Project work

VALLEY VIEW UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
FAMILY INSTABILITY AND ITS EFFECTS ON JUVENILE DELINQUENCY; THE
CASE STUDY OF SELECTED CORRECTIONAL HOMES IN GREATER ACCRA
REGION
BY
ADEGBAJU VICTORIA OLUWAFUNMITO
TCHANOU KEMDEP DANIELLE
JESSICA LILIANE ADOU NDOUA
AKPADE JOSHUA
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (BSc.) IN
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
JANUARY, 2014

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SCHOOL OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES, EDUCATION
& HEALTH SCIENCE
FAMILY INSTABILITY AND ITS EFFECTS ON JUVENILE DELINQUENCY; THE
CASE STUDY OF SELECTED CORRECTIONAL HOMES IN GREATER ACCRA
REGION
BY
TCHANOU KEMDEP DANIELLE
AKPADE JOSHUA
A Senior Project Work Submitted to the
Department of Development Studies,
in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for
the degree of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (BSc.) IN
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
JANUARY, 2014

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DECLARATION
We hereby declare that this submission is our own work towards the BSc Development
studies and that, to the best of our knowledge, it contains no material previously published by
another person nor material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree of the
University, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.
211DS02007393 ……………………… …………………
(Student name and Index Number) Signature Date
TCHANOU DANIELLE KEMDEP
211DS02007388 ……………………… …………………
211DS02006218 ……………………… …………………
AKPADE JOSHUA
211DS02007273 ……………………… …………………
Certified by
Mr. Micheal Amponsah Kodom ……………………… …………………
Supervisor’s name Signature Date
Certified by
…………………………………… …………………… …………………
Head of Dept. (name) Signature Date

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DEDICATION
We dedicate the success of this project work to the Almighty God who has given us the life
and strength to come this far, and for making this project work a reality. We also dedicate this
work to our precious families for their immeasurable moral and financial supports, their
prayers, and motivation in making our education a success.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Our thanks first and foremost go to God our maker for His love, grace, protection and
guidance throughout this project.
We owe a profound gratitude to our supervisor, Mr. Kodom Amponsah Micheal, whose
knowledge, understanding, and recommendations have contributed to the successful
completion of this project. God richly bless you and your family.
Special thanks to the Manageress of Junior Girl’s Correctional Home (JGCC), Osu and the
Manageress of Osu Children’s Home (OCH) for assisting us with the relevant information
and data for the project work.
We also express our appreciation to Sarfo Kelson Kwaku for his continuous motivation and
concern to the speedy completion of our project work.

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ABSTRACT
Children’s early experiences shape who they are and affect their lifelong health and learning.
However, family instability has been widely identified as one of the factors that negatively
affects children’s early experiences, and thus determines whether or not they would become
delinquent. It is of this view that, this research work analysed the underlying role and
potential benefits of how good parenting, the home environment, and financial support are
required in providing the stability and supporting young children’s needs. The project work
as a descriptive work evaluated the effect of family instability on juvenile delinquency; which
includes social vices (fighting, stealing, prostitution etc.). Specifically, this work examined
the various types of family instability that leads to juvenile delinquency, the future
consequences of juvenile delinquents, and the impacts of juvenile delinquency on the society.
Delinquency does not only affect the juvenile delinquent, but also the entire family system in
the neighbourhoods; the research findings however, stressed the need to mitigate the
problems caused by the children coming from instable families.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION.......................................................................................................................3
DEDICATION...........................................................................................................................4
ACKNOWLEGEMENT............................................................................................................5
ABSTRACT...............................................................................................................................6
LIST OF TABLES.....................................................................................................................8
LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................9
ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................10
CHAPTER ONE ....................................................................................................................11
1.0 General Introduction ...................................................................................................11
1.1 Background of the study.............................................................................................11
1.2 Statement of the Problem............................................................................................13
1.3 Research Questions/ Hypothesis.................................................................................14
1.4 Main Objective............................................................................................................14
1.5 Specific Objectives .....................................................................................................14
1.6 Research Methodology ...............................................................................................15
1.7 Limitations..................................................................................................................17
1.8 Justification.................................................................................................................17
1.9 Organization of Chapters ...........................................................................................18
CHAPTER TWO ...................................................................................................................19
2.0 Introduction.................................................................................................................19
2.1 Literature Review........................................................................................................19
2.2 Definition of Terms.....................................................................................................22
2.3 Greater Accra Regional Profile...................................................................................24
2.4 Demographic Characteristics......................................................................................27
CHAPTER THREE...............................................................................................................32
3.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................32
3.1 Background of the Parents/Guardian Respondents....................................................32
3.2 Causes of Instability....................................................................................................36
3.3 Background Information of the Children respondents ...............................................40
3.4 What led Respondents to Juvenal Home ....................................................................45
CHAPTER FOUR..................................................................................................................47
4.1 Summary of Findings..................................................................................................47
4.2 Conclusion(s) .............................................................................................................50
4.3 Recommendations.......................................................................................................51
BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................................................................................................53
APPENDIX A (SAMPLE OF PARENTS/ GUARDIANS QUESTIONNAIRE) ............54
APPENDIX B (SAMPLE OF QUESTIONNAIRE FOR CHILDREN) ..........................56

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1.1 Sex of the Parents/ Guardians...............................................................................32
Table 3.1.2 Age of Parents/ Guardians ....................................................................................33
Table 3.1.3 Marital Status of Parents/ Guardians ...................................................................34
Table 3.1.4 Educational Level of Parents/ Guardians..............................................................34
Table 3.1.5 Type of Employment ............................................................................................35
Table 3.1.6 Household Income ...............................................................................................36
Table 3.2.1 Causes of Instability..............................................................................................36
Table 3.2.2 Reasons why some Children engage in delinquent behaviors .............................38
Table 3.2.3 Things that can be done to reduce delinquent behaviors among Children ...........39
Table 3.2.4 Age range of the Respondents (Children) ............................................................40
Table 3.2.5 Living Status of Respondents (Children) .............................................................40
Table 3.4.1 Marital Status of the Children’s Parent ................................................................41
Table 3.4.2 Household Size of the Respondents .....................................................................42
Table 3.4.3 Conditions of the Respondents Home .................................................................44
Table 3.4.4 what led Respondents to Juvenile Home .............................................................45

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1 Map of Ghana ........................................................................................................26
Figure 2.2 Map of Greater Accra Region ...............................................................................26
Figure 3.1 Educational Level of Parent ...................................................................................34
Figure 3.2 Causes of Instability in the family..........................................................................36
Figure 3.3 Why Children engage in delinquent behaviors ......................................................38
Figure 3.4 What Parents/ families can do to reduce delinquent behaviors among Children...39
Figure 3.5 Living Status of Respondents (Children) ...............................................................41
Figure 3.6 Marital Status of Respondents’ Parents .................................................................42
Figure 3.7 Household Size of Respondents (Children) ..........................................................43
Figure 3.8 Home Conditions of Respondents (Children) .......................................................45
Figure 3.9 Causes of Respondents’ present Conditions ..........................................................46

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ABBREVIATIONS
AMA: Accra Metropolitan Assembly
CHAG: Christian Health Association of Ghana
CHPS: Community-based Health Planning and Services
FCUBE: Free and Compulsory Universal Basic Education
JGCC: Junior Girls’ Correctional Center
OCH: Osu Children’s Home
SPSS: Statistical Package for Social Sciences
SSNIT: Social Security and National Insurance Trust

