English 1302 Annotated Bibliography (AB) Assignment Inst

English 1302 Annotated Bibliography (AB) Assignment
Instructor: Tureva Osburn
Email: [email protected]
Format: MLA—Times New Roman, 12-point font, 1” margins,
double-space only
The AB is a list of summaries and other information. One
entry follows the next.
Due Dates for Self-Review and Dropbox for AB:
Upload AB to Eduflow for a self-review by Tuesday, April
12th by 11:59pm.
Your AB for the self-review can be a draft, but it must provide
at least two complete
entries with citation, annotation, analysis paragraph, and a
quotation with explanation
sentence for each entry to receive the 50 points for this activity.
Dropbox for Annotated Bibliography Due by Wed., April 13th
by 11:59pm
Total Points Possible: 150 points possible (50 for self-review;

100 for AB)
Number of Sources: Four (4) total sources (use your source
from the Proposal Essay as
one of your four sources)
Purpose: The purpose of the Annotated Bibliography is to
provide students an
opportunity to gather research and evidence for a scholarly
research essay and compose a
complete entry for each source.
What is an annotated bibliography? An AB is a list of
summaries (these are the
annotations) regarding the same topic along with the Works
Cited entry that precedes
each annotation. Each complete annotation follows the next one
to create a list.
Additionally, an AB assignment will often include some
analysis, quotations, and other
information regarding each source.
Instructions: Using the Steen Library databases and other
sources, you should search for
sources that will provide the foundation for your research essay.

Click on this link to access research: Steen Library Research
Guides and Databases
Sources: Must use four sources for the Annotated Bibliography.
At least two sources must come from Steen Library or Library
databases.
You must use your source from the Proposal Essay as one of
your four
sources. In other words, you need one more source from Steen
Library,
http://libguides.sfasu.edu/?b=s
but you can choose to find two more sources anywhere online
or from
Steen.
Sources may include academic articles, news reports, statistical
data, books, ebooks,
podcasts, online journals, art (including songs, films, streaming
episodes, etc.), and
many other types of texts.
Using quality research is vital to making a successful argument;
the authors and sources you

choose for the Annotated Bibliography become your team
members who provide
information and expertise for the AB and the Research Essay.
Organizing the AB: Students will need to follow these
directions, so each entry consists of the
following parts:
1. A Works Cited citation
2. the annotation (summary)
3. a short analysis paragraph with specific questions to answer
4. a quotation from each source in MLA format followed by an
explanation
Citation for Works Cited
1. First, the student will provide the Works Cited citation for
the text in MLA
format. The student must decide on what type of text (article,
video, etc.) they are
summarizing. Recognize that the citation must also include the
database if needed.
Reminder: Opposing Viewpoints provides the MLA citation at
end of article.

Works Cited Examples are available in the Resources chapter
for our class.
Annotation
2. Next, the student will provide the annotation of the text
following these
guidelines:
✓ Introduce the author and the text
✓ Provide the author’s thesis and the main points of the text in
six to eight
sentences
✓ Use present tense verbs
✓ Recognize that quotations are not used in a summary
✓ Use transitions as needed in the summary (first, second, then,
next, finally,
etc.)
✓ Focus on the author in composing the summary
✓ Provide a conclusion sentence
✓ Keep your own ideas about the topic and your specific issue
in mind as

you summarize
Analysis Paragraph
3. Then, the student will provide a short analysis paragraph
after each annotation
that answers the following questions (The student should use
first person “I” in
these analysis paragraphs):
➢ What is your opinion of the text?
➢ How does this text assist you in the research of your topic?
➢ How does this text connect to another text that you will
summarize? (A
synthesis question!)
Quotations
4. Finally, the student will provide one quotation from each
source in MLA format
for in-text citations followed by an explanation sentence. The
quotation is not part of
the analysis paragraph and should be the last part of the AB
entry. Example:

Gerald Graff remarks, “the best academic writing has one
underlying feature: it is deeply
engaged in some way with other people’s views” (3). The
author acknowledges that when
writing a college essay, the student writer should understand
that they are collaborating
with other people’s ideas, opinions, and analysis and that
involvement is the central focus
of writing at the college level.
Rubric: The AB should include five complete entries for five
sources (at least three from Steen Library).
50 points for participating in self-review
25 points for Works Cited citation accuracy
25 points for complete annotations that follow the guidelines of
summary
25 points for analysis paragraphs that answer the required
questions
25 points for quotations in MLA format with explanations after
each analysis paragraph
150 points total 135-150=A; 120-134=B; 105-119=C; 90-
104=D; below 90=F

