2. Introduction
●Prematurity is the leading cause of perinatal death and disability.
●Although preterm birth is delivery before 37 weeks, majority of
adverse outcomes occur when born before 28 week of gestation.
●Cervical cerclage was first performed in 1902 to provide a degree
of structural support to the weak cervix
●It also plays a role in maintaining the cervical length and maintains
endocervical mucus plug as a mechanical barrier to ascending
infection.
3. Othernames-Cervicalstitch,cervicalsuture,internalostightening.
●Previous terminology can be ambiguous (prophylactic/ elective/ emergency/ rescue/
urgent)
Indications
1. History indicated
2. Ultrasound indicated
3. Emergency cerclage
4. Transvaginal cerclage (McDonald’s)
5. High transvaginal (Shirodkar)
6. Transabdominal cerclage
7. Occlusion cerclage(Wurm’s)
4. HISTORYINDICA
TED
●Done electively at 12-14 weeks of gestation
●Offered to women with two or more previous preterm
births and/or second-trimester losses.
5. HIGHRISKFORPRETERMBIRTH
●Multiple pregnancies
●Uterine anomalies – Mullerian anomalies.
●Cervical surgery/trauma – cone biopsy, large loop excision of
transformation zone, laser ablation or diathermy.
●Cerclage is not recommended as per guidelines – but
prophylactic cerclage can be considered in high risk group.
6. UL
TRASOUNDINDICA
TEDCERCLAGE
●Therapeutic procedure done in asymptomatic women when TVS shows short cervix
between 14 and 24 weeks.
●In singleton pregnancy:
●Not recommended without h/o spontaneous preterm delivery or second trimester
loss with incidentally identified short cervix of 25mm or less.
●Recommended with prev. history of one or more spontaneous mid-trimester losses
or preterm births with cervix is 25mm or less before 24 weeks of gestation.
●Not recommended for funneling of cervix in the absence of cervical shortening to
25mm or less.
●Serial sonographic surveillance will be offered to women with h/o prev. mid trimester
loss and not undergone history indicated cerclage
7. RESCUECERCLAGE
●Done in case of premature cervical dilatation with exposed membrane
in the vagina
●Gestational age at presentation has to be taken into account.
●Rescue cerclage may delay delivery by a further 5 weeks on average
compared with bed rest alone.
●Two-fold reduction in chance of delivering before 34 weeks.
●Advanced dilatation of >4cm and membrane prolapse beyond external
os – high chances of cerclage failure.
●Even with rescue cerclage 50% chances of preterm labour can happen.
8. TRANSABDOMINALCERCLAGE
●Considered in previous failed transvaginal cerclage.
●Can be performed preconceptually or in early pregnancy.
●Can be done either laparoscopically or by laparotomy.
●In case of miscarriage/ fetal death with abdominal cerclage:
⮚Upto 18 weeks – Suction evacuation/ D&E through the stitch
⮚Delivery will require Cesarean.
9. TRANSV
AGINALCERCLAGE
●McDonald – commonly practiced, purse string suture at
cervicovaginal junction without bladder mobilisation.
●Shirodkar – above the level of cardinal ligaments, requires bladder
mobilisation, requires anaesthesia for removal.
●Occlusion Cerclage (WURM’S). Continuous nonabsorbable suture is
placed at external os .
●Non- absorbable suture material will be used – mersilene tape or
Silk
10. TRANSVAGINALCERCLAGE
●Can deliver Normally .
●The cerclage is removed at 36 to 37 weeks , it is a out patient procedure.
●Then can wait for Spontaneous Labour or Induce Labour.
11. CONTRAINDICA
TIONS
●Active preterm labour
●Clinical evidence of chorioamnionitis
●Continuing vaginal bleeding
●PPROM
●Evidence of fetal compromise
●Lethal fetal defect
●Fetal death.
RISK OF CERCLAGE – 2% chances of miscarriage following cerclage.