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CHAPTER ONE
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.0 Introduction
This chapter presents the background of the study, research problem, the research objectives,
and the questions the study seeks to address. The research methodology, scope, limitations,
delimitations, and the justification of the study, are also presented in this chapter.
1.1 Background of the study
Juvenile delinquency can be defined as actions that violate the law, committed by a person
who is under the legal age of majority i.e. 18years old. According to Oxford dictionary 2009,
juvenile delinquency is destruction of property and other criminal behavior that is committed
by youth people who are not old enough to be legally considered as adults. Considering, the
era of globalization and industrialization in our society, the rate of unacceptable behavior
among youth of the past cannot be compared with that of the present era because of the way
society is moving on. The anti- social behaviors often associated with the juvenile
delinquents includes: vandalism, drug trafficking, weapon carrying, stealing and pick-
pocketing, alcohol abuse, rape, truancy etc.
In recent time, the problem of juvenile delinquency which has rendered most children
irresponsible in the society can be attributed to the presence of instability in the family.
According to Heather, (2013), instability is described as the experience of abrupt, negative
change in family circumstances. It, in most, cases arises due to inability to sort out
differences and quarrel among parents and the loss of a mother or father; as a result most
children see their parents get separated, re- marry, start or end a cohabitating union with
another spouse who is not their husband nor wife. According to (Heather, 2013), family

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transitions that occur among conflicting parents have strong effect on the reactions and
behavior of a child. And usually, these children are left without care and support and as a
result they engage in deviant and irresponsible behavior in the society.
Although, the causes of juvenile delinquency among children could be attributed to several
reasons, such as: peer group influence, living environmental conditions, rate of globalization
and industrialization, etc. However, one major cause of juvenile delinquency is family
instability. According to (ReadingCraze, 2013), the family is the basic socialization agency
for the children. Children learn basic concepts about good and bad from their family. They
make their values and set the norms of society i.e. a child learns how to talk, respect,
manners, culture etc. This means, the family can make or break the personality of a child
depending on the kind of role played by the parents and siblings.
Most of the adolescents who show delinquent behavior in any form belong to families that
could not give firm foundation to the children. Broken families, single parent families,
separated families, frequent parents fight, lack of trust and confidence among the parents,
criminal parents or psychological problems in parents can be identified as one of the major
factor accounting for the presence of juvenile delinquency. Another cause of juvenile
delinquency as a result of family instability is presence of sibling’s rivalry or unequal
treatment between children.
As children are a valuable resource for the future of any country, it is imperative that they are
equipped with proper upbringing by parents and elder siblings. But, when parents or siblings
do not show moral behavior or they commit crime, children or younger siblings will also get
motivation to do something bad and engage in delinquent behavior causing juvenile
delinquency in the society.

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1.2 Statement of the problem
One of the major social problems within our society, which is a by-product of modern
urbanization and industrialization, is juvenile delinquency. Juvenile delinquency requires a
great level of attention because it involves various causes and effects. Family instability such
as broken homes, malnutrition of parenting, family economic instability, domestic violence
and drug abuse among others are some of the major causes. According to the Department of
Social Welfare annual performance report, 276 juvenile delinquency cases were handled in
the year 2007. The Ghana prison service annual report in 2010 also indicated an average daily
lock-up of 115 juvenile offenders. Having understood the opinion of the juvenile delinquents,
they can be incorporated into society by stakeholders before any action could be taken on
them.
Delinquency does not only affect the youth population but also the entire family system in the
neighbourhoods. Juvenile delinquents mostly suffer from their own actions; that is they may
lose their freedom due to incarceration or probation. They may also lose educational
opportunities. In another aspect, they may risk their future success when they involved
themselves in crime. One negative effect of incarceration on juvenile delinquents is that they
may get to know and become acquainted with other delinquents of serious offenses and this
lead to an influence on their future lifestyle.
Family becomes traumatized when the members or a member become delinquent and this
create instability within the family. Families do not only have to deal with the ethical issues
such creating more parental responsibilities but they must also deal with economic
instabilities or hardships.
Issues linked to delinquency in societies such as drug abuse, crime, vandalism, do not only
create unsafe neighbourhood but also cost the government and other stakeholder’s huge

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amounts for protection. This study will explore the lived experiences of young offenders in
selected correctional homes in Greater Accra region to reveal from their perspective, deep
knowledge about the conditions that send them into delinquency. The study, however, will be
a test and a way to understand the reason why family instability leads to child misbehaviour.
And thereafter, provide guidelines for the policy direction of the country on delinquency
prevention.
1.3 General Objective
The main objective is to be able to determine the effects of family instability on juvenile
delinquency.
1.4 Specific Objectives
 To identify the various types of family instability that leads to juvenile delinquency
 To examine the impacts of juvenile delinquency on the society
 To examine the future consequences of juvenile delinquent
 To offer recommendations based on the findings
1.5 Research Questions
 What are the types of family instability that results into juvenile delinquency?
 To what extent has juvenile delinquency impeded the growth of the society?
 What are the future consequences of juvenile delinquency?

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1.6 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The methodologies to be used in this research process are outlined as follows:
1.6.1 Research Design
This study seeks to embrace Mixed Research Methods which means the combination of both
qualitative and quantitative methods. The purpose of using qualitative methods is to
understand and interpret the effects of family instability on juvenile delinquency. The
quantitative method would on the other hand be used to analyze some causal relationships
and make predictions/ recommendations. Both words and data statistics would be utilized to
identify various patterns and explain statistical relationships of the research where necessary.
1.6.2 Population
The target group of analysis would be the children below 18 years old in addition to parents
or guardians.
1.6.3 Sample
The sample size will consist of a total of 100 respondents in the target group. The target
group includes the children, parents or guardians. However, a questionnaire would be
designed for the children and another for the parents or guardians.
1.6.4 Sample technique
The simple random sampling technique would be used to select the various respondents from
each family. This method would be used so that each family would stand a fair and equal
chance of being selected. The snowball sampling method would be used to select participant
who might have adequate and relevant information of the effects of family instability on
juvenile delinquency.

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1.6. 5 Sources of Data
This research would involve collecting and analyzing data from both primary and secondary
sources.
Primary Data:
Primary source of data would be used to make inquiry and to provide the researcher with
actual information to determine the effects of family instability on juvenile delinquency;
specifically questionnaires would be designed for the children and the parents.
Secondary Data:
Secondary sources would be used to give varying perspectives on the impacts of juvenile
delinquency in the society, and the various types of family instability that leads to juvenile
delinquency. Although, it would not give the researcher first- hand information but it would
be used to get existing and background information on the research work. This would be
obtained from articles, magazines, the internet, and document from website, and any material
which has been published.
1.6.6 Data collection techniques
The data to be used for the research work would be obtained from parents who would be
approached for information through questionnaires and interviews schedules, where
necessary. Also the children below the age of 18 years would also be approached to obtain
their opinions on the consequences of juvenile delinquency through the use of a questionnaire
and interview schedule.
1.6.7 Method of Data Analysis
The data analysis of the research would be objectively and accurately ensured in analyzing
the data. This would be done by observing confidential and private ethical considerations,