Bottom of FormAssignment 2: Assessments for Readiness
Skills, Emerging Content Knowledge, and Intervention
You have examined various assessments in past assignments,
analyzed their strengths and weaknesses, and reported on their
reliability and validity. Why is this so important to early
childhood educators? What purpose is there to all this?
Teaching is a cyclical process. It must involve the following:
· Having a direction (a measurable objective or clear learning
outcomes)
· Creating an assessment (a clear, measureable objective tied to
an appropriate assessment for the objective)
· Analyzing data based on the results (Did you meet the
objective? How do you know?)
· Determining the next steps, next lesson, and next objective(s)
It is much like our original Einstein quote: “Everybody is a
genius. But if you judge a fish by its ability to climb a tree, it
will live its whole life believing that it is stupid.” If we use the
wrong assessments, we will never be able to obtain the
information we seek—the information that can mean a
difference in a child’s life and learning.
To prepare:
· Consider reviewing the MA Child Care Resources (n.d.),
“Resource List of Common Assessment Tools,” found in the
Learning Resources of Module 2.
· Research and examine assessments for kindergarten-aged
children or children aged 6–8 in the areas of readiness skills,
emerging content knowledge, and intervention.
· Review the Mental Measurements Yearbook and verify the
information posted on validity and reliability or find a research
article discussing the assessment.
Write a paper in which you do the following:
· List two assessments for each of the three areas indicated
above (readiness, emerging content knowledge, intervention).

· Describe in-depth how the assessment is used.
· Provide an analysis that addresses the following:
· How do you know these assessments are DAP?
· In what ways could you modify the emerging content
knowledge assessments for dual language learners and children
with exceptionalities or children with identified disabilities or
delays? Explain how you know these modifications are
appropriate.
· Explain how data from these assessments could be used to
promote development and guide teaching and learning.
· How could this information be shared and with whom should it
be shared?
Note: Cite your research and provide appropriate references in
APA format to substantiate your thinking.
This Assignment should be 4–5 pages, not including title page
or reference page. Include a minimum of five scholarly resear ch
articles.
By Day 7 of Week 6
Submit your Assignment.
This is Part 4 of your Learning Outcomes Project for this
program. Edit after receiving feedback from your Instructor and
place in a Word document with previous assignments.
Submission and Grading Information
To submit your completed Assignment for review and grading,
do the following:
· Please save your Assignment using the naming convention
“MD3Assgn2+last name+first initial.(extension)” as the name.
· Click the Module 3 Assignment 2 Rubric to review the
Grading Criteria for the Assignment.
· Click the Module 3 Assignment 2 link. You will also be able
to “View Rubric” for grading criteria from this area.
· Next, from the Attach File area, click on the Browse My
Computer button. Find the document you saved as
“MD3Assgn2+last name+first initial.(extension)” and
click Open.
·

· If applicable: From the Plagiarism Tools area, click the
checkbox for I agree to submit my paper(s) to the Global
Reference Database.
· Click on the Submit button to complete your submission.
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Stronger Gun Control Laws Will Save Lives
Editor: Christine Watkins
Date: 2012
From: Guns and Crime

Publisher: Gale, a Cengage Company
Series: At Issue
Document Type: Viewpoint essay
Length: 1,932 words
Content Level: (Level 5)
Lexile Measure: 1350L
Full Text:
Article Commentary
"Ten Myths About Gun Violence in America," LCAV.org, 2009.
Copyright © 2009 by Legal Community Against Violence. All
rights
reserved. Reproduced by permission.
The Legal Community Against Violence (LCAV) is a national
public interest law center dedicated to preventing gun viol ence
and to
providing legal assistance in support of gun violence
prevention.
With nearly 400,000 gun crimes committed every year, the
United States has the highest rate of firearm deaths (more than
30,000
each year) among twenty-five high-income nations. Clearly,
stronger and more effective gun control laws are needed to keep
guns
out of the wrong hands and to better protect the public.
Furthermore, despite what the gun lobby claims, most
Americans are in favor
of common-sense gun laws because they understand that such
laws will, in fact, help reduce gun violence.
If guns really kept us safe, the United States would be the safest
nation in the world, since we own an estimated 270 million
firearms—approximately 90 guns for every 100 people. Far
from keeping us safe, guns are used to kill more than 30,000

Americans
each year and injure approximately 70,000. Guns are also used
to commit nearly 400,000 crimes each year. The rate of firearm
violence in America far exceeds that of other industrialized
nations, where gun ownership is strictly regulated.
Although many people own guns for self-protection, studies
have repeatedly shown that a gun in the home increases the risk
of
firearm-related death or injury to a household member.
According to those studies, a gun kept in the home is more
likely to be
involved in an accidental shooting, criminal assault or suicide
attempt than to be used to injure or kill an intruder in self-
defense.
Convicted felons and other prohibited persons are able to buy
guns easily from unlicensed sellers in undocumented
transactions.
In addition, no evidence exists to support the claim that society
would be safer if more people carried concealed guns in public.
Evidence shows that permissive concealed carry laws may
increase crime. Moreover, common sense tells us that putting
more guns
into more hands does not make anyone safer: it merely increases
the odds that everyday disputes will escalate into deadly
encounters.
The fact is that very few federal laws regulate the manufacture,
sale or possession of firearms, and those currently on the books
are
filled with loopholes or significantly tie the hands of law
enforcement. The Brady Act, for example, which requires
licensed firearms
dealers to perform background checks on gun purchasers, does

