n-11-(p_2/p_1 )^((n-1)/n)<br /> Definind caldurile specifice:. Cp=Cv+R  putem spune ca ele depind de natura transformării (la p = const. respectiv la v = const). Dacă transformarea este oarecare, adică politropă, se defineşte căldura specifică politropă cn ca fiind căldura primită de unitatea de masă în această transformare politropă pentru a-şi mări temperatura cu unitatea de grad.<br />               pV n = const             n=C-CpC-CV<br />,[object Object]
                        p
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Fizik

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Cazuri particulareTipul procesuluiDefiniţieLegea procesuluiIzoterm( politropa cu n = 1) = constT = constpV = constantIzobar( politropa cu n = 0) = constp = const= const , V = V0 (1+ t)V0 : volumul gazului la temperatura t0 = 00C : coeficient de dilatare izobară (1/273,15 grad-1)t : temperatura măsurată în grade CelsiusIzocor( politropa cu n -> ∞) = constV = const= const , p = p0 (1+t)p0 : presiunea gazului la pemperatura t0 = 00C : coeficientul termic al presiunii (1/273,15 grad-1)Adiabatic( politropa cu n = )proces în care sistemul nu schimbă căldură cu exteriorulQ = 0pV = const, TV(-1) = const, p(1-)T = const : exponent adiabatic(  = Cp/Cv, Cp, Cv : coeficienţi calorici ( căldura molară izobară/ izocoră)Cp = , Cv = Qp, QV :cădura schimbată de cantitatea de gaz () ,izobar/ izocor, pentru a produce o variaţie a temperaturii cu T. <br /> Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac<br />Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778-1850) a fost un chimist si fizician francez cunoscut datorita studiilor lui asupra proprietatilor fizice ale gazelor. El s-a nascut in St. Leonard si si-a facut studiile la Politehnica École si la École des Ponts et Chaussées in Paris. Dupa ce a devenit expert in mai multe domenii el devine profesor de fizica la Sorbonne din 1808 pana in 1832. <br />In 1804 face ascensiuni cu balonul pentru a studia fortele magnetice si pentru a observa compozitia si temperatura aerului la altitudini diferite. In 1809 el formuleaza legea gazelor care mai este asociata cu numele lui. Conform legii combinarii volumelor, volumele gazelor implicate intr-o reactie chimica, atat a reactantilor cat si a produsilor de reactie sunt in raport de numere mici si intregi. In 1809 Gay-Lussac a lucrat la prepararea potasiului si a borului si a studiat proprietatile clorinei si acidului hidrocianic. In domeniul chimiei industriale el a adus imbunatatiri in diferite procese de fabricare si testare.<br />Pe langa acestea el el a confirmat prezenta iodului in alge si i-a dat acestuia numele.<br />Legeal ui Gay-Lussac stabileste o dependenta intre volumul unui gaz si temperatura cand presiunea se mentine constanta. <br />Un proces la care participa un sistem dat (m=ct.) sub presiune constanta se numeste proces izobar. <br /> <br /> Realizari:<br />1802 - Gay-Lussac a formulat prima lege, -Lussac Legea lui Gay , afirmând că în cazul în care masa şi presiunea unui gaz sunt constante, atunci creşte volumul de gaz ca liniar cu creşterea temperaturii. Acest lucru este uneori scris ca T k V =, unde k este o constantă dependentă de tipul, masa, presiune şi a gazului şi T este temperatura pe o scară absolută. (În ceea ce priveşte  HYPERLINK quot; http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=ro&langpair=en%7Cro&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_gas_law&rurl=translate.google.ro&usg=ALkJrhhVUNgPInr8Gv7c80HlJ-V9eh5mSQquot; quot; Ideal gaz legequot; legea gazului ideal , k = n R / P.)<br />1804 - El şi Jean-Baptiste Biot a făcut o -balon cu aer cald ascensiunea la o înălţime de 6.4 km într-o investigaţie timpurie a  HYPERLINK quot; http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=ro&langpair=en%7Cro&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_atmosphere&rurl=translate.google.ro&usg=ALkJrhg9MzlmEhk60XVTbUAzSG6CyE09Tgquot; quot; Atmosfera Pamantuluiquot; lui atmosfera Pământului . El a vrut să colecteze probe de aer la diferite înălţimi să înregistreze diferenţele de temperatură şi umiditate.<br />1805 - Împreună cu prietenul său şi colaborator ştiinţific Alexander von Humboldt , a descoperit că compoziţia atmosferei nu se schimbă odată cu scăderea presiunii (creşterea altitudine). Ei au descoperit de asemenea că apa este format din două părţi de hidrogen şi o parte de oxigen (în volum).<br />1808 - A fost co-descoperitor de  HYPERLINK quot; http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=ro&langpair=en%7Cro&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron&rurl=translate.google.ro&usg=ALkJrhjL8ZvQYlVcwHVWDE-9GqoKbnogMQquot; quot; Borquot; bor .<br />1810 - În colaborare cu Louis Thenard, el a dezvoltat o metodă de analiză cantitativă elementară prin măsurarea CO 2 şi O 2 evoluat prin reacţia cu clorat de potasiu.<br />1811 - Gay-Lussac a recunoscut  HYPERLINK quot; http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=ro&langpair=en%7Cro&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine&rurl=translate.google.ro&usg=ALkJrhg0k-M8hcTl2JxwOlFgmP2RAmYXXAquot; quot; Iodquot; iod ca un element nou, descrise proprietăţile sale, şi a sugerat iode numele. <br />1824 - El a dezvoltat o versiune îmbunătăţită a  HYPERLINK quot; http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=ro&langpair=en%7Cro&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burette&rurl=translate.google.ro&usg=ALkJrhiPFvx2IHE7YcZZ5RQsYEE10wwwNAquot; quot; Biuretăquot; biuretei care a inclus un braţ lateral, şi a inventat termenii quot;   HYPERLINK quot; http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=ro&langpair=en%7Cro&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipette&rurl=translate.google.ro&usg=ALkJrhiN778ZxWyQcSa3nC4MUgMUFJzXuwquot; quot; Pipetăquot; pipeta quot; şiquot; biureta quot; într-un document 1824 cu privire la standardizarea unor soluţii indigo. <br />În Paris , o stradă şi un hotel lângă  HYPERLINK quot; http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=ro&langpair=en%7Cro&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Paris&rurl=translate.google.ro&usg=ALkJrhg5e6FSsEabLLKyysbe1AxZnyzxmAquot; quot; Universitatea din Parisquot; Sorbona sunt numite după el, ca sunt un pătrat şi o stradă în oraşul său natal, Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat .<br />