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2. Sushmita Bajagain

3. Wechsler test
 The Wechsler intelligence scales were developed by Dr.
David Wechsler, a clinical psychologist.
 Define intelligence as an individual ability to adopt
and constructively solve problem in the environment.

4. Wechsler test
 His intelligence test, the Wechsler-Bellevue
Intelligence Scale, was published in 1939 and was
designed to measure intellectual performance by
adults.
 Since 1939, three scales have been developed and
subsequently revised, to measure intellectual
functioning of children and adults.

5. Wechsler test
 The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV (WAIS-
IV,2008) is intended for use with adults.
 The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-V
(WISC-V, 2014) is designed for children ages 6 – 16
years.
 Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of
Intelligence-R (WPPSI-R) is designed for children
age 4 - 6 1/2 years.

6. Wechsler test
 In adults intelligence test, it is used to find out the
skills and ability so is used after 16 yr.
 In child they are used to find out the cognitive, logical
and mental functioning.

7. Wechsler test
 used as tools in school placement,
 in determining the presence of a learning disability or
a developmental delay,
 in identifying giftedness,
 and in tracking intellectual development.

8. Wechsler test
 They are often included in neuropsychological testing
to assess the brain function of individuals with
neurological impairments. The WAIS-IV contains the
following scales:
1. Verbal scale
2. Performance scale

9. Wechsler test
Verbal Scales:
i. Information
ii. Comprehension
iii. Arithmetic

10. Wechsler test
4. Similarities
5. Digit Span
6. Vocabulary
7. Letter-Number Sequencing (optional Test)

11. Wechsler test
Performance Scales:
i. Picture Arrangement / image arrangement
ii. Picture Completion
iii. Block Design
iv. Coding-Digit Symbol
v. Object Assembly

12. Block design

13. Picture completion

14. Object Assembly

17. Tests of aptitude
 Aptitude is combination of inborn capacities and
developed abilities etc that makes the person what he
is any time and predicts what may become.
i. Scholastic aptitude
ii. Vocational aptitude

18. Scholastic aptitude
 With these scales, we can predict success in academic
training, best known type is the Scholastic Aptitude
Test (SAT).
 Similar tests are used for schools of medicine,
dentistry, nursing, law and several other professions;
each is focused particularly on specific abilities
thought to be important to the profession.

19. Scholastic aptitude
Graduate Record Examination (GRE), another
scholastic aptitude test which assesses a student’s
verbal and quantitative skills
 multiple choice type questions, and an essay writing
section
 tests the student’s abilities for analytical writing and
critical thinking

20. Scholastic aptitude
The Miller Analogies Test (MAT) is also used to
predict success in graduate school.
 The test aims to measure an individual's logical and
analytical reasoning through the use of partial
analogies.

21. Vocational aptitude
 These tests are used to assess non-cognitive abilities
like physical and perceptual skills.
 Example is Differential Aptitude Test (DAT) which
consists of combinations of tests covering a wide
spectrum of abilities.

22. Personality tests


23. Personality tests
a. Pencil-and-paper test-
i. MMPI
ii. 16 PF
a. Projection test
i. Rorschach test
ii. Thematic appreciation test
iii. Sentence completion test

24. Minnesota Multiphasic
Personality Inventory (MMPI)
 The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
(MMPI) is a psychological test that assesses
personality traits and psychopathology,
 developed in the late 1930’s by psychologist Starke R.
Hathaway and psychiatrist J.C. McKinley at the
University of Minnesota.

25. MMPI
 It is primarily intended to test people who are
suspected of having mental health or other clinical
issues although initially it was designed and tested in
non-clinical population.
 The revised edition of the test was released in 1989 as
the MMPI-2.

26. MMPI
The MMPI is currently commonly administered in one
of two forms —
 the MMPI-2, which has 567 true/false questions,
 the newer MMPI-2-RF, published in 2008 and
containing only 338 true/false items.

27. MMPI
 The MMPI-2 is designed with 10 clinical scales which
assess 10 major categories of abnormal human
behaviour and
 indicate different psychological conditions, and
validity scales, which assess the person’s general test-
taking attitude and whether they answered the items
on the test in a truthful and accurate manner.

28. MMPI
Clinical subscales:
 Scale 1: Hypochondriasis (Hs)
 Scale 2: Depression (D)
 Scale 3: Hysteria (Hy)
 Scale 4: Psychopathic deviate (Pd)
 Scale 5: Masculinity/Femininity (Mf)

29. MMPI
 Scale 6: Paranoia (Pa)
 Scale 7: Psychasthenia (Pt) (present day OCD)
 Scale 8: Schizophrenia (Sc)
 Scale 9: Hypomania (Ma)
 Scale 10: Social introversion (Si)

30. MMPI
Validity scale:
 The Lie Scale (L)
 The K Scale
 The F Scale

31. MMPI
 The True Response Inconsistency (TRIN) Scale
 The Variable Response Inconsistency (VRIN) Scale
 The Fb Scale Back F (Fb)

32. The 16 Personality Factor
Questionnaire (16 PF)
• The 16PF was developed from the work of Dr.
Raymond Cattell in 1949.
• The factors are further grouped together into global
factors: self-control, anxiety, extraversion,
independence, and tough-mindedness.

33. 16PF
The 16 factors are:
 Warmth: Outgoing vs Reserved
 Social boldness: Uninhibited vs Shy
 Openness to change: Flexible vs attached to the
familiar
 Reasoning: Abstract vs Concrete
 Emotional Stability: Calm vs high- strung

34. 16PF
 Dominance: Forceful v/s Submissive
 Liveliness: Spontaneous v/s Restrained
 Rule- Consciousness: Conforming v/s non-
conforming
 Sensitivity: Tender- hearted v/s tough- minded
 Vigilance: Suspicious v/s Trusting

35. 16PF
 Abstractedness: Imaginative v/s Practical
 Privateness: Discreet v/s Open
 Apprehensiveness: Worried v/s Confident
 Self-Reliance: Self- sufficient v/s dependent
 Perfectionism: Controlled v/s undisciplined
 Tension: Inpatient v/s relaxed

36. Projective tests-
The Rorschach Inkblot Test
 The test was created in 1921 by Hermann Rorschach.
 Used to analyze personality and emotional
functioning.
 There are ten official inkblots.
i. Five inkblots are black ink on white.
ii. Two are black and red ink on white.
iii. Three are multicolored.

37.  The patient is asked to list everything he sees in each
blot, where he sees it, and what there is in the blot that
makes it look like that.
 The blot can also be rotated. As the patient is
examining the inkblots, the psychologist writes down
everything the patient says or does, no matter how
trivial.
The Rorschach Inkblot Test

40. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
 It is developed by Christina Morgan and Henry Murray
in 1938.
 It is designed to ferret (search throughly) out people’s
basic needs by having them tell stories.
 Consists of 31 black-and-white picture cards, most
containing people, and one card completely blank.

41. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
 The test is built on the assumption that people’s
stories reveal important aspects of their needs and
self-perceptions as well as their views about
“significant others” in their lives.

46. Sentence completion tests
Sentence completion tests are a class of semi-
structured projective techniques.
 Sentence completion tests typically provide
respondents with beginnings of sentences, referred to
as “stems,

47. Sentence completion tests
 and respondents then complete