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劉靜怡,2011
導讀:楊絲貽
2011.04.22
王煒博釋憲聲請
04.28
司法院以新聞稿方
式發布受理本案
06.16
召開憲法法庭舉行
言詞辯論
07.29
公布釋字689號,
做合憲性解釋
 一、社維法第89條第2款規定旨在保障被跟追人的何種權益?是否屬憲法所保障之基本
權利?
 二、新聞媒體工作者之新聞自由或工作權,是否因上開規定而受到如何之限制?
 三、上開規定之解釋適用,是否應依被跟追人或跟追人之身分,或跟追目的之差異,而
有所不同?
 四、若認新聞媒體工作者之採訪行為在一定條件下不在上開堆定之適用範圍內,則應如
何界定「新聞媒體」及「新聞採訪行為」?
 大法官審理案件法第四條第二款「關於法律或命令,有無牴觸憲法之事項」
 受理對象:社維法第89第二款。 個案事實為何,不是重點。
 許宗力大法官:「係爭規定雖然是適用於新聞媒體有無違憲之疑義,不過這正是因法令
適用所產生的違憲疑義,在合適的個案中可能得與適度地轉化為法令規範本身是否違憲
的抽象問題。」
社維法第89條第2款
行動自由
憲法
身體權
公共場域中
得合理期待
不受侵擾之
自由
個人資料
自主權
不受他人持續注視、監看、監聽、接近
等侵擾之私人活動領域及個人資料自主,
而受法律所保護。惟在公共場域中個人
所得主張不受此等侵擾之自由,以得合
理期待於他人者為限,亦即不僅其不受
侵擾之期待以表現於外,且該期待須依
社會通念認為合理者。
 行動自由並非絕對的保障,若為防止妨礙他人自由,維護社會秩序所必要,尚非不得已
法律或法律明確授權之命令予以適當之限制。
 為確保新聞媒體資訊充分流通,滿足人民知的權利,形成公共意見與達成公共監督,以
維持民主多元社會正常發展。新聞自由乃不可或缺之機制,應受憲法第十一條所保障。
 採訪行為也屬新聞自由所保障的範疇
 但新聞採訪自由也非絕對,可在不違反憲法第二十三條的範圍內,自得以法律或法律明
確授權之命令予以適當之限制。
 「新聞採訪者於有事實足認特定事件屬大眾所關切並具一定公益性(?)之事務,而具有新
聞價值,如需以跟追方式進行採訪,其跟追倘依社會通念(?)認非不能容忍者,即具正當
理由,而不在首開規定處罰之列。」
 處罰無正當理由,且經勸阻後仍繼續跟追之行為,與法律明確性原則上無牴觸。
 新聞採訪者綜為採訪新聞而為跟追,如其跟追已達緊迫程度,而可能危及被跟追人身心
安全之身體權或行動自由時,及非足以合理化之正當理由,係爭規定授權警察及時介入、
制止。(禍根?)
 釋字689號提出的正當理由:犯罪或重大不當行為之揭發、公共衛生或設施安全的維護、
政府施政的妥當性、公職人員執行職務與適任性、政治人物言行的可信任性、公眾人物
影響社會風氣的言行。(本文認為這些理由未將現代社會多元性納入考量)
 公共場域隱私期待、個人行為自由與新聞採訪自由的權衡。
 林子儀和徐璧湖認為應持「中度審查標準」,多數意見則可能採「合理之人認屬過度冒犯」的
角度。
 公益性判準的影響
 如採訪之新聞屬公眾合理或正當關切者或具新聞價值者,則具有公益性。惟公眾有興趣之事物,
並非即屬公益合理或正當關切之事物,亦不因此即屬具公益性。
 警察最適功能考量與正當法律程序要求
 林、徐認為已不符正當法律程序之要求
 李震山大法官提出不同意見書P(.58)
 係爭規定「保護不足」的先天缺陷無從彌補
 林、徐、許(P.60)
 釋字689號對社維法係爭規定採取寬容的立場
 末段仍質疑係爭規定不符正當法律程序
 賦予警察機關的權力,本末倒置了保護邏輯
 必須另謀他法達到平衡

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新聞與法律第五周導讀 2 大法官保護了誰?