for pharmacy student

1. SEMINAR ON TOPIC -
DIARRHEA
NAME –Kamalesh mistry
B.Pharm 7th sem
Reg. no.-1403268020

2.  Diarrhea is a condition in which there
is unusual frequency of bowl
movement occurs .
 It defined as ,if 3 or more times
watery stool loose in 24hrs it called
diarrhea .
 Diarrhea term coined by Hippocratus.
In which Dia means Through and
rrhoea means Flow.

3.  It occurs due to passage of excess water in
Feces .This may be due to –
 Decreased electrolyte and water absorption
 Increased secretion by intestinal mucosa .
 Inflammation of mucosa .
 organism involved in
diarrhea -
- Viral infection due to
Rota virus and Astro virus

4.  Parasite infection due to
Entamoeba histolytica
- Other bacteria are also infects
Escherichia coli , Salmonellae
-Poor personal Hygiene
-Water and unhygenic food

5. In general process -
 Water and electrolytes are absorbed as
well as secreted in the intestine .
 Jejunum is freely permeable to salt and
water which are passively absorbed
secondary nutrient ( glucose ,amino acid
etc…)
 In the ileum and colon active
Na+K+ATPase mediated salt absorption
occurs ,

7. -Inhibition of Na+ K+ ATPase and structural
damage to mucosal cell ( by Rota virus) causes
diarrhea by reducing absorption .
-Intracellular cyclic Nucleotides are important
regulators of absorptive and Secretory process.
-Stimuli enhancing cAMP or cGMP causes net
loss of salt and water , by inhibiting Nacl
absorption in villous cells .
-Many bacterial toxin(cholera
toxin,E.coli,salmonella),Bile acids activate
adenylyl cyclase which enhances the secretion .

8. -Also Prostaglandin and intracellular Ca+
stimulate the secretory process.
These infections are produces secretorydiarrhea
.

9.  A mild stomach
 Pain in abdomen
 Vomiting
 Nausea
 High temperature
 Headache

10.  Maintenance of nutrition .
 Drug therapy
REHYDRATION –
- I.V rehydration
Nacl - 5gm in 1li water
kcl - 1gm
sod.bicarbonate
-Oral rehydration
e.g- ORS

11. Anti microbial drug –
e.x-Norfloxacin ,doxycyclin
Anti diarrheal agent-
- Absorbent
e.x-kaoline ,pectin
-Anti secretory drug
e.x-sulfasalazine ,
-Anti motility drug
e.x-codeine,diphenoxylate

12.  Keep your hands clean
 Use boiling water
 Wash fruits and vegetable
 Refrigerate and cover food
 Vaccination
 Avoid food that can trigger diarrhea

13.  Treatment package
- Fluid replacement to prevent
rehydration
-zinc treatment
-Rotavirus and measles vaccination
-Promotion of hand washing with soap
-Improved drinking water supply
quantity .

14. - Medical pharmacology
by K.D tripathi ,page -610
- Wikipedia
-slideshare.net