Beyond Boundaries: Leveraging No-Code Solutions for Industry Innovation
Ukraine_Prague_June 2011
1. Long-term study of the
stable system of
protection of corn crops
against weeds with
various methods of soil
cultivation in Ukraine
Olexandr Ivaschenko, Viktor Zadorozhnyi,
Mykola Kosolap,Yuri Manko
Ukraine
3. Structure of Landowners, Ukraine,
2010.
Acreage of tillage Share in Internal
Type of Gross Production
enterprises Million hа share, % (farming), %
1.Private
10,1 37 27
community
2. Personal
10,7 40 50
plot of land
3. Farmers 4,0 15 17
4. State farms 1,2 4 3
5. Сollective
agricultural 0,13 1 1
enterprise
6. Cooperatives 1,0 3 2
All arable area 27,0 100 100
4. Acreage of the cash crops
in Ukraine, mln. ha
Crops Years
2000 2005 2009 2010
All sown area 27,173 26,044 26,990 26,952
Grain and Grain Legumes 13.646 15.005 15.837 15.09
Winter Wheat 5.619 6.665 6.852 6.451
Barley 3.985 4.500 5.122 4.505
Maize 1.364 1.711 2.149 2.709
Oil Seed Rape 0.065 0.439 0.644 1.08
Sunflower 2.943 3.743 4.232 4.572
Soybean 0,065 0,439 0,644 1,076
5. Yield of the major crops in Ukraine,
t/ha
Crops Years
2000 2005 2009 2010
Winter Wheat 1.41 3.26 2.90 3.27
Spring Barley 1.48 2.45 2.06 2.61
Maize 3.46 3.86 4.32 4.43
Sunflower 1.12 0.89 1.28 2.1
Oil Seed Rape 0.4 1.81 1.70 1.80
Soybean 1.22 1.41 1.45 1.62
Sugar Beet 20.1 23.8 24.8 29.5
6. Thus, the reasons of existing level
of productivity are the following:
Negative influence of structural transformations of agricultural farms
of Ukraine, such as farm division;
Unseasonable and low quality fulfillment of a field work complex;
Withdrawal of stubble shelling from the essential system of cultivation
Breach of rotation ;
Oversaturation of the rotation by sunflower ;
Simplification of the maintenance to row crops and fallow;
Increasing of spring ploughing volume, shallow and surface tillage
without appropriate herbicide applications
Increasing of level of weed infestation by persistent perennial weed
species;
Insufficient level of weed control on uncultivated lands . As result –
expansion of quarantine weeds, first of all - allergens
8. Enough precipitation:
550-670 mm Kiev
. Lviv .Kharkiv
Unstable precipitation:
Vinnitsa 480-550 mm
. Dnipropetrovsk
Deficient precipitation:
230-480 mm
.Odesa
Crimea
9. Quantity of the most wide
spread species of weeds
Soil-climatic zone Species quantity
Enough precipitation 62
Unstable precipitation 46
Deficient precipitation 38
10. Wide spread annual weed
species of Ukraine
Weed species Soil-climatic zone
enough unstable deficient
precipitation precipitation precipitation
Ambrosia artemisiafolia (L.) - + +++
Amaranthus retroflexus L. +++ +++ +++
Amaranthus lividus L. +++ +++ +++
Apera spica venti (L.) P.B. +++ ++ -
Avena fatua L. ++ ++ +++
Capsella bursa pastoris (L.) Medik +++ ++ ++
Cardus acanthoides L. ++ ++ +++
Chenopodium album L. +++ +++ +++
Centaurea cyanus L. ++ +++ +
Descurainia sophia (L/) Webb. + ++
Echinocloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. +++ +++ ++
Galinsoga parviflora Cav. +++ +++ ++
Galium aparine L. +++ +++ ++
11. Wide spread annual weed
species of the Ukraine
Weed species Soil-climatic zone
enough unstable deficient
precipitation precipitation precipitation
Matricaria perforata Merat +++ ++ -
Papaver agremone L. +++ +++ -
Polygonum lapathifolium L. ++ +++ +++
Raphanus raphanistrum L. - + +++
Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. +++ +++ +++
Sinapis arvensis L. ++ +++ +++
Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. +++ ++ -
Solanum nigrum L. ++ ++ +++
Stelaria media (L.) Cyr. +++ +++ +
Spergula vulgaris Boenn. +++ ++ -
