Our world is full of resolute,unselfish,delinquent,dictators and many other people who changed their lives either with positive or negative deeds.Here we have discussed three different personalities:
Omar Khayyam,Nelson Mandela,Pablo Escobar
7. Biography
Omar Khayyam was born on May 18, 1048 in the great trading city of
Nishapur Khorasan in northern Persia(Today’s Iran).Omar’s father was
Ebrahim Khayyami, a wealthy physician. Omar’s mother’s name is not
known.
● Khayyam was an astronomer, astrologer, physician, philosopher, and
mathematician.He made outstanding contributions in algebra.
● His poetry is better known in the West than any other non-Western
poet.
● Different biographers have documented him as a fun-loving, wine-
drinking agnostic; a closet Zoroastrian; a Sufi Muslim; an orthodox
Sunni Muslim; and a follower of Ancient Greek philosophy. All agree
that he was an outstanding intellectual.
8. Academic Career
★ A mathematician by the name of Bahmanyar bin Marzban, a devotee of
the ancient Persian religion of Zoroastrianism, was a tutor of Omar.
Bahmanyar had been a student of the great physician, scientist, and
philosopher Avicenna, and he gave Omar a thorough education in science,
philosophy and mathematics.
★ In his early teens Omar
worked in his father’s surgery
learning about medicine.
★ Khawja al-Anbari taught
Omar astronomy, guiding
him through Ptolemy’s
Almagest(Greek Book on
Astronomy).
9. Omar Khayyam’s
Contributions to Science
Omar Khayyam joined one of the regular
caravans making a three month journey from
Nishapur to the great city of Samarkand, which
is now in Uzbekistan.
Samarkand was a center of scholarship, and
Khayyam arrived there probably in 1068, aged
20.
While living in Samarkand, Khayyam made a
major advance in algebra.
10. Algebra
At the age of 22, in 1070, Khayyam published one of his greatest works:
Treatise on Demonstration of Problems of
Algebra and Balancing.
In it he showed that a cubic equation can have
more than one solution.
He also showed how the intersections of conic
sections such as parabolas and circles can be
utilized to yield geometric solutions of cubic equations.
11. Algebra and Geometry were
successfully linked by Pierre de and
René Descartes in the 1600s,
resulting in the modern x-y
coordinate system.
Khayyam’s work with cubics had
made him certain that algebra and
geometry were linked
Following Khayyam’s breakthrough there was little significant progress on
cubic equations until 1535, when Niccolo Tartaglia found general solutions
for all cubic equations
12. Length of Year
In 1073, Khayyam received an invitation
from Persian King “Malik Shah” to the
Persian city of Isfahan to prepare an
accurate calendar.
Khayyam measured the length of a year
and found a year length of 365.2422 days
to seven significant figures.
Malik Shah introduced Khayyam’s new
calendar in the Seljuk Empire in March
1079.It was used until the 20th century.
13.
14. The Rubaiyat
Omar Khayyam is believed to have composed
somewhere between 1200 and 1600 Rubaiyat.
But the authenticity of the poetry attributed
to Omar Khayyam is highly uncertain.
The earliest reference to his having written
poetry is found in his biography by Al-
Isfahani, written 43 years after his death.
Translated into most languages, including
English, French, German, Italian, Russian,
Chinese, Hindi,Arabic, and Urdu.
15. The caravan of life shall always pass
Beware that is fresh as sweet young
grass
Let’s not worry about what tomorrow
will amass
Fill my cup again, this night will
pass, alas.
16. Death
Full details of Khayyam’s personal life
are not known.He is believed to have
married and had at least one son and
one daughter.
Omar Khayyam died at the age of 83
in his hometown of Nishapur on
December 4, 1131.
He was buried in a tomb whose
location he had chosen in an orchard.
18. Rolihlahla Dalibhunga Mandela was born in Mvezo near Umtata on
18th July 1918.His father Henry Mandela was a chief of the Thembus
● His family was quite wealthy
● At the age of nine he lost his father
● He was given his British name “Nelson“ at a Methodist school
● 1939: Mandela studied at “Fort Hare College“, where he met Oliver
Tambo
⇒ There he was first confronted with the injustice of the
supremacy of the whites.After a students‘ strike Mandela and
Tambo were expelled.
Biography
19. Political career
● As a student Mandela got
involved in the political opposition
which struggled for equal rights
for the black majority
● 1944: he joined the African
National Congress (ANC).