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where and when necessary. Both descriptive and inferential statistics would be used in the
research to analyze all the data to be able to explain, describe, compare, and interpret
variables where necessary. The statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) computer
software program, Microsoft excel program 2013, would be used to process and analyze the
data and also to draw descriptive graphs such as: pie chart, bar chart, histogram, etc. where
necessary to process and analyze the data.
1.7 Limitations of the Study
The study covers only the correctional homes in the Greater Accra region. The study is also
contextually limited to the effects of family instability on juvenile delinquency.
1.7.1 Delimitation
These are obstacles that would impede the researcher from acquiring more information.
These includes: Financial expenses of printing, stationary expenses, unexpected weather
condition, reluctant of respondents and language barrier.
1.8 Justification of the study
This study is important as far as Ghana and issues on juvenile delinquency are concerned.
This is because juvenile delinquency is one of the minor crimes teenagers engaged
themselves in at a very young stage in their life, and they may grow to engage in more
serious crimes with time. This has a high tendency of leading to social instability, conflicts
and violence and also impeding development in the society. However, there is no possible
growth or development that might possibly be achieved in a society which is faced with
social instability, chaos, and violence. At such, tackling juvenile delinquency from its root
before it’s erupts into a bigger problem e.g. presence of terrorists, chaos, etc. (which might
later become difficult to solve) is one of the most advisable strategies to avoid and reduce
crimes in our society. Also children according to statistics learn faster in relation to their

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socio-cultural environment; and since family is one of the major agents of a child’s
socialization process, it is presumed that instability in the family is one leading impact of
juvenile delinquency. This makes the study of relevant in determining the effects of family
instability on juvenile delinquency.
1.9 Organization of the Chapters
The research is organized into four (4) main chapters
Chapter one gives the general introduction to the research. It analyzes the extent of the
problem in Ghana and addresses the significance of the study. This chapter also provides
background existing information of the problem, research methodology, scope, limitations,
delimitations, and the justification of the study, are also presented in this chapter.
Chapter Two would provide a review of relevant literature related to the prevalence of
juvenile delinquency in the country, profile of the study Area (Correctional Homes in Greater
Accra region). The chapter will explain key concepts and terminologies to be used in the
research as well.
Chapter Three would provide gathered data, presentation of the study results and discussion
of the results using descriptive and statistical methods of analysis. It will also discuss the
development implications of the results gotten from the research.
Chapter Four would discuss all the findings, shortcomings, and various recommendations
that could be made to reduce the rate of juvenile delinquency in the society, as well as draw
conclusions based on the findings of the research.

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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW AND PROFILE OF THE STUDY DISTRICT
2.0 Introduction
This chapter covers background information on the effects of family instability on juvenile
delinquency. It also explains some key concepts and terminologies used in the research and
the profile of the study Area.
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.2 Social functions of the Family
The family is one of the most important institutions in the society. People absorb life
experience, moral and cultural standards of societies within the family; it is the first root of a
person’s personalities, hobbies and attitudes towards life (Lich, 1990). Almost every person
was raised for some period of time within a family setting; at such it is the first agent of
socialization process of a child which is largely responsible for installing the most accepted
norms of the society, culture, beliefs about right or wrong, attitude and behaviour etc., in
children. According to (Regoli, 1997), traditionally the family performs three principal
functions. These are:
 The socialization of children
 Reproduction and Regulation of sexual activity
 Provision of Physical, Material and Emotional Security
2.2.1 The socialization of children
At infancy, families are the first socialized environment of a child. After birth, newly born
babies are inclined to the surrounding and the senses such as ears, eyes, mouth, and other
sensory body organs are developed in relation to their environment which makes it the first

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social unit to affect children either positively or negatively. At such, moral education or
training of a child to be inclined towards good or bad, determines whether or not a child
would be delinquent. Also, Aristotle in the twenties argued that “moral behaviour is the
product of regular and repeated right or wrong actions” of a child.
2.2.2 Reproduction and Regulation of Sexual Activity
Naturally, the family is the traditional social unit for sexual reproduction. At reproduction,
the social unit i.e. male and female determines the sex of the child as to whether it is a boy or
girl. According to (Regoli, 1997), the family educates children societal norms about sexual
conduct i.e. they learn at what age, with whom, and under what circumstances a person may
engage in sexual relationships and its repercussion. In addition to these, families are a vital
social group because family members are close-knit by marriage, blood or adoption
relationship. Therefore, families educate children through special relationships among roles
of family members (Nguyen, 2011).
2.2.3 Provision of Physical, Material and Emotional Security
The family is also responsible for the provision of material, physical needs and security of a
child. From childhood stage to adulthood, the family is responsible for clothing, feeding,
providing shelter, etc. According to (Regoli, 1997), Parents or older siblings provide
supervision and monitoring of the children to ensure their safety and obedience. In some
cases, house helps are employed by some busy parents to protect the children in their absence
and educate them on how they interact with strangers, avoid misconduct etc.
Although, the family plays a major role in moulding a child’s character and behaviour, it has
in recent time failed due to the problem that arises among couples. In most cases, if this
problem escalates, it results in divorce and the creation of single parent family; these

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separations in most cases increases tendency for delinquent behaviour among children.
According to (Regoli, 1997), Juvenile delinquency erupts in children because; some families
fail to inculcate moral values to their children but rather pamper children into accepting bad
moral values. Also, some families transmit values that promote violence or criminality and
undermine the development of positive self- concepts in their children; while some families
fail to deliver the social function of the family to their children, due to divorce or the death of
either the husband or wife.
2.2.4 The Role of Father and Mother in Educating -Socializing Children
According to (Nguyen, 2011) each family is a cell of the society, considering the vital roles
and the social function they play in the life of a child. Although, some families make good
society by bringing up their children well, this is because of the kind of moral upbringing and
education, given from both parents to the children. Education is a cyclical process, which
cannot be delivered by one person alone; it is the role of both parents in imparting good
values, knowledge and acceptable code of conduct in children. Broken families in most cases
produce children who grow up to become juvenile delinquent(s) because of the socio-
cultural environment of single headed household in which they were raised. According to
Steve (2010), nearly two children out of three are living without their fathers or mothers of
which 3.8million of such children were taken care of in single-parent family setting.
The role of father and mother in educating and socializing children is typically seen when
children raised in well balanced family settings tend to possess good qualities in the societies.
Although, mothers play a very important role in educating children (especially female
children) both parents have a leading influence and direct impact on the character-building of
their children. According to Manh (2003), about twenty qualities of children’s character such
as temperament, manner of approach, politeness, behaviour, etc. are either developed from

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their mother or father; this makes the role of both parents vital in determining what a child
becomes in life.
2.3 DEFINITION OF TERMS
2.3.1 Juvenile
A young person i.e. youthful male or female; it is usually used to refer to persons below the
age of 18 years old.
2.3.2 Juvenile Delinquency
These are behaviour(s) of a child (usually below 18 years old) that are marked as violation of
law. This term can also be used to refer to the negative behaviours of children and teens that
may result in crimes. Delinquency takes many forms i.e. it may be committed alone or among
groups.
2.3.3 Juvenile Delinquent (s)
A person who is below 18years old and has been found to have committed a crime that is
punishable by law. This act is punishable by sentence of death or imprisonment. According to
the Encarta dictionary, 2009, juvenile delinquent (s) is somebody, especially a young person,
who has acted antisocially or broken the law. The broken law depends on the constitution of
that particular country, and the reinforcement attached to the crime committed.
2.3.4 Family
These are a group of people who are closely related by birth, marriage, or adoption.
According to the Encarta dictionary, 2009 they are people living together: a group of people
living together and functioning as a single household, usually consisting of parents and their
children.