not apply to private sellers, responsible for an estimated 40
percent
of all gun sales. Because of this "private sale" loophole,
convicted felons and other prohibited persons are able to buy
guns easily
from unlicensed sellers in undocumented transactions.
Even when a gun is purchased through a firearms dealer,
another loophole permits the dealer to transfer the gun to the
purchaser if
the background check isn't completed within three days. These
"default proceeds" allowed nearly 4,000 prohibited persons to
purchase guns between November 1998 and November 1999
alone. In addition:
Federal law doesn't ban military-style assault weapons, 50
caliber rifles or large capacity ammunition magazines. Congress
allowed the 1994 ban on assault weapons and large capacity
magazines to expire in 2004, despite overwhelming public
support for the law. As a result, assault weapons, 50 caliber
rifles and large capacity magazines have proliferated on the
civilian market.
Because federal law exempts guns from the Consumer Product
Safety Act, no federal health and safety standards exist for
domestically manufactured firearms, though such standards do
exist for all other consumer products manufactured in
America.
Given the loopholes and unreasonable restrictions in our
nation's gun laws, it makes no sense to argue that we should
merely
"enforce the laws we already have." We need to strengthen
existing laws to give law enforcement the tools they need to

keep guns
out of the wrong hands, and to ensure that firearms do not
endanger public safety.
The sad reality is that gun violence affects all segments of our
society. As newspaper headlines regularly show, deadly
shootings
occur in areas which are supposed to be the safest—including
schools, places of worship, office buildings, shopping centers
and
nursing homes. In addition, unintentional shootings and
suicides, while less publicized, occur every day nationwide. No
one is
immune from the devastation caused by the easy access to guns.
Although the U.S. Supreme Court held, in District of Columbia
v. Heller, 128 S. Ct. 2783 (2008), that the Second Amendment
protects the right to possess a firearm in the home for self-
defense, the Court made clear that the Second Amendment
permits a wide
variety of strong gun laws. The Court provided examples of
laws it considered "presumptively valid," including those
which:
Prohibit firearm possession by felons and the mentally ill;
Forbid firearm possession in sensitive places such as schools
and government buildings; and
Impose conditions on the commercial sale of firearms.
The Court noted that this list is not exhaustive, and concluded
that the Second Amendment is also consistent with laws
banning
"dangerous and unusual weapons" not in common use at the
time, such as M-16 rifles and other firearms for military
service. In
addition, the Court declared that its analysis should not be read

to suggest "the invalidity of laws regulating the storage of
firearms to
prevent accidents."
Finally, because the Heller case involved a law enacted by
Washington, D.C., a federal enclave, the Court did not address
the issue
of whether the Second Amendment applies to state and local
governments.
Sensible gun laws can and do work. Since the Brady Act went
into effect in 1994, for example, background checks on
prospective
gun purchasers have prevented the sale of firearms to more than
1.6 million prohibited purchasers, notwithstanding that law's
"private
sale" loophole. In addition, studies have shown that a variety of
state laws have had a positive impact and can serve as "best
practices" for other states:
Virginia's one-gun-a-month law, enacted to address gun
trafficking, significantly reduced the number of out of state
crime
guns traced back to Virginia dealers.
In 12 states where child access prevention laws had been in
effect for at least one year, unintentional firearm deaths fell by
23% from 1990-94 among children under age 15.
Following Maryland's adoption of a ban on "junk guns," firearm
homicides dropped by 8.6% in the state—an average of 40
lives saved per year—between 1990 and 1998.
Two recent studies looked at the impact of gun laws more
broadly. The first report, released by Mayors Against Illegal
Guns (MAIG)
in 2008, focused on the relationship between a state's gun laws
and the likelihood the state would be a source of guns recovered

in
out-of-state crimes.
The MAIG report found that states with the highest crime gun
export rates—i.e., states that were the top sources of guns
recovered in
crime across state lines—had the weakest gun laws. That report
also found that states that export crime guns at a high rate have
a
significantly higher rate of gun murders than states with low
export rates; and a significantly higher rate of fatal police
shootings than
states with low export rates.
The second study, released by The Violence Policy Center in
2009, found that states with weak gun laws and high rates of
gun
ownership have the highest rates of gun death. Conversely, the
study found that states with strong gun laws and low rates of
gun
ownership had significantly lower rates of firearm-related
death.
Sensible gun laws do not "punish" law abiding citizens—they
save lives. Legislators nationwide have enacted laws to protect
public
safety, despite the fact they may impose a small burden on law -
abiding citizens and despite the fact that some people will
ignore
them. For example, we have laws regulating automobiles and
automobile drivers (such as speed limits and the use of seat
belts),
even though some people may find those laws inconvenient and
others will violate them. Similarly, laws regulating guns and
gun
owners (such as requiring buyers to undergo a background

