1. Tate Glasgow
Northwest Nazarene University
2014

3.  Motivation is the interaction between motive
and situation and is cognitive in nature. (0)
 When people try and satisfy a want it becomes
a motivational action. (1)
 Motivation to travel arises from inability to
satisfy a need or a want at home. (1.1)

4. 1. Describes forces that pushed people to make a
travel decision by internal forces and examines
how they are pulled by the external forces.
2. Most commonly used theory in tourist
motivation research. (2)

5.  Push Factors (internal motivations)
• Ex: Escape, Novelty, Prestige, enhancement of
kinship relationships, and relaxation/ hobbies
Explain the desire to go on a vacation. (3)

6.  Pull factors (extrinsic motivations)
• Ex: budget, culture and history, wilderness,
ease of travel, cosmopolitan, environment,
facilities, and hunting.
 Pull Motivations have been thought useful for
explaining the choice of destination. (4)

7.  Gender is a major influence on travel demand.
 Men are much more interested in social activity
than females.
 Men travel more for business, while women
travel more leisure purposes. (5)

8.  Women are motivated by culture,
opportunities for family bonding and prestige.
(Push)
 Men place more importance on sports and
adventure when engaging in travel experience
(6)(Pull)

9. 1. Physiological (hunger, thirst, rest & activity)
2. Safety (security, freedom of fear, anxiety)
3. Belonging (love and affection giving/receiving)
4. Esteem (self-esteem, esteem for others)
5. Self-actualization (personal self-fulfillment)

10.  Anxiety is the bodies attempt to handle a
perceived threat (8)
 28% of Americans are estimated to experience
anxiety disorders in their lifetime. (7)
 29,015,463 overseas trips across borders (YTD,
2013)

11.  Anxiety disorders are more common in females
(9).
 Prior research has looked at anxiety as an
intrinsic factor not extrinsic.

12. H1:The anxiety level and motivation to travel abroad are
inversely related in American travelers
H2: Gender directly influences decision making and travel
anxiety when deciding to travel internationally
RQ: What instigates travel anxiety in American tourists
travelling internationally?

13. N=30
Male n=12
Female n=18
Between the ages of 18 and 24
Had to have travelled abroad or were planning to
within one year.

14.  Push and Pull Motivation Scale (10)
- Three variable categories, novelty knowledge
seeking, ego enhancement, and rest and
relaxation.
- (Disagree) to (Strongly Agree)
 DASS21 Scale
- Five point scale
- Gaged anxiety, stress, and depression levels of
participants

15.  Pearson R Correlation Test
- Independent Variable (motivation)
- Dependent Variable (anxiety)
- P<.05 level
 One-way ANOVA
- Gender
- Motivation/Travel Anxiety

16.  Novelty and knowledge seeking
- Correlation level of -.142
- Significance (sig.) level of .453 (p< .05)
 Ego enhancement
- Correlation level of .126
- Sig. level of .506 (p<.05)
 Rest and relaxation
- Correlation level of -.193
- Sig. level of .307 (p<.05)
 H1: Rejected

17.  Novelty and knowledge seeking
- Female m= 4.5414, Male m=4.2742
 Ego enhancement
- Female m=4.1737, Male m=3.8958
 Rest and Relaxation
- Female m= 4.2361, Male m=3.8958
 No significance was found between gender and
motivation to travel abroad (p<.05).

18.  Gender and Travel Anxiety
- Sig. level of .734 (p<.05)
 No significance in the relationship between
gender and travel anxiety
 H2: Rejected

19.  Travel was for mission work only
 Age group between the age of 18-24 from small
liberal arts university in Idaho
 Number of participants
 Countries in which the participant travelled to
 Cultural differences
 Previous travel experience

20.  Anxiety not a motivational factor
 Anxiety and decision making
 Research topics for future studies:
- Stress or Depression as IV variable
- Cultural heritage and travel motivation
- Cultural norms and travel motivation

21. 1/0 Huang and Hsu
2.Dann
¾ Plangman
5/6 Meng
7/8 Betanson
9. Mayou
10. Yousefi and Marzuki
1.1 Van Vuuren