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2.3.5 Family Instability
This can be defined as the breaking up of parental union. It is a situation where husband and
wife are always suffering from discord. It arises as a result of inability to settle conflicts,
disagreement etc. and may lead to the creation of single headed family.
2.3.6 Single Headed Family
A single parent is a mother or father, not living with his/ her spouse or partner. In most cases,
he/ she have most of the day-to-day responsibilities of raising the child or children. This
responsibility can include: feeding, clothing, parenting, etc. This term can also be used to
refer to a parent who has an independent responsibility of taking care of a child. It can arise
as a result of death of the other partner, separation and divorce.
2.3.7 Crime
It is an illegal act i.e. an action prohibited by law for failure to act as required by law.
According to the Ghana Statistical Service, 2009 Crime may be defined as “a deviant
behaviour that violates prevailing norms–cultural standards prescribing how humans ought to
behave normally”. To be considered as a crime, the activity must however, be found as a
violation of law in the constitution. Thus, crime is an illegal activity. Examples include:
assault, murder, rape, robbery etc.

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2.4 GREATER ACCRA REGIONAL PROFILE
2.4.1 Physical and natural environment
In terms of population, however, it is the second most populated region, after the Ashanti
Region, with a population of 3,909,764 in 2010 with 1,884,127 males and 2,025,637 females.
The Greater Accra region currently harbours the seat of government in Accra.
2.4.2 Location and size
The Greater Accra region is located at the south central part of Ghana. It is bordered on the
north by the Eastern Region, on the east by the Lake Volta, on the south by the Gulf of
Guinea, and on the west by the Central Region. It is smallest region in the country in total
area, and is made up of 10 districts.
The Greater Accra Region is the smallest of Ghana's 10 administrative regions in terms of
area, occupying a total land surface of 3,245 square kilometres or 1.4 per cent of the total
land area of Ghana. The centre of Greater Accra region lies at a latitude of 5.7500000 and
longitude of 0.0000000and it has an elevation of 50 meters above sea level.
2.4.3 Relief
The Greater Accra Region is predominantly a low-lying undulating coastal plain with heights
scarcely reaching more than 250 feet above sea level except where the topography is broken
by hills and steep-sided in selbergs. On the north -eastern part of the region are the Shai- Hills
which rise to about 1,000 feet. On the western end are the rounded low hills of between 400-
500 feet found on the Togo series and the Cape Coast formations. A section of the Akwapim
Ranges intrudes into the eastern half of the region with heights rising to about 700 feet.

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Apart from the Densu River which flows into the sea along the eastern, half of the region
most rivers are small and seasonal. The Jaw Wuhu Onyasia, Nsaki, Palupa, Dawhenya and
Mamahuma are the well - defined streams in the region. Most of these flow from the
Akwapim Rangers into the sea. Along the outlets of most of these streams are the numerous
lagoons.
The main rivers that flow through the region are the Volta and Densu. In addition, there are
small seasonal streams flowing mostly from the Akwapim Ridge into the sea through
numerous lagoons. Because the region is bordered on the south by the Gulf of Guinea, there
are ecologically very important but highly polluted lagoons and wetlands in Accra
Metropolitan Assembly (AMA), Tema and Dangme East. The dredging work on the Korle
lagoon in AMA to tap its full potential is ongoing. It should also be mentioned that the Volta
River’s estuarine delta is at Ada in the Dangme East District.
2.4.4 Climate
The region is relatively dry since it falls within the dry coastal equatorial climatic zone with
temperatures ranging between 20° and 30° Celsius and annual rainfall ranging from 635 mm
along the coast to 1,140 millimetres in the northern parts. There are two rainfall peaks
notably in June and October. The first rainfall season between April and July is associated
with the major cropping season in the region.
2.4.5 Vegetation
The vegetation of the region is of the coastal savannah grassland type. Occurring here and
there within the savannah are thickets of forests along the stream courses and mangrove and
swampy vegetation along the coastal lagoons. Along the piedmont of the Akwapim Ranges,

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at the north-western section of the region, can be found a gallery of forests and remnants of
high forest vegetation
FIGURE 2.1 MAP OF GHANA
Study Area
FIGURE 2.2 MAP OF GREATER ACCRA REGION

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2.5 Demographic Characteristics
2.5.1 Population size and growth rate
The centre of population of the Greater Accra region is located in the Greater Accra
Metropolitan Area which comprises the Accra Metropolitan, Tema Metropolitan, Adentan
Municipal, Ashaiman Municipal, Ledzokuku- Krowor Municipal, Ga East Municipal, Ga
West Municipal, and Ga South Municipal districts.
The residents of Greater Accra Region are Ghanaian Citizens (55%) and Non-Citizens (45%).
The population of Greater Accra has increased from 491,817 in 1960 to 2,905,726 in 2000. It
has the second largest population, after Ashanti, and its share of the total population of the
country has steadily increased from 7.3 per cent in 1960 to 15.4 per cent in 2000.
The male population has grown from 261,547 in 1960 to 1,436,135 in 2000. The
corresponding female figures are 230,270 in 1960 and 1,469,591 in 2000. During the period
of 1960-2000 the female population grew much faster than the male population. This may be
the result of greater migration of females into the region in response to the employment and
other opportunities provided by urbanization in the area of trading and services.
The region has remained the most densely populated region in the country since 1960.
Population density (measured as the number of persons per square kilometre) has increased
from 151.6 in 1960 to 895.5 in 2000. The region’s population density has doubled between
1984 (441) and 2000 and this is, in part, a reflection of migratory movements to the region.
The densely populated nature of the region is brought into sharp focus when it is compared
with the other regions.

28
2.5.2 The Age Structure
The age structure of the five districts is characteristic of populations experiencing rapid
growth. The proportion of persons under 15 years varies from 31.6 per cent in AMA to 42.4
per cent in Dangme East, while that of the aged (65 years and older) ranges from 3 per cent in
the Ga District to 8.2 per cent in Dangme East.
The sex ratio varies from 90.4 males to 100 females in Dangme East to 100.9 in the Ga
District. The relatively low sex ratio for Dangme East can be attributed to several factors
including male out-migration and higher male mortality. The age structures in the five
districts have given rise to two patterns of dependency ratios.
2.5.3 Household characteristics
With an average household size of 4.6 and the average number of rooms per household of
2.4, Greater Accra has an average room density of 2.0 persons per room. All districts, except
AMA, have an average room density lower than that for the region. Dangme West and
Dangme East have a density of 1.6 persons per room, the lowest in the region. This means
that overcrowding is more of a problem in AMA than in the other districts.
2.5.4 Culture and Traditional set-up
Traditionally, the main rulers of the entire land mass of the Adentan Municipality are the
families of La and Teshie. These are two Paramouncies but they do not own the land. Rather
the various families within the Paramount areas own lands. The paramount Chiefs only
preside over the various family lands.
2.5.5 Festivals
Homowo (Hooting at Hunger) is the main festival in the Municipality as prevails in the entire
Ga land. The celebration of this festival in the Municipality, though not much felt as in main