check or banning the sale of assault weapons) protect the
public, despite
the fact that some may find them burdensome and others may
ignore them. The reality is that most Americans support
sensible gun
laws because they realize those laws help reduce gun violence.
U.S. gun laws are among the most lax in the world.
Although our society has become desensitized to high levels of
gun deaths and injuries, gun violence is not normal and should
not be
accepted as an unavoidable part of life in an industrialized
country. Gun violence is, in fact, relatively rare in other
industrialized
nations. Studies have shown that:
The U.S. has the highest rate of firearm deaths among 25 high-
income nations.
The overall firearm-related death rate among U.S. children
under the age of 15 is nearly 12 times higher than that among
children in 25 other industrialized nations combined.
The reasons for this great disparity are clear: Americans own
far more civilian firearms—particularly handguns—than people
in other
industrialized nations, and U.S. gun laws are among the most
lax in the world.
Although some opponents of strong gun laws—particularly
those requiring gun owners to register their firearms or obtain a
license—claim these laws will lead to governmental
confiscation, there is simply no evidence to support this claim.
If it were true,

confiscation of lawfully-owned guns would have taken place in
jurisdictions that already require gun owners to register their
guns or
obtain a license (e.g. Hawaii, New York, New Jersey,
California, Massachusetts, Illinois, Cleveland and Omaha). The
gun lobby can
point to no such evidence, however. Moreover, the "slippery
slope/confiscation" argument has been taken off the table by the
Supreme Court's interpretation of the Second Amendment.
Although many elected officials are reluctant to support rational
gun laws because they fear voter rejection, that fear is
unfounded. A
report by the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence
following the 2008 elections found "no evidence that any
candidate, at any
level, lost because of support for sensible gun laws. Supporters
of common sense gun laws won in Senate, House and state races
across the country."
These findings are consistent with nationwide polling data,
which show overwhelming public support for rational gun laws.
Those
polls show, for example, that:
92% of respondents, including 91% of gun owners, favor
mandatory criminal background checks for all gun purchasers.
83% of respondents, including 72% of gun owners, favor
registration for newly-purchased handguns, and 85% of
respondents, including 73% of gun owners, favor laws requiring
handgun purchasers to obtain a permit.
65% of respondents favor banning military style assault
weapons, and 74.9% favor governmental safety standards for
firearms.
This is the grand-daddy of all gun myths. It is used by

opponents of sensible gun laws to convey the idea that it is
somehow unfair to
regulate guns, since human intervention is generally required to
fire a gun. That fact, while generally true, does not lead to the
conclusion that guns should be free from governmental
regulation. Indeed, our laws regulate the sale and possession of
other
dangerous instrumentalities, such as automobiles, despite the
fact that one could also say that "cars don't kill people, people
kill
people." Automobiles, unlike guns, are subject to a myriad of
federal health and safety standards to protect their owners and
the
public.
To the extent it is accurate to say that "people kill people" with
guns, the gun lobby should actually be supportive of laws that
require
gun buyers and owners to demonstrate they are able to possess
firearms lawfully and responsibly, such as those requiring
purchasers to pass a background check, obtain a license and
register their firearms.
Books
Ben Agger There Is a Gunman on Campus: Tragedy and Terror
at Virginia Tech. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2008.
Pjeter D. Baldridge, editor Gun Ownership and the Second
Amendment. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.
Chris Bird Thank God I Had a Gun: True Accounts of Self-
Defense. San Antonio, TX: Privateer Publications, 2006.
Joan Burbick Gun Show Nation: Gun Culture and American
Democracy. New York: New Press, 2006.
Brian Doherty Gun Control on Trial: Inside the Supreme Court
Battle Over the Second Amendment. Washington, DC: Cato
Institute, 2008.

Richard Feldman Ricochet: Confessions of a Gun Lobbyist.
Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2008.
Kristin A. Goss Disarmed: The Missing Movement for Gun
Control in America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press,
2006.
Alan Gottlieb and Dave Workman America Fights Back: Armed
Self-Defense in a Violent Age. Bellevue, WA: Merril Press,
2007.
Alan Gottlieb and Dave Workman These Dogs Don't Hunt: The
Democrats' War on Guns. Bellevue, WA: Merril Press, 2008.
Stephen P. Halbrook The Founders' Second Amendment:
Origins of the Right to Bear Arms. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2008.
Bernard E. Harcourt Language of the Gun: Youth, Crime, and
Public Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006.
Dennis A. Henigan Lethal Logic: Exploding the Myths that
Paralyze American Gun Policy. Washington, DC: Potomac
Books,
2009.
Kathy Jackson The Cornered Cat: A Woman's Guide to
Concealed Carry. Hamilton, MI: White Feather Press, LLC,
2010.
David B. Kopel Aiming for Liberty: The Past, Present, and
Future of Freedom and Self Defense. Bellevue, WA: Merril
Press,
2009.
Mark Pogrebin, N. Prabha Unnithan, Paul Stretesky Guns,
Violence, and Criminal Behavior: The Offender's Perspective.
Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2009.
John A. Rich Wrong Place, Wrong Time: Trauma and Violence
in the Lives of Young Black Men. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
University Press, 2009.
Lucinda Roy No Right to Remain Silent: The Tragedy at
Virginia Tech. Van Nuys, CA: Harmony, 2009.
Robert J. Spitzer The Politics of Gun Control, 4th Edition.
Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2008.
Mark Walters and Kathy Jackson Lessons from Armed America.