● Two years later he founded the
Youth League of the ANC
(ANCYL) with Tambo and Sisulu
20. After the National Party had won the
election,the ANC was forced to fight
harder against Apartheid(1952).Mandela
demanded:
→ the preservation of full citizenship for
everyone
→ direct representation of all South-
Africans in Parliament
→ the right of trade unions, education
and culture for everyone
→ compulsory school attendance for
everybody
21. Life in Prison
He spent 18 years of his prison time on Robben Island
→ lived in a 4 sqm- cell
→ black prisoners weren‘t considered to be human beings
1982: they were sent to Pollsmoor Prison
1985: Mandela refused a possibility to get free because he would have
to stop fighting violently
1988: he was moved to a prison near Paarl
• Frederik Willem de Klerk became leader of the National Party
and president of south Africa
→ He abolished the ban on the ANC
1990:After the pressure of the ANC and foreign organisations and with
the help of de Klerk Mandela was released.
22. 1952: Mandela, who had become the president
of the ANC and ANCYL, travelled through the
country to call upon the population to protest
• Because of this Defiance Campaign he
received a nine months suspended sentence
with probation
1956: Mandela and others were accused of high treason and the defendants
were set free in 1961.
⇒ His attitude changed, he accepted that
violence was necessary
1961: Mandela founded the armed wing of the ANC, the Umkhonto we Sizwe
(Spear of the nation)
• Because of forbidden journeys abroad he was sentenced to five years
imprisonment but police found documents of the ANC which incriminated
Mandela and other members and they were condemned to lifelong
imprisonment
25. Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria was born in Rionegro, Colombia, and
grew up in nearby Medellín on 1 December 1949.
● He was a Colombian drug lord and narco-terrorist.
● He was often called "The King of Cocaine".
● He was the wealthiest criminal in history, with an estimated known net
worth of between US$25 and US$30 billion by the early 1990s
(equivalent to between about $48.5 and $56 billion as of 2017), making
him one of the richest men in the world in his prime.
Biography
26. Criminal Career
In the early 1970s, prior to entering the drug
trade, Escobar acted as a thief and
bodyguard, allegedly earning US $100,000
by kidnapping and holding a Medellín
executive for ransom.
Escobar began working for Alvaro Prieto, a
contraband smuggler who operated around
Medellín, aiming to fulfill a childhood
ambition to have COL $1 million.
Beginning in 1975, Pablo started developing
his cocaine operation, flying out planes
several times, mainly between Colombia and
Panama, along smuggling routes into the
United States.
27. ● Soon, the demand for cocaine was skyrocketing in the United States, and
Escobar organized more smuggling shipments, routes in South Florida
and other parts of the country. At one point it was estimated that 70 to 80
tons of cocaine were being shipped from Colombia to the United States
every month.
● In the 1980s,during the height of its
operations, the Medellín Cartel
brought in more than US $70 million
per day (roughly $26 billion in a year).
Smuggling 15 tons of cocaine per
day, worth more than half a billion
dollars, into the United States.
● Roberto Escobar also claimed that, in
addition to using planes, his brother
employed two small submarines to
transport the massive loads.
28. In 1982, Escobar was elected as an
alternate member of the Chamber of
Representatives of Colombia.
He was responsible for the construction
of houses and football fields in western
Colombia, which gained him notable
popularity among the locals of the towns
that he frequented.
Pablo began his pattern of dealing with
the authorities, by either bribery or
murder.
However, Colombia became the murder
capital of the world due to massacres
and the murders of police officers,
judges, locals, and prominent politicians.
29. Pablo Escobar a hero?
Pablo Escobar was seen as a hero for many poor people in Medellin because he
gave money,donated schools and parks to the poor neighborhoods, and gave
jobs to the people.Those who call Escobar a hero are wrong. You can’t say
someone is a hero if that person was responsible for more than 250 bomb
attacks against authorities and civil population,set a price for every dead
police,ordered the murder of hundreds of politicians, journalists,
judges and attorneys.
30. Peace work
1990-1994: after his release he started to negotiate
with all sections of the population.Mandela and de
Klerk received the Nobel Peace Prize.
1994: Mandela became the first democratically
elected president of South Africa.He fought for
better relationships between the black and the
white population
31. Death
Pablo Escobar died in a shootout
on 2 December 1993.
It has never been proven who
actually fired the final shot into his
ear.His two brothers, Roberto
Escobar and Fernando, believe
that he shot himself through the
ear.
32. The Robin Hood image that
Escobar had cultivated
maintained a lasting influence in
Medellín.
Many there, especially many of
the city's poor whom Escobar
had aided while he was alive,
mourned his death, and over
25,000 people attended his
funeral.
Some of them consider him a
saint and pray to him for
receiving divine help.