29
Ga Traditional areas due to ethnic diversity, help to promote peace. The whole area succumbs
to the dictates of the festival. Besides this, the various ethnic groups celebrate replicas of their
home festivals that are subtle and almost imperceptible.
2.5.6 Religious composition
The predominant religion in the Municipality is Christianity. A sizeable percentage of the
populace also practice the religion of Islam with practitioners of other faiths dotted among
them. Traditional religion is also practiced and is more pronounced traditionally.
2.5.7 Education
Primary and junior secondary school education is tuition-free and mandatory. The
Government of Ghana support for basic education is unequivocal. Article 39 of the
Constitution mandates the major tenets of the free, compulsory, universal basic education
(FCUBE) initiative. Launched in 1996, it is one of the most ambitious pre-tertiary education
programs in Africa. Since 1987, the Government of Ghana has increased its education budget
by 700%. Basic education's share has grown from 45% to 60% of that total. Students begin
their 6-year primary education at age six. Under educational reforms implemented in 1987,
they pass into a junior secondary school system for 3 years of academic training combined
with technical and vocational training and those continuing move into the 3-year senior
secondary school program. Entrance to one of the five Ghanaian universities is by
examination following completion of senior secondary school.
2.5.8 Health
There are four government hospitals in the Accra metropolis (Princess Marie Louise
Children’s hospital, Achimota hospital, Ridge hospital and La General Hospital). There are in
addition several quasi government hospitals such as the Police hospital, Military hospital,
University hospital, Trust hospital (SSNIT) and Cocoa clinic.

30
Tema has a government hospital, a government polyclinic, 3 health centres and numerous
private hospitals and clinics.
In Ga West, there are 6 functional CHPS zones, 2 health centres, and the Weija clinic. There
are no government hospitals or polyclinics. The lack of health infrastructure is because urban
growth has rapidly outstripped the infrastructure that used to be adequate for a sparsely
populated rural district. There are numerous small private clinics in the urbanized parts of the
district.
The Ga West district is divided into 3 sub-districts namely Amasaman, Obom and Weija.
Ga East district: There is one functional CHPS compound, 3 health centres, one small MCH
clinic and no government hospitals or polyclinics. The lack of health infrastructure is because
urban growth has rapidly outstripped the infrastructure that used to be adequate for a sparsely
populated rural district. There are numerous small private clinics in the urbanized parts and
one small CHAG hospital run by the church of Pentecost.
The Dangme West district is divided into four sub-districts namely Dodowa, Prampram,
Ningo and Osudoku. There are 3 functional CHPS compounds and 4 health centres. There are
no hospitals in the district.
Dangme East district has 2 functional CHPS compounds, 5 health centres and a hospital that
was completed and started operation in 2003. There are four sub-districts namely Ada-Foah,
Kasseh, Sege and Pediatorkope.
2.5.9 Water and Sanitation
Sanitation provision in Accra (the capital of Ghana) is grossly deficient, as in most cities in
sub-Saharan Africa: most people do not have access to a hygienic toilet; large amounts of

31
faecal waste are discharged to the environment without adequate treatment; this is likely to
have major impacts on infectious disease burden and quality of life.
Greater Accra is supplied by 3 main surface-water systems, the Kpong system on the Volta
River, the Weija system on the Densu River and the Anun Boso system. The majority of the
population uses water from the formal water supply system, whether piped directly or
purchased from vendors. About 49% of the population of Greater Accra are reported to have
within-plot piped water (10% indoor plumbing, 39% yard connection), while about 22% use
water from neighbours, 16% buy from water vendors, and 13% use a community standpipe,
generally privately owned; evidently, in-plot piped water supply is much less frequent in low-
income communities. Only about 6% of the population is thought to use groundwater
sources.

32
CHAPTER THREE
PRESENTATION OF STUDY RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.0 Introduction
This chapter presents the results generated from the questionnaires, the summary and analysis
of data administered to the Parents/ guardians, the Juvenal delinquents of junior girl’s
correctional center, and Boys remand home respectively. It will analyze, relate as well as
comment on the results. The questionnaire for parents/ guardians is in two parts; the first part
was background information while the second part was on questions related to family
instability and its effects on Juvenal delinquency. The questionnaire for children was also in
two parts; the first part was background information while the second part was on what led
them to their present condition.
3.1 Background of the Parents/ Guardians
It describes the characteristics of the respondents; it includes, sex, age, marital status,
employment status, household income, educational level, and number of children.
3.1.1 Sex of the Respondents
The sex of the Parents/ Guardian respondents constitutes 37 percent male and 63 percent
female.
Table 1: Sex of the Parents/ Guardians
SEX Frequency Percent
MALE 17 37%
FEMALE 29 63%
Total 46 100%
Source: Authors’ field Survey, 2014

33
From table 1 above, 37% were males and 63% were females. This means that there were
more female respondents than male respondents who were willing to fill the questionnaire.
The majority of the respondents being female also helped in receiving qualitative information
about the reasons why some children engage in delinquent behavior and also the effects of
family instability on the child; because in most cases they are responsible for the upbringing
and care of a child.
3.1.2. Age
Table 2: Age of Parents/ Guardians
Age Range Frequency Percent (%)
18 -25 9 19.6
26 -33 16 34.8
34- 41 12 26.1
42 -49 3 6.5
50 – 57 5 10.9
58 & Above 1 2.2
Total 46 100.0
Majority of the respondent from 26-33, and 34- 41 with a percentage of 34.8% and 26.1 %
respectively have a high frequency in the table 2 above. These populations can be described
as youthful because majority of the parents/ guardians fell within reproductive ages. This
helped in identifying parents with an understanding about the behaviour the children are
likely to exhibit at their early stage i.e. parents in this category possess the likelihood of
having children who fall below 18 years.

34
3.1.3 Marital Status
Table 3: Marital Status of Parents/ Guardians
Marital Status Frequency Percent (%)
SINGLE 3 6.5
MARRIED 33 71.7
SEPERATED 10 21.7
Total 46 100.0
From table 3 above, 6.5% were single, 71.7% were married, and 21.7% were separated. The
respondents who were married carries the highest frequency and at such children raised in
such family were likely to have good parental support as opposed to children who were found
within the single and separated families. Also, the frequency of separated couples identifies
the number of family who had experienced instability.
3.1.4 Educational Level
Table 4: Educational Level of Parents/Guardians
Educational Level Frequency Percent
PRIMARY 4 8.7
JHS 17 37.0
SHS 9 19.6
TERTIARY 13 28.3
NONE 3 6.5
Total 46 100.0
Source: Authors’ Field Survey, 2014
Figure 3.1: A pie Chart showing the Educational Level of the parents
9%
37%
20%
28%
6%
PRIMARY
JHS
SHS
TERTIARY
NO EDUCATION

35
From the table 4 above, respondents with JHS qualification 37% have the highest frequency,
and at such they have a low chance of getting well-paid jobs. Also, an implication this has is
that parents with low educational qualification might not be able to give good moral support
and knowledge to their child on academic related problems, because they themselves lack
some technical know-how.
3.1.5 Employment Status
From the research, 84.8% of the respondents were engaged in one job or the other and he/ she
was earning an income for the family. As a result, they can in one way or the other serve as a
source of financial support for the family.
3.1.6 Type of Employment
Table 5: Type of Employment
Type Of Employment Frequency Percent (%)
Petty Trading 21 45.7
Civil Servant 8 17.4
Artisan 2 4.3
Others 15 32.6
Total 46 100.0
Petty trading is the most predominant occupation of the parents/ Guardians recording 45.7%
within the entire population. This showed that, majority of the interviewed respondents fell
within the low working class. Also, there was a high tendency for the household income of
the people to be low, at such it might be difficult for the parent to meet the needs of their
children.