Hamilton, MI: White Feather Press, LLC, 2009.
Timothy Wheeler and E. John Wipfler Keeping Your Family
Safe: The Responsibilities of Firearm Ownership. Bellevue,
WA:
Merril Press, 2009.
Periodicals and Internet Sources
Ben Adler "Conservatives Make Inaccurate Arguments Against
Gun Control," Newsweek, January 18, 2011.
Ellen S. Alberding "Philanthropy Must Challenge the Idea that
Gun Violence Can't Be Stopped," The Chronicle of
Philanthropy,
January 14, 2011.
Frida Berrigan "Too Many Guns," Huffington Post, October 23,
2008. www.huffingtonpost.com.
Jimmy Carter "What Happened to the Ban on Assault
Weapons?" New York Times, April 26, 2009.
Steve Chapman "The Unconcealed Truth about Carrying Guns,"
Reason, March 31, 2011. www.reason.com.
Saul Cornell "What the 'Right to Bear Arms' Really Means,"
Salon, January 15, 2011. www.salon.com.
Diane Dimond "Packing Heat at College," Huffington Post,
March 1, 2011. www.huffingtonpost.com.
John J. Donohue "It Takes Laws to Control the Bad Guys," New
York Times, January 12, 2011.
James Alan Fox "More Guns Means More Guns," New York
Times, January 12, 2011.
Morris Goodman "Gun Violence in America Calls for Gun
Control," The News-Herald, January 17, 2011.
Michael Grunwald "Tucson Tragedy: Is Gun Control a Dead
Issue?" Time, January 24, 2011.
Thomas L. Harnisch "Concealed Weapons on State College

Campuses: In Pursuit of Individual Liberty and Collective
Security,"
American Association of State Colleges and Universities
(AASCU), November 2008. www.aascu.org.
Bob Herbert "How Many Deaths Are Enough?" New York
Times, January 17, 2011.
Joshua E. Keating "Armed, But Not Necessarily Dangerous,"
Foreign Policy, January 11, 2011. www.foreignpolicy.com.
Nicholas D. Kristof "Why Not Regulate Guns as Seriously as
Toys?" New York Times, January 12, 2011.
Juliet A. Leftwich "Worse than Iraq: Guns Kill More Americans
at Home in Six Weeks than in Four Years of War," The
Recorder,
October 12, 2007.
W. Scott Lewis "Empty Holsters on Campus," The Washington
Times, October 24, 2007.
Sylvia Longmire "Guns in Mexico: A Challenge to Obama and
the NRA," San Diego Union-Tribune, June 23, 2011.
John R. Lott, Jr. "More Guns, Less Crime?: The Case for
Arming Yourself," New York Times, January 12, 2011.
Michael Luo "Mental Health and Guns: Do Background Checks
Do Enough?" New York Times, April 19, 2007.
Heather Martens "When Background Checks Are Given a
Chance, They Work," Minnesota Public Radio, March 23, 2011.
www.minnesotapublicradio.org.
Roger Simon "The Everyday Crisis of Gun Violence," Politico,
April 7, 2009. www.politico.com.
Ron Smith "Face the Facts: Gun Control Laws Don't Save
Lives," The Baltimore Sun, January 20, 2011.
Robert J. Spitzer "Campuses Just Say 'No' to Guns," Huffington
Post, February 27, 2011. www.huffingtonpost.com.
Daniel Stone "Is Gun Violence the Cost of Freedom?"
Newsweek, January 13, 2011.
John Stossel "Guns Save Lives: Why the Right to Keep and
Bear Arms Is Essential in a Free Society," Reason, June 24,
2010.

www.reason.com.
Mike Stuckey "Record Numbers Licensed to Pack Heat,"
MSNBC.com, June 24, 2010. www.msnbc.msn.com.
Janalee Tobias "Columbine Was an Easy Target—Guns Protect
Schools from Criminals," US News & World Report, April 20,
2009.
Full Text: COPYRIGHT 2012 Greenhaven Press, a part of Gale,
Cengage Learning
Source Citation (MLA 9th Edition)
"Stronger Gun Control Laws Will Save Lives." Guns and Crime,
edited by Christine Watkins, Greenhaven Press, 2012. At Issue.
Gale
In Context: Opposing Viewpoints,
link.gale.com/apps/doc/EJ3010015248/OVIC?u=txshracd2557&
sid=bookmark-
OVIC&xid=2e0338cb. Accessed 8 Apr. 2022. Originally
published as "Ten Myths About Gun Violence in America,"
LCAV.org,
2009.
Gale Document Number: GALE|EJ3010015248
Disclaimer: This is a machine generated PDF of selected
content from our products. This functionality is provided solely
for your
convenience and is in no way intended to replace original
scanned PDF. Neither Cengage Learning nor its licensors make
any
representations or warranties with respect to the machine
generated PDF. The PDF is automatically generated "AS IS"
and "AS