Thlaspi arvense L. +++ +++ +
Veronica arvensis L. +++ ++ -
Viola arvensis L. +++ +++ +
Xantium strumarim L. + ++ +++
12. Wide spread perennial
weed species of Ukraine
Weed species Soil-climatic zone
enough unstable deficient
precipitation precipitation precipitation
Acroptilon repens (L.) DC - - ++
Agropyron repens (L.) Pal.Beauv. +++ +++ ++
Cirsium arvense (L.) +++ +++ +++
Convolvulus arvensis L. + + +++
Cyodon dactylon (L.) + + +++
Euphorbia virgata W.K. ++ ++ ++
Equisetum arvense L. +++ +++ +
Rumex crispus L. +++ +++ +
Sonchus arvensis +++ +++ ++
Taraxacum officinale L. +++ +++ +++
13. Weed seed bank
Seeds,
Soil-climatic zone
Billion per ha
Enough precipitation 0.4-1,47
Unstable precipitation 0.5-1,71
Deficient precipitation 0.55-1,14
14. Seed reserve of the most wide
spread botanic families, %
Soil-climatic zone
Families
Enough Unstable
Deficient
precipitation precipitation
precipitation
Chenopodiaceae 62.7 51.8 59.6
Amaranthaceae 21.6 16.5 12.8
Poaceae 6.4 8.8 11.2
Polygonaceae 4.5 5.3 5.8
Brassicaceae 6.2 3.0 1.6
15. Current weed control system
includes the reasonable
combination of :
Rotation;
Using of the different methods of the
essential pre-emergence and
intercropping cultivations;
Treatment by herbicides.
16. More appropriate herbicides fitting into integrated control systems
(i.e. post-emergence compounds) be made available, particularly
for the following crops ranked in ascending order of weed
competitiveness: sugar beets, maize, soya beans, potatoes,
sunflower, legumes, oilseed rape, winter cereals and spring cereals.
To improve the efficiency of chemical weed control it is highly
necessary to improve the precision of its application.
In order to allow optimal use of herbicides the concept of economic
thresholds must be practiced.
The critical period for weed competition, as it has been elaborated for
maize for Ukrainian conditions, has to be taken into account in order to
avoid irreversible yield losses.
As herbicide resistance may become a threat to future chemical weed
management, an appropriate monitoring system must be installed.
Prevention of herbicide resistance will depend largely on the
aveliabilitiy of a wider range of compounds.
17. Introduction of a more integrated
weed management system can`t be
succesfull unless it is preceded
and/or accompanied by significant
improvements in the above
mentioned elements of crop
production.
19. Comparison of average multiyear temperatures
during vegetative period
(April - September)
25
21.83
20.7
20 18.93
Температура, ˚С
16.19
17.86 18.49 18.15 14.82
15
15.08
14.23
9.88 1975-1984 рр.
10 2001-2010 рр.
8.07
5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Місяці вегетаційного періоду
20. Changing of average multiyear quantity of
precipitates during vegetative season
400
350
300
Опади, мм
250
200
1975-1984 рр.
339.94
150 300.68 2001-2010 рр.
100
50
0
21. Changing of biological structure of weed
groups during 30 years
90
80
70
60
50
1982-1986
40
2002-2010
30
20
10
0
Ярі Озимі Зимуючі Багаторічні
22. Changing of spring weeds share in weed
groups during 30 years, %
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
-50
-100
-150
23. Changing of perennial weeds share in weed groups
during 30 years, %
500
400
300
200
100
0
Березка польова Осот рожевий Осот жовтий пирій повзучий Хвощ польовий
-100
-200
24. Changing of autumn weeds share in weed groups during
30 years, %
20
15
10
5
0 Series1
Дескуранія Софії Жовтушник підмаренник чіпкий Триреберник непахучий Фіалка польова
лакфіолетовий
-5
-10
-15
-20
25. Changing of quantity and species
saturation of weed components in
soybean agrophytocenosis,
1984 - 2010.