36
3.1.7 Household Income
Table 6: Household Income per Month
Household Income per month(GH₵) Frequency Percent
BELOW 50 18 39.1
51 - 100 17 37.0
101 & ABOVE 11 23.9
Total 46 100.0
The household income per month of majority of the respondent was quite low, and this was
evident in the table 6 above. The presence of low household income for the family illustrates
that some of the family might be experiencing financial instability as a result of their low
income.
3.2 CAUSES OF INSTABILITY
Table 7: Causes of Instability (By parents/ Guardians)
Causes Of Instability Frequency Percent
Quarrel 5 10.9
Financial Matters 19 41.3
Parent Preferences Among Children 2 4.3
Child Abuse 4 8.7
Single Parenting 16 34.8
Total 46 100.0
Figure 3.2: A bar Chart showing the Causes of Instability in the Family
Quarrel
Financial
Matters
Parent
preferences
Child Abuse
Single
parenting
Frequency 5 19 2 4 16
Percent (%) 10.9 41.3 4.3 8.7 34.8
0
10
20
30
40
50%

37
From the table 7 above, the two major causes of instability in a family were financial matters
and single parenting. That is, 41.3% of the parents/ guardian respondents identified the cause
of instability as financial matters, and 34.8% of the respondents identified single parenting as
another leading cause of instability along with some other minor causes like parent
preferences among children, quarrel, and child abuse. In other words, it was viewed that low
household income, to sustain the family of its vital needs was the reason why most families
experiences conflicts; and at the long run children of such families become delinquent
children.
3.2.1 Reasons why Parents /Guardians do not spend time with their Children
From the study, 37% of the respondents believed that there was no need for them to spend
time with their children, and at such they never create time to interact and relate to their
children. During the interview, some parents were of the view that they did not spend time
with their children as a result of factors like Job constraints i.e. the long hours of time in
working. However, the long impact of this is that the psychological development of the child
might be affected; because when such child needs an advice, correction, or moral support
there are no parents for him/her to relate to, and at the long run such child result into
receiving ideas from friends who might end up misleading them. However, 37% created time
to be with their children.
3.2.2 Effects of Family Instability on the Children
From the study, 47.8% was seen as a leading effect of family instability on the children
because it was viewed that, the children from broken homes have a high tendency of
exhibiting negative behavior, traits and criminal activities. In other words, the separation of
parents reduced the chances of children getting moral and financial support needed for their

38
psychological development, and when the moral and financial support is not available to
them they engaged in crimes like stealing, pick-pocketing, etc.
3.2.3 Reasons why Some Children engage in delinquent Behaviors
Table 8: Why Some Children Engage In Delinquent Behaviours
Reasons Frequency Percent
Maltreatment 9 19.6
Lack Of Love At Home 14 30.4
Conflict Or Quarrel At
Home
23 50.0
Total 46 100.0
Figure 3.3: A Bar chart showing why children engage in delinquent behaviors
From the table 8 above, conflict or quarrel at home 50% illustrated that one of the major
causes of delinquency in children was as a result of lack of interest or disagreement between
parents. This may have a negative effect on the children in the sense that they will tend to
replicate the violent scenes observed at home. In some cases, separation of parents might also
cause separation between children, as some children might end up hating their blood
relations.
Maltreatment Lack of Love at Home
Conflict or Quarrel at
Home
frequency 9 14 23
Percent 19.6 30.4 50
0
10
20
30
40
50
60%

39
3.2.4 Things that can be done to reduce delinquent behaviors among Children
Table 9: What Parents/ families Can Do to Reduce delinquency among Children
Things to be Done Frequency Percent
Frequent Communication With Children 5 10.9
Provision Of Basic Needs 9 19.6
Good Parental Control 20 43.5
Involvement Of Both Parents In Child's
Education
12 26.1
Total 46 100.0
Figure 3.4: A Bar chart showing what parents/ families can do to reduce delinquent
behaviors among Children
Out of the total respondents, 43.5% of the parents/ guardians identified good parental control
as one of the things parents/ families can do to reduce delinquent behaviors among children.
This is because, the family is the first and one of the most important agents of socialization,
and as such the norms about wrong or right behaviors can be installed to a child from the
parent. In cases where a child exhibits unruly traits and attitudes the parents can discipline
and control the child by scolding, beating or spanking the child when the child misbehaves,
so that the child can be able to differentiate right behaviors from wrong behaviors.
Frequent
Communicat with
Children
Provision of Basic
Needs
Good Parental
control
Involvement of
Both parents In
Childs Education
Frequency 5 9 20 12
Percent 10.9 19.6 43.5 26.1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50

40
3.3 Background Information of Respondents (Children)
3.3.1 Age of Respondents
Table 10: Age range of the Respondents
AGE RANGE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
13-16 34 68%
17-20 16 32%
Total 50 100
The table 10 above, showed the age distribution of children in the juvenile home. 68% of the
respondents were within the ages of 13-16 years and 32% were within the ages of 17-20
years.
3.3.2 Sex of the Respondents
From the research, 30% of the respondents were males and 70% were females. This implies
that females were mostly found in juvenile delinquent situation than the males in the remand
home.
3.3.3 Living Status of Respondents
Table 11: Living status of respondents
LIVING STATUS OF CHILDREN FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Father only 5 10%
Mother only 30 60%
Relatives 15 30%
TOTAL 50 100%

41
Figure 3.5: A Bar chart showing the living status of Respondents
From the table 11 above, 10% of the respondents lived with their father only, 60% lived with
their mother only and 30% lived with relatives. This implies that most parental responsibility
is borne by mothers. Relatives also played parental role to some of the children.
3.3.4 Adoption
From the research, 10% of the children were adopted. This means that majority of the
children lived with their biological parents.
3.4 Marital Status of the Children’s Parents
Table 12: Marital status of the Children’s Parent
Marital Status Of Respondents parents Frequency Percentage
Single 5 10%
Married 10 20%
Widowed 10 20%
Divorced 5 10%
Separated 20 40%
Total 50 100%
Father only Mother only Relatives
frequency 5 30 15
percentage 10 60 30
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70

42
Figure 3.6: A Pie Chart Showing the Marital status of Parents
From the table 12 above, 40% of the children were from separated parents, 10% were from
married parents whereas 20% of the children were from widowed parents. Finally, 10% were
from divorced and single parents. Majority of the children were taken care of by separated
parents.
3.4.1 Household size
Table 13: Household size of the respondents (children)
Household size FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
1-3 5 10%
4-5 20 40%
6& above 25 50%
Total 50 100%
Single
10%
Married
20%
Widowed
20%
Divorced
10%
Separated
40%
MARITAL STATUS OF PARENTS