AVAILABLE" and are not retained in our systems. CENGAGE
LEARNING AND ITS LICENSORS SPECIFICALLY
DISCLAIM ANY
AND ALL EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES,
INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY WARRANTIES
FOR AVAILABILITY,
ACCURACY, TIMELINESS, COMPLETENESS, NON-
INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR
PURPOSE. Your use of the machine generated PDF is subject to
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Gun Control
Date: 2022
From: Gale Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection
Publisher: Gale, a Cengage Company
Document Type: Topic overview
Length: 2,613 words
Content Level: (Level 5)
Lexile Measure: 1410L
Full Text:
Gun control refers to legislation and regulations that place
controls on the ownership of firearms, restrict certain types of
firearms, or
determine where they may be carried. In the United States, gun
control is a highly controversial topic that engenders debate
surrounding public safety, state and federal government

oversight, and individual rights. Supporters of gun control seek
tighter
restrictions on the sale and circulation of firearms to decrease
the high incidence of gun-related violence and deaths in the
United
States, while opponents argue they have a constitutional right to
own and bear firearms.
Data from 2020 showed there were 45,222 firearm-related
deaths in the United States, as reported by the US Centers for
Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC). Among firearm-related deaths in
the United States in 2020, about 54 percent were suicides and
about
43 percent were homicides. Firearm-related injuries rank in the
top five causes of death for United States citizens up to age
sixty-four.
Assault by firearm accounts for 70 percent of nonfatal firearm-
related injuries, while unintentional injury accounts for twenty
percent.
The vast majority of victims (86 percent) are male.
Many Americans support the right to bear arms but also believe
that the government has the right to regulate firearms in the
interest
of public safety. Though there are differences along party lines,
a 2021 Pew Research poll found that 53 percent of Americans
believe gun control laws should be more strict, and 14 percent
believe they should be less strict. Gun rights groups, such as the
National Rifle Association (NRA), aim to prevent new gun
control legislation and, if possible, roll back existing
legislation. In the late
twentieth century, the NRA began to wield significant political
influence at the national and state levels, especially among
conservative politicians. In response, gun control advocacy
organizations such as Brady, Giffords, and Everytown for Gun

Safety
have worked to enact legislation designed to better regulate gun
ownership, such as requiring waiting periods, background
checks,
gun permits, gun safety training, and restrictions on the
possession of assault weapons.
Pros and Cons of Banning Assault Weapons
Pros
Though many gun rights proponents state guns are necessary for
self-defense and hunting, such activities do not require the
efficiency and firepower of automatic weapons and high-
capacity ammunition magazines. Assault weapons are known to
be
capable of injuring and killing large groups of people in mass
shootings.
Most Americans support a federal ban on military-style assault
weapons. For politicians in many jurisdictions, supporting
such legislation would reflect the will of the people.
While the accidental discharge of a firearm always carries the
risk of injury, the accidental discharge of an automatic weapon
can result in much greater damage.
Cons
Banning any type of firearm would be interpreted by some as a
violation of the Second Amendment of the US Constitution.
Because federal law forbids the importation of foreign-made
assault weapons, all such weapons sold legally are
manufactured domestically, thus helping local economies and
encouraging further innovation.
A federal assault weapons ban would have minimal impact on
gun deaths, as the majority of gun deaths are self-inflicted and
do not involve automatic weapons.

The Second Amendment
The right to keep and bear arms is included as the Second
Amendment to the US Constitution as part of the Bill of Rights
ratified on
December 15, 1791. It states: "A well regulated Militia, being
necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people
to keep
and bear Arms, shall not be infringed." The precise meaning and
purpose of the Second Amendment have been subjects of
frequent
debate in the early twenty-first century. At the time it was
enacted, each state maintained a militia composed of ordinary
citizens who
served as part-time soldiers to protect settlers on land contested
by Native Americans and defend against any attacks by foreign
entities, some of which still held territories later claimed by the
United States. In addition, some of the authors of the Second
Amendment feared the federal government would use its
standing army to force its will on the states and intended to
protect the state
militias' right to take up arms against the federal government.
Opponents of gun control interpret the Second Amendment as
guaranteeing individual citizens' right to keep and bear arms.
They
assert the amendment protects the rights of the general
population because colonial law required every household to
possess arms
and every white male of military age to be ready for self-
defense and military emergencies. Therefore, by guaranteeing
arms for the
militia, the amendment simultaneously guaranteed arms for

