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記述統計学(前半)
AI Academy
From CyberBrain社
1
構成
• 記述統計学のメインタスクについて
• 基本統計量の定義と使いかた
• 平均値
• 最小値、最大値、範囲
• 中央値
• 平均値と中央値の違い
• 平方和、分散、標準偏差
• 例題を用いて、基本統計量から定量的にデータを
評価する
2
記述統計学のメインタスク
• 記述統計学とは?
• 手持ちのデータを集計する方法を学ぶ学問
• 目的は、得られたデータをわかりやすく表現する事
• 記述統計学でのメインタスクは主に2つ
グラフでデータを可視化基本統計量の算出
記述統計学のメインタスク
3
基本統計量とは
• 基本統計量
• データの特徴を要約した数値
• 例)2つの広告でのコンバージョン数
基本統計量を求めてこのデータを要約して、
採用する広告を決める。
広告媒体 月曜 火曜 水曜 木曜 金曜
Twitter 180 80 30 50 210
Facebook 100 120 100 120 110
4
基本統計量 平均
• 平均値はデータの分布の重心を表します。
• 平均の定義式
𝑥 =
1
𝑛
𝑖=1
𝑛
𝑥𝑖 =
1
𝑛
(𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + ∙∙∙ +𝑥 𝑛)
個々の値を足し合わせてその個数で割った値
5
平均(重心)
基本統計量 平均
• 例題での平均値を求めてみる。
• Twitterのコンバージョン数の平均
t_mean = 1
5
(180 + 80 + 30 + 50 + 210) = 110
• Facebookのコンバージョン数の平均
f_mean = 1
5
(100 + 120 + 100 + 120 + 110) = 110
広告媒体 月曜 火曜 水曜 木曜 金曜
Twitter 180 80 30 50 210
Facebook 100 120 100 120 110
平均値が同じ 他の統計量での議論をする
6
基本統計量 最小値、最大値、範囲
• 最小値:データ群に含まれるもっとも小さい値
• 最大値:データ群に含まれるもっとも大きい値
• 範囲R
R=(最大値 – 最小値)
• (これらを求める目的)
• データに関する理解を深める。
• データに異常値がないか把握する。
7
基本統計量 最小値、最大値、範囲
• 例題を用いて考えてみる
• Twitterでの最小値は30, 最大値は210,範囲は180
• Facebookでの最小値は100,最大値は120,範囲は20
広告媒体 月曜 火曜 水曜 木曜 金曜
Twitter 180 80 30 50 210
Facebook 100 120 100 120 110
どちらも異常値なし
8
基本統計量 最小値、最大値、範囲
• 異常値を考えるべき場合
• 明らかに大きすぎる値がある
• 基本的に正の値になるはずの値が負
広告媒体 月曜 火曜 水曜 木曜 金曜
Twitter 180 80 30 50 2100
Facebook 100 -120 100 120 110
異常値があると判断
データの削除や補完をする
9
基本統計量 中央値
• 標本群を昇順(小さい順)に並べたとき中央に位置する値
• 昇順に並べる
• Twitter: 30,50,80,180,210 →中央値80
• Facebook:100,100,110,120,120 →中央値110
• 概念としては、平均値に似ている
広告媒体 月曜 火曜 水曜 木曜 金曜
Twitter 180 80 30 50 210
Facebook 100 120 100 120 110
どう使い分けるかが課題
10
基本統計量 平均値と中央値
• 例)Googleの広告でのコンバージョン数(昇順)
• 平均値と中央値の使い分け方
• 毎日だいたいどれくらいのコンバージョンがあるか知りたい
場合は平均
• 全曜日での中心の値を知りたい場合は中央値を使う
広告媒体 水曜 火曜 木曜 月曜 金曜
Google 70 90 120 200 570
平均
210
中央値
120
11
基本統計量 平方和、分散、標準偏差
• データがどれだけバラついているか表す基本統計量
• (定義式)
• 平方和S
S = 𝑖=1
𝑛
(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥)2 = ( 𝑖=1
𝑛
𝑥𝑖
2) −
( 𝑖=1
𝑛
𝑥 𝑖 )2
𝑛
• 分散V
V =
𝑆
𝑛−1
• 標準偏差s
𝑠 = 𝑉
12
3つ全てが、平均からどれだけデータが
離れているかを表している
基本統計量 平方和、分散、標準偏差
• 例題を用いて考えてみる
• それぞれの平方和を求める
• t_S = 𝑖=1
𝑛
(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥)2
= (180 − 110)2
+ 80 − 110 2
+ (30 − 110)2
+(50 − 110)2+(210 − 110)2
= 16,700
• 同様に、f_S=700
• t_S > f_S であることから、広告としてはFacebookの方が
安定したコンバージョン数が得られる事がわかった。 13
広告媒体 月曜 火曜 水曜 木曜 金曜
Twitter 180 80 30 50 210
Facebook 100 120 100 120 110
まとめ
• (今回の講義で説明した事)
• 記述統計学の基本統計量
• 平均
• 最小値、最大値、範囲
• 中央値
• 平均値と中央値の使い分け
• 平方和、分散、標準偏差
• これらの定義式や意味を解説した。
• 例題を用いて、定量的にデータを評価した。
14
お疲れ様でした
15

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