43
Figure 3.7: A pie chart showing the household size of respondents
The table 13 above showed 50% of the respondents had a household population of more than
6 children in the family. 40% were 4-5 in the house and 10% were 1-3 in the family. This
implies that majority of the children came from a large household size which put much
pressure on household resources and parents.
3.4.2 Educational Attainment
From the research, 50% of the children had primary education whereas 50%had junior high
level of education. This means that their ability to attain senior high and tertiary levels of
education will be delayed or affected, looking at their ages and their present condition.
3.4.3 Current Schooling Status
From the research, 70% of the respondents still go to school, and 30% were no more going to
school. This implies that the children who were not in school may have poor academic
background in future and this may affect their ability to be employed and cater for
themselves.
1 to 3
10%
4 to 5
40%
6 & above
50%

44
3.4.4 Parents’ Occupation
From the research, 80% of the respondents’ mothers were engaged in farming and trading
activities and 20% were unemployed. On the other hand, 60% of the respondents’ father were
traders, and were engaged in other activities like teaching, driving etc. and 40% were
unemployed. This implies that children whose parents are unemployed lack access to basic
needs while, children whose parents earn low income cannot adequately cater for their
children needs.
3.4.5 Relationship with Fathers’
From the research, 70% were not having any relationship with their fathers while, 20% had a
distant relationship with their fathers. Only 10% had a close relationship with their fathers.
This means that the level of child – father communication is low. Therefore fathers could not
really know and understand their children’s behaviors and concern as well as their needs.
3.4.6 Child’s Relationship with Mothers
With regards to child –mother relationship, 40% had a close relationship with their mothers,
30% had distant relationship, while 30% had no relationship. This implies that children
communicate more with their mothers than fathers. As a result they know and understand
their children’s behavior and needs.
3.4.7 Home Condition
Table 14: Conditions of the Respondents Home
Home condition Frequency Percentage
Maltreatment 6 12%
Conflict at home 22 44%
Lack of finance 22 44%
Total 50 100%

45
Figure 3.8: A Bar chart showing the home conditions of respondents
The table 14 above showed that 44% of respondents experienced conflict at home and lack of
finance. 12% experienced maltreatment such as: child battering, child labor etc. This implies
that children who experienced unfavorable conditions at home do not become socially,
emotionally and mentally stable.
3.4.8 What led the respondent to the Juvenile Home?
Table 15: What led the respondents to the Juvenile Home
Causes of present conditions FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
THEFT 35 70%
DRUG DEAL 5 10%
FIGHTING 5 10%
MURDER 5 10%
Total 50 100%
0
5
10
15
20
25
Maltreatment Conflict at home Lack of finance
FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

46
Figure 3.9: A Pie chart showing the causes of Respondents’ present Conditions
From the table 15 above, 10% of the respondents were engaged in drug deal, fighting and
murder (e.g. Patricide), 70% were engaged in theft. This implies that respondents were
engaged in illegal activities which affect the safety of the country and their own social
development.
Theft
68%
Drug Deal
10%
Fighting
10%
Murder
12%
CAUSES OF PRESENT CONDITIONS

47
CHAPTER FOUR
FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION
Introduction
The main purpose of this research was to determine the effects of family instability on
juvenile delinquency. This chapter summarized, made recommendations and also concluded
with certain recommendations. The recommendations are geared towards providing measures
to reduce juvenile delinquents in the society and also reduce instability in the family.
4.1 Summary of Findings
 From the study, the causes of instability were financial matters and single parenting.
The reason why most families experienced conflicts and quarrels, which sometimes
led to divorce/ separation was lack of money to fully cater for the household needs.
Most families experienced stress in getting money to provide their basic needs and
inability to meet these needs facilitated conflict and quarrels.
 Parents did not spend time with their children because they believed there was no
need. The reason why most parents did not create time to interact with their children
was because they believed it was not necessary. Some parents assume that their
children were okay when they did not show any form of worry. Also some parents did
not spend time with their children because of financial constraints; they were of the
view that the long hours spent in working to provide the children with financial
support often limit their chances of interacting with their children.
 The effects of family instability on children were social vices. Children engaged
themselves in social vices such as: fighting, armed robbing, stealing etc. because of
conflicts or crisis experienced in their families. Some children were faced with the

48
psychological trauma of the fights their parents engaged in, and they identified it as a
right way of living. The children also adopted the fights they saw their parents did at
home and practised them outside the house. In some cases, the children were left to
source for their basic needs, because the parents who would have provided their needs
have been separated; and in cases where they were unable to get menial jobs to do,
they engaged in stealing and pick-pocketing.
 The reason why some children engaged in delinquent behaviour was due to the
presence of conflict or quarrel at home. The presence of frequent disagreements and
lack of mutual understanding between parents were the major reason why children
engaged in delinquent behaviours. This was because when there was a clash of ideas
at home the psychological stimuli of the children was aroused. Some children had the
problem of identifying which of the parents caused the conflicts and were left to
choose whom to be with (either the father or mother). Some children also decided to
leave outside the home until the conflict was resolved.
 Some future consequences of juvenile delinquency are: school drop-out and social
nuisance. Children who became delinquent ended up as victims of school drop –out
and they ended up becoming illiterates. This affected their education because they
spent some length of years or months to be corrected for their wrong acts and
misbehaviour at Government Juvenal correction centres.
 Juvenal offenders imped the growth of the society to a great extent because majority
of the activities they engaged in were illegal. Such illegal activities affected the
security of the country, necessitating the requirements of funds that would have been
used to carry out development projects such as building schools and hospitals, to
solve problems of robbery, theft etc. They also constituted social nuisance to the

49
society and increase the level of illiteracy because at the long run they dropped out of
school.

50
4.2 Conclusion
The findings made it clear that the family has direct effect on child’s behaviour. Also, the
study strongly suggests that the government has an important role to play in mitigating child
delinquency issues. To achieve the aim of reducing family instability, improving and
increasing parent- child relationships, it is not only the government’s responsibility but
parents and society at large. A joyful home and a happy family bring well developed children
and society as well.

51
4.3 Recommendations
Family is considered as the first agent of socialization, because it is within the family that
children learn appropriate behaviour and how to relate with others. Parents are seen by their
children as models, so they do replicate what they experience at home either good or bad.
The analysis of the present research provided the following recommendations based on the
findings to mitigate the challenges faced by the children coming from instable families.
First and foremost, because the family has a direct and a powerful impact on children, we
recommend that the atmosphere at home should be more peaceful, enjoyable and conducive
for children. Single parents should form associations in order to create jobs for themselves to
support their families.
In addition, parent should create time to discuss issues with their children during weekends or
after work to really know and understand their emotional and psychological concerns.
Also, children should be taken through counselling sessions and child behaviour education in
schools and churches to prevent development of negative attitudes.
Furthermore, parents should avoid demonstrating their misunderstandings and differences in
the presence of children.
Parents should also employ family planning methods in order to bring up children according
to the available resources in order to meet their children’s needs.
It is also recommended that facilities for boys should be provided in the correctional homes
by the government. This would help the boys to develop their skills.
Parents should be encouraged to visit their children in the correctional homes to bring about
emotional support and let them feel that they are still important to their families and society.

52
Finally, proper parental control measures should be employed in order to control their
children’s peer relationships. Also, instead of leaving the children in the streets to become
social nuisances, the government should build more correctional centres to discipline the
wayward children. Both parents should be involved in the child’s education.