every citizen. Opponents of gun control further maintain the
term "right of
the people" in the Second Amendment holds the same meaning
as it does in the First Amendment, which guarantees such
individual
liberties as the freedom of religion and freedom of assembly.
Proponents of gun control debate some of these interpretations
and argue that much has changed since the amendment was
written.
Some twenty-first-century gun control supporters argue the
amendment was meant to protect only a state's right to arm
citizens for
the common defense, not private citizen's rights to possess and
carry any firearm in any space. They also argue that, according
to
the amendment, such militias were "well regulated," meaning
they were subject to state requirements concerning training,
firearms,
and periodic military exercises.
Major Legislation and Court Cases in the Twentieth Century
The US Congress has created laws regarding gun regulations
and the Supreme Court has ruled on several cases. The National
Firearms Act (NFA) of 1934 was the country's first major
federal gun control legislation. The law required the registration
of certain
firearms, imposed taxes on the sale and manufacture of
firearms, and restricted the sale and ownership of high-risk
weapons, such
as machine guns. The Federal Firearms Act (FFA) of 1938
provided additional regulations, requiring federal licenses for
firearm
manufacturers and dealers and prohibiting certain people from
buying firearms. The Supreme Court's ruling in United States v.

Miller
(1939) upheld the NFA and set a precedent that the right to bear
arms applied to citizens in active, controlled state guard or
militia
units.
The next major piece of federal firearms legislation was the
Gun Control Act (GCA) of 1968, passed in the wake of the
assassinations
of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Senator Robert F. Kennedy.
The GCA expanded both the NFA and the FFA. The law ended
mail-
order sales of all firearms and ammunition and banned the sale
of guns to minors, felons, fugitives from justice, people who use
illegal drugs, persons with mental illness, and those
dishonorably discharged from the armed forces. The Supreme
Court bolstered
controls when it upheld New Jersey's strict gun control law in
Burton v. Sills (1969) and the federal ban on possession of
firearms by
felons in Lewis v. United States (1980).
The Firearms Owners' Protection Act of 1986 (FOPA), however,
eased many GCA restrictions. Opponents of gun control lauded
FOPA for expanding where firearms could be sold and who
could sell them but continued to object to prohibitions on the
manufacture
and possession of machine guns for civilian use. In 1989 the
administration of President George H. W. Bush announced a
permanent
ban on importing assault rifles. With passage of the Public
Safety and Recreational Firearms Use Protection Act of 1994
(also called
the Federal Assault Weapons Ban), Congress banned the
manufacture and sale of specific assault weapons. The ban
expired in

2004.
The Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act of 1993 passed as
an amendment to the GCA. The Brady Act addressed several
key
concerns of gun control proponents by requiring a five-day
waiting period for all handgun sales, during which a background
check
would be run on all prospective purchasers. This provision
expired in 1998 and was replaced by the National Instant
Criminal
Background Check System (NICS), a database used to verify the
eligibility of a buyer to possess a firearm.
Legislation and Court Cases in the Early Twenty-First Century
After several victims and families of victims of gun violence
and others sued gun manufacturers and dealers whose weapons
were
used to commit a crime, Congress passed the Protection of
Lawful Commerce in Arms Act (PLCAA) and the Child Safety
Lock Act of
2005. The first act limited the liability of gun manufacturers
and dealers when their firearms were used in crimes. The
second act
required anyone licensed to transfer or sell firearms to provide
gun storage or safety devices. During his 2020 campaign for
president, Democratic candidate Joe Biden supported repeal of
the PLCAA.
Congress enacted the NICS Improvement Amendments Act in
2007. It was meant to improve failures in the NICS system that
allowed a shooter to acquire a gun despite a disqualifying
mental health status which was not submitted to NICS by the
state of
Virginia. He killed thirty-two people and himself on a Virginia

college campus.
Gun rights proponents have used legislation as well as the
federal courts to challenge gun restrictions. The US Supreme
Court ruled
in District of Columbia v. Heller (2008) that the Second
Amendment prohibits the federal government from making it
illegal for private
individuals to keep loaded handguns in their homes. It was the
first Supreme Court decision to explicitly rule that the right to
keep and
bear arms is an individual right. The Court's decision also
clarified that the Second Amendment allows for limits on the
types of arms
that can be kept and how they are used. The Heller decision has
been used as the basis for several city, county, and state bans on
assault weapons and specific arms such as the AR-15 rifle.
State and local laws regarding licensing, registration, and
possession of firearms vary widely. For instance, in some states
a permit to
carry a concealed weapon in public is only issued if the
applicant demonstrates a need and is found to have the capacity
to safely
and responsibly handle firearms. In other states a concealed
carry permit is guaranteed to any citizen legally allowed to own
a
weapon. As of January 2022, twenty-one states allowed
concealed carry without a permit. Several courts have used the
Heller
decision as a basis to allow concealed carry of firearms.
Loopholes in Legislation

