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Tekniska regler i
världshandeln
2013-06-11
Lena Johansson
Generaldirektör
Kommerskollegium
• Sveriges myndighet för utrikeshandel, inre marknaden och handelspolitik
• Vår främsta uppgift är att på olika sätt förbättra möjligheterna för internationell
handel
• Vi ska verka för frihandel och klara spelregler för utrikeshandeln
Källa: WTO
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
20 000
25 000
Svenskexport:MiljarderUSD
Världsexport:MiljarderUSD
Världsexport och Sveriges export av varor och
tjänster
Världen Sverige
Källa: WTO och IMF
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Andel(%)
Export av varor och tjänster som andel av BNP
Världen Sverige
1960 1996 2006
Världen 10 % 20 % 30 %
Sverige 14 % 35 % > 50 %
Export/BNP
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Index1980=100
FDI och export (1980 - 2007)
FDI Export
Källa: UNCTAD
1995 2005
Världen 10 % 24 %
Sverige 30 % > 50 %
Utländska investeringar/BNP
Globala värdekedjor - den nya handelsverkligheten
• Den gamla bilden: En fabrik i ett land producerar
en vara som exporteras för slutlig konsumtion
i ett annat land
Globala värdekedjor - den nya handelsverkligheten
• Den nya verkligheten: Produktionen ”uppdelad” i globala
värdekedjor (GVC).
Insatsvaror och komponenter produceras i olika länder.
Produkten sätts ihop i olika länder.
En Boeing Dreamliner : Made in America?
43 underleverantörer
Utspridda på 135 produktionsfaciliteter i världen
Bland annat tillverkas vingarna i Japan, motorerna i USA och
Storbritannien, dörrarna i Frankrike och Sverige
70 % av komponenterna tillverkas utanför USA
”Källa: Newhouse, John and A. A, Knopf (2007), Boeing vs Airbus, The inside story of the greatest
international competetion in business, New York, USA
Sveriges importberoende
Källa: Egna beräkningar baserade på SCB:s Input-Outputtabeller
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
1995 2005
14
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Russia
India
Brazil
UnitedStates
Argentina
Australia
Indonesia
SouthAfrica
Japan
UnitedKingdom
NewZealand
Norway
Israel
Turkey
Switzerland
Italy
France
Spain
Germany
Greece
China
Poland
Canada
Austria
Portugal
Sweden
Denmark
Netherlands
Finland
Mexico
ChineseTaipei
Korea
Belgium
Slovenia
CzechRepublic
SlovakRepublic
Estonia
Ireland
Hungary
Luxembourg
Sverige
Genomsnitt: 31 %
Källa: OECD
Sveriges importberoende ur ett internationellt
perspektiv
Importberoendet i olika sektorer
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1995 2005
Tjänstesektorer
Exportvärdet jämfört med förädlingsvärdet i exporten
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
Andel av total export
Andel av totalt förädlingsvärde i exporten
Värdekedjeperspektivet
Tekniska regler allt viktigare inom internationell
handelspolitik
• Komplexare handelsmönster (Globalisering/globala värdekedjor)
• Komplexare produkter
• E-handel
• Medvetenhet av produkters kvalitet och säkerhet i form av märkningar,
produktinformation mm
-→Ökade krav på bevis av överensstämmelse med produktkrav hos
användare i form av provningscertifikat, kvalitetscertifikat, miljöcertifikat, bevis
på socialt ansvarstagande mm
Tekniska regler allt viktigare inom internationell
handelspolitik
• Tekniska handelshinder är mer komplicerade än andra
traditionella hinder
• Tekniska regler riskerar ofta att bli handelshindrande men
med rätt regelteknik kan de underlätta
EU-regelverk Internationella regelverk
Hög grad av harmonisering och Horisontellt regelverk i form av WTO:s
ömsesidigt erkännande på avtal om tekniska handelshinder
icke-harmoniserade områden (TBT-avtalet)
Behov av
• Ökad transparens i regelgivning och
internationellt regulativ samarbete
• Även olika typer av regulativa verktyg, t.ex.
PECA/ACAA
MRA/MLA
• Frihandelsavtal
• Sektorsspecifika lösningar
Kommerskollegiums roll
Inom EU
Anmälningsdirektivet 98/34/EG
Inom yttre handelspolitiken
– Handelshinderanmälningar
– Tekniska regelfrågor i
frihandelsavtal
– EU:s marknadstillträdeskommitté
(MAAC)
– WTO:s kommitté om tekniska
handelshinder (TBT-kommittén)
– Internationellt regulativt
samarbete (OECD/UNECE)
– Handelsrelaterat bistånd
Anmälningsförfarandet för tekniska regler (Direktiv
98/34/EG)
• Europeiskt remissförfarande
• Transparens
• 800 förslag varje år
Antalet hinder som tagits upp i TBT-kommittén
3 6 4 7
12 12 13 12 12
19
26 28 32 31
4 6
11
13 5 13
15
20
15 14 12
24
27
32
46
29 31
4 6
11
16
11
17
22
32
27 27
24
36
46
58
74
61 62
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Nya ärenden Äldre hinder
Framtida utmaningar
• Teknisk utveckling (Informationssäkerhet)
• Utvecklingen kräver specialistkompetens
• Behov av ökad personrörlighet
• Förhandlingar kräver företagsperspektiv och ökad expertkompetens
• Internationellt regulativt samarbete när harmonisering inte är ett alternativ
• Frihandelsavtal
• Ändringar i implementeringsprocessen (TTIP EU-USA)
• Utvecklingsländer, bistånd
www.kommers.se

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Världsackrediteringsdagen 2013: Tekniska regler i världshandeln