53
BIBILOGRAPHY
 Ghana Statistical Service (2008), Ghana Living Standards Survey Report Of The
Fifth Round (GLSS 5) (Assessed 06th
November 2014)
 Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census (PHC); Table 2:
population by district and sex (Assessed 06th
November 2014)
 Heather, S.H., 2013. The Negative effects of instability on Child development,
Low income working families’ factsheet. (Accessed 14th
March 2014).
 Lich, H.T., 1990. Study on Families, Gender and Function of Families. Hanoi.
(Accessed 20th
March 2014)
 Manh, N.D., 2003. Role of families in educating spoiled children in Hanoi.
Dissertation at Vietnam National University, Hanoi. (Assessed 21st
March 2014)
 Nguyen, T. B., 2011. The Role of Family in Educating-Socializing Children: The
Case of Vietnam. Free University of Berlin, Germany, Institute of Sociology, Gary
strasse 55, 14195 Berlin, Germany. (Accessed 21st
March 2014)
 Reading Craze, 2013. Adolescent, family and parenting;
http://readingcraze.com/index.php/cause-and-solution-of-juvenile-delinquency/
(Accessed 14th
march, 2014)
 Robert M. R., 1997. Delinquency in Society. Third Edition, McGraw- Hill
Companies. Inc. (Assessed 16th
March 2014)
 Steve, D., 2010 Nation of broken families: One in three children lives with a
single-parent or with step mum or dad. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-
1289399/Nationbroken-families-One-children-lives-single-
parentstepmumdad.html#ixzz2wW5Q5zWb (Accessed 21st
March 2014)

54
APPENDIX I: SAMPLE OF QUESTIONNAIRE (FOR PARENTS)
FACULTY OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES, EDUCATION & HEALTH SCIENCES
QUESTIONNAIRE
(For Parents/ Guardians)
As part of the requirement in attaining a first degree BSc. Development studies, we are
undertaking a research work on “Family instability and its effects on Juvenile Delinquency; case
study of selected correctional homes in Greater Accra Region”. This research is to help us to be
able to determine the effects of family instability on juvenile delinquency. Although, your
response is of utmost importance to us, your participation is voluntary; also, information
provided in this questionnaire remains anonymous and confidential and would be reported in
summary form only.
Note: Please answer the following questions by crossing (√) in the space provided
1. Age range: 18 –25 [ ] 26 –33 [ ] 34 – 41 [ ] 42 – 49 [ ] 50- 57 [ ] 58 & above [ ]
2. Sex: Male[ ] Female [ ]
3. Marital status: Single [ ] Married [ ] Divorced [ ]Widowed [ ] Separated [ ]
4. How many children do you have? ...................
5. Educational level : Primary [ ] JHS[ ] SHS [ ] Tertiary [ ]
6. Employment Status: Unemployed [ ] Employed [ ]
7. Type of Employment: Farming [ ] Trading [ ] Civil servant [ ] Artisan [ ] others,
specify………………………
8. Household Income per month: Below 50GH¢ [ ] 51- 100GH¢ [ ] 101 & above [ ]
9. What do you think are the causes of Instability in a Family? Quarrel [ ] financial
matters [ ] parent preferences among children [ ] child abuse [ ] single parenting [ ]
barrenness [ ] others, specify…………

55
10. Do you spend time with your Children? Yes/ No
a. If yes, how often? Everyday [ ] once per week [ ] monthly [ ] annually [ ]
others, specify………………..
b. If no, why? Job constraint [ ] there is no need [ ] cultural influence [ ]
others……………………………………………………………………………
11. What do you think are the effects of Family Instability on the Children?
Drug abuse [ ] Streetism [ ] social vices [ ] teenage pregnancy [ ] truancy [ ] others,
specify…………………………………………………..
12. Why do you think some Children engage in delinquent behaviors?
a. Maltreatment [ ] lack of love at home [ ] conflict or quarrel at home [ ]
others, specify.……………….
13. What do you think Parents or Family members can do to reduce delinquent
behaviors among Children? Frequent communication with children [ ] provision of
basic needs of children [ ] good parental control [ ] involvement of both parents in the
education of children [ ] others,
specify…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
Thanks for your Response!

56
APPENDIX II: QUESTIONNAIRE FOR CHILDREN
FACULTY OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES, EDUCATION & HEALTH SCIENCES
QUESTIONNAIRE
(For Children)
As part of the requirement in attaining a first degree BSc. Development studies, we are
undertaking a research work on “Family instability and its effects on Juvenile Delinquency; the
case of selected correctional homes in Greater Accra Region”. This research is to help us to be
able to determine the effects of family instability on juvenile delinquency. Although, your
response is of utmost importance to us, your participation is voluntary; also, information
provided in this questionnaire remains anonymous and confidential and would be reported in
summary form only.
Note: Please answer the following questions by crossing (√) in the space provided
1. Age range: 5- 8 [ ] 9- 12 [ ] 13- 16 [ ] 17- 20 [ ] 21 & above [ ]
2. Sex: Male[ ] Female [ ]
3. Who are you living with? Both parents [ ] father only [ ] mother only [ ] Relatives [ ]
none [ ] others, specify……………………………
4. Were you adopted Yes [ ] No [ ]
5. Parent’s Marital status: Single [ ] Married [ ] Divorced [ ]Widowed [ ]
Separated [ ]
6. How many are you in the house apart from parents? 1 –3 [ ] 4- 5 [ ]6 &above [ ]
7. Educational Level: Primary [ ] JHS[ ] SHS [ ] Tertiary [ ]
8. Do you still go to school? Yes [ ] No [ ]
a. If No, why? Financial constraints [ ] loss of interest in schooling [ ] parents
forbidding child from schooling [ ] others, specify………………………….

57
b. If yes, how often do you go to school? Always [ ] Sometimes [ ] Never [ ]
9. Who pays your school fees? Parents [ ] Father only [ ] Mother only [ ] Uncle [ ]
Aunt [ ] others, specify…………..…
10. How often is your school fees paid? Always [ ] Sometimes [ ] Seldom [ ] others,
specify………………
11. What is your father’s level of education? Primary [ ] JHS[ ] SHS [ ] Tertiary [ ]
12. What is your mother’s level of education? Primary [ ] JHS[ ] SHS [ ] Tertiary [ ]
13. What is your father’s occupation? Farmer [ ] Trader [ ] Teacher [ ] others,
specify………………..
14. What is your mother’s occupation? Farmer [ ] Trader [ ] Teacher [ ] others,
specify…………………
15. How is your relationship with your father? Close relationship [ ] distant
relationship [ ] none [ ] other, specify…………………………..
16. How is your relationship with your mother? Close relationship [ ] distant
relationship [ ] none [ ] other, specify…………………………..
17. What led you to your present condition? Maltreatment [ ] lack of love at home [ ]
conflict or quarrel at home [ ] other, specify……………………..
18. Where do you sleep? In the market [ ] on the street [ ] in my parents’ house [ ] in a
friend’s house [ ] others, specify……………………..
19. What are you doing whiles you are supposed to be in school? Selling [ ] carrying
loads [ ] gambling [ ] Nothing [ ] others, specify…………..
20. Do you like your present condition? Yes [ ] No [ ] Provide reasons for your choice
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

58
21. What can be done to help you? Going back to school [ ] Get to my parents to allow
me return home [ ] to learn a trade [ ] others, specify
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
Thanks for your Response!

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