Gaps in legislation can enable people to obtain guns who may
not otherwise meet the legal requirements for purchase. The
background check requirement, for example, can be avoided by
purchasing firearms from an unlicensed seller who does not
perform
these checks. While referred to as the "gun show loophole,"
such sales can take place elsewhere, including online.
Temporary loans
of firearms are typically allowed as are transfers of weapons
that are inherited or given as gifts. While unlicensed gun
transfers are
acceptable within one's own state, interstate sales are
prohibited.
Federal law and some states allow juveniles to purchase long
guns, such as rifles and shotguns, from an unlicensed firearms
dealer.
Child safety advocates have long campaigned for federal
legislation that would raise the minimum age to own any type of
firearm and
have also called for regulations aimed at preventing children
from accessing guns in the home.
An amendment passed in 1996 known as the Lautenberg
Amendment prevents people who have been convicted of
domestic abuse
or are the subject of a protective order prohibiting contact from
owning guns. However, abusers who are not a parent, guardian,
or
legal spouse to their victims face no such restrictions. This gap
has become known as the "boyfriend loophole."
Underreporting and underfunding have contributed to the NICS
database lacking substantial data in many categories. Lapses in
NICS reporting resulted in multiple instances of sales of
weapons to unauthorized persons who then used the weapons to

commit
crimes. For example, a former member of the US Air Force
legally purchased a firearm and killed twenty-six people at a
church in
Sutherland Springs, Texas. Following the shooting, the Air
Force acknowledged that they failed to report the shooter's
military court-
martial conviction for domestic violence to civilian authorities.
In response, Congress passed the Fix NICS Act of 2017 to
penalize
federal agencies that do not meet NICS reporting requirements.
In 2015 a gunman shot and killed nine Black worshippers at a
Charleston, South Carolina, church. Authorities later discovered
the
perpetrator had purchased the murder weapon while still
undergoing a background check. Sellers are allowed to give a
buyer the
weapon if the check takes more than three days. The House of
Representatives passed a bill in 2021 to extend background
checks
from three days to ten days, allowing more time for a full check
to be completed. Known as the "Charleston loophole" bill, as of
January 2022 the Senate had not voted on the legislation.
Critical Thinking Questions
Do you interpret the text of the Second Amendment to allow for
an individual or a collective right to own weapons? Explain
your reasoning.
Do you agree with Supreme Court rulings establishing that the
Second Amendment allows for certain gun control measures?
Why or why not?
In your opinion, are existing gun control regulations sufficient
to ensure public safety? What other types of measures, if any,
do you think are needed, and why?

Twenty-First-Century Approaches to Gun Control
Several mass shootings occurred during the presidency of
Barack Obama, including the murders of twenty-seven children
and
teachers at Sandy Hook Elementary in 2012 and forty-nine
people at a Florida nightclub in 2016. Congressional inaction
led Obama
to issue executive orders that expanded background checks to
cover firearms sold at gun shows and online, sought more
federal
agents to process background checks, advocated greater use of
smart-gun technology, and required states to provide more
information on people disqualified from purchasing guns. The
last order was rescinded by the subsequent Donald Trump
administration.
The largest mass shooting in US history, in which sixty people
were killed in Las Vegas in 2017, and the February 14, 2018,
shooting
of fourteen students and three staff members at Marjory
Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida, renewed
debate over
access to assault weapons. Student survivors of the massacre
joined other gun control advocates in calling for reform. On
March 9,
the Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School Public Safety Act
was signed into law in Florida. The law placed some limits on
gun
sales while expanding resources for law enforcement and safety
personnel. On March 24, a group of survivors and student
activists
organized a nationwide school walkout alongside the March for
Our Lives to voice their demands for gun control legislative
reform. An
estimated one to two million people participated.

Leading up to the 2020 elections lobbying organizations and
political groups again invested large amounts of money in
political
campaigns aimed at electing candidates favorable to their stance
on gun control. For example, the NRA gun rights lobbying
group
alone spent approximately $28.5 million dollars to back the
political campaigns of Republican candidates during the 2020
election
cycle. Gun control groups such as Everytown for Gun Safety
and Giffords collectively spent about $21.6 million in support
of
Democratic candidates in 2020.
In 2021, with Congressional action on gun control unlikely,
President Joe Biden also issued a series of executive orders.
Biden's
orders focused on regulating specific types of firearms and gun
modifications; funding research on firearms trafficking in the
United
States; and encouraging states to pass "red flag" laws. Red flag
laws allow for the temporary removal of firearms from a person
identified as a potential danger by law enforcement or family
members, who can petition for a court order. Biden's executive
orders
also sought to ban sales of firearms bought through private
sellers online and assembled at home. Referred to as "ghost
guns," these
firearms do not have serial numbers and are untraceable.
Gun control advocates were heartened by Biden's nomination of
David Chipman to head the US Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco,

Firearms, and Explosives. Chipman's nomination was
withdrawn, however, following political opposition from gun
rights organizations
over Chipman's past work with gun control organizations
Everytown for Gun Safety and Giffords.
Full Text: COPYRIGHT 2022 Gale, a Cengage Company
Source Citation (MLA 9th Edition)
"Gun Control." Gale Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection,
Gale, 2022. Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints,
link.gale.com/apps/doc/PC3010999212/OVIC?u=txshracd2557&
sid=bookmark-OVIC&xid=6e8d1ce0. Accessed 8 Apr. 2022.
Gale Document Number: GALE|PC3010999212

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