12. INFORMATIONBEFORECERCLAGE
●Patient to know before procedure that,
●Cerclage is not associated with increased risk of PPROM, induction of labour or caesarean
delivery.
●No apparent increase in chorioamnionitis.
●There is a small risk of cervical trauma, intraoperative bladder injury, bleeding and
membrane rupture in cerclage , Rescue Cerclage has higher risk.
●If there is spontaneous labour later with suture in situ- risk of cervical laceration/ trauma.
13. INVESTIGA
TIONSBEFORECERCLAGE
●Apart from basic investigation, first trimester scan with screening to rule out aneuploidy in
history indicated cerclage
●For rescue cerclage – routine use of maternal WBC/CRP level to rule out subclinical
chorioamnionitis is not recommended. In the absence of clinical signs of chorioamnionitis,
rescue cerclage need not be delayed.
●No need for amniocentesis before cerclage
●No evidence to support need for genital infection screening before cerclage.
●If detected, complete the antimicrobial course
●You will be asked to stop aspirin (5 days) and heparin(24hrs) injection (if you are already
on)
14. ONTHEDAYOFPROCEDURE
●As the procedure is done under anaesthesia, 6hrs of fasting is required
●Patient will be admitted in the morning on the day of procedure.
●IV fluids will be started as you are fasting.
●Just before procedure progesterone injection will be given to support pregnancy.
●Prophylactic iv antibiotic will be given.
15. POSTPROCEDUREINFORMATION
●Transvaginal cerclage can be performed as day care procedure - can be discharged on
same day.
●Those who are undergoing rescue/ ultrasound indicated cerclage can be benefited by
staying for 24hrs postoperatively.
●For transabdominal cerclage 48hrs stay is recommended.
●Antibiotics – initially IV, followed by oral antibiotics will be given
●Tocolytics will be given for 5 days post procedure along with your regular medications.
●You can start aspirin and heparin 5 days post procedure.
●Ultrasonography will be done to confirm fetal viability before discharge.
16. AFTERDISCHARGE
●Bed rest after discharge should be individualised.
●Sexual abstinence.
●Serial sonographic surveillance is not recommended routinely, but can be used in
ultrasound indicated cerclage.
●Repeat cervical pessary insertion is required for some patients or in rescue cerclage along
with transvaginal cerclage .
17. Cervicalpessary
●Feto Safe Cervical Pessary.
This is a perforated silicone pessary, designed to be used
for Pregnant patients with cervical incompetence. The
silicone pessary acts as a mechanical support to the
cervix. It also helps patients by making the direction of
pressure toward sacral bone. It helps to prevent second
trimester miscarriages due to cervical incompetence,
preterm labour and PPROM. It can be used along with
cervical cerclage if need be. And it is a non-invasive cost-
effective alternative to operative procedures.
Indications :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Short cervix < 2.5cm
Funneling of cervix
Previous history of cervical incompetence
Multiple pregnancy as prophylaxis
Signs of threatened miscarriage
How long can it be kept?
Can be kept in vagina till delivery. Since the pessary is
perforated the cervical secretions will not be
accumulated. For prophylaxis, vaginal suppositories can
be used for 3 days monthly. If in case need to be removed
or expelled , can be cleaned and reinserted.
Contact :
Ziller Medical Inc.
9791024002
India.
18. WHENTOREMOVECERCLAGE
●Transvaginal cerclage can be removed before labour between 36-37 weeks
●If elective caesarean is planned, can be delayed until caesarean.
●Shirodkar suture requires anaesthesia for removal
●Transabdominal cerclage requires caesarean section for delivery and it can be left in place
following delivery.
19. OTHEROCCASION
●If patient presented with established preterm labour, cerclage to be removed to
minimise trauma to the cervix.
●In case of PPROM, between 24 and 34 weeks, without evidence of preterm labour/
infection, cerclage removal can be delayed until steroids for fetal lung maturity is
completed and/or in utero transfer is arranged.
●Delayed removal is not recommended if risk of maternal/fetal sepsis is expected.