450 437.6
400
350
300
250
200 Видове різноманіття
144.1
150
111.33 Кількість штук на М2
100
37
50 22 11
0
1984 р. 2010 р. no-till 2010 р.. традиц
26. Correlation of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous
weeds in weed groups of soybean agrophytocenosis
100
90 Дводольні
80 38,9
Однодольні
70
61.4
% класу бур`янів
60 79.5
50
40
30 61.1
20
38.6
10 20.5
0
1984 р. 2010 р. традиційна 2010 р. No-till
27. According to the forecast
Ukrainian farmers will do
Ploughing – to 13,5 million hа
Minimum tillage- 16 million hа
No-tillage – tо 2,5 million hа
30. Concepts of weed control
Concept 1: application of a reduced amount of Acetochlor (1200 g ai)
before emergence of corn
followed by Roundup (max. 1080 g ae) around the 3 leaf stage of corn.
Concept 2: application of a tank mix of a residual herbicide (Callisto)
and Roundup (max. 1080 g ae) after
crop emergence.
Concept 3: application of Roundup (max. 1080 g ae) after crop
emergence followed by Roundup
(max. 1080 g ae) at a later stage.
Concept 4: application of Roundup (max. 720 g ae) after crop
emergence followed by a tank mix
of Dicamba (240 g ai) and Roundup (1440 g ae) at 8 leaf stage (latest) of
corn.
Concept 5: usually applied conventional herbicide program (Stellar, 1
l/ha + Metolat, 1 l/ha)
35. Influence of cultivation methods and herbicides on corn yield
( grain, t/ha, 2010 ) .
Cultivation methods Concept of weed control Yield, t/hа
Farmer practice Control, without treatment 5,43
Harness, 2,5 l/hа 6,81
1 7,91
Ploughing,
2 7,53
20-22 сm
3 7,60
4 7,15
5 7,01
1 7,12
Mini tillage
2 7,35
10-12 см
3 7,42
4 7,01
5 6,97
1 6,70
2 7,22
No-till
3 7,32
4 6,85
5 6,74
36. Conclusions
Weed infestation had a mixed character and was very high . The
most mass weeds were annual monocotyledonous : Echinochloa
crus galli (L.) Beauv. and Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv.
Efficiency of weed control concepts didn`t have the essentially
difference on the background of the different cultivation methods.
The best weed control was registered in variant ploughed at depth
20-22cm and treated by Harness, pre-emergence (1,2 kg a.i./ha) and
following application of corn inter rows by Roundup Max 1080 g
a.i./ha).
The lowest projective cover degree (3%) and (poor) weed infestation
level were registered in variant treated by Harness , pre-emergence
(1,2 kg a.i./ha) and Roundup Max, 3 leaf stage (1080 g a.i./га.)
Maximum increase of yield 2,48 т/га was harvested in variant
ploughed at depth 20-22cm and treated by Harness, pre-emergence
(1,2 kg a.i//ha) and following application of corn inter rows by
Roundup Max (1080 g a.i./ha).
Yield of corn (grain) was fairly lower in the No-tillage variants versus
the Tillage variants
37. Conclusions
6-10 species of weeds are considered to be the most harmful
in sowings;
weed control measures should be over by the beginning of
herbacritical period;
preparations for soil influence should be used in conditions
of annual weeds domination;
roundup must be used in the system of the basic soil
cultivation when having long term weed infestation;
To prevent occurrence of resistant biotypes it is necessary
to alternate different herbicides or use 2-3 component
herbicide compositions.
38. Future of Ukrainian weed control
More restrictions and herbicide bans are expected
Minimize ‘environmental footprints’ of farming
Farm size increasing: Call for rational and robust herbicide
solutions (insurance)
Reduced tillage on the increase
GM crops: Still uncertain how they will be adopted
Site-specific weed control may help to solve many
problems, but technology must be cheap
Need to keep focus on integrated approaches, e.g. crop
rotations, competitive crop varieties, tillage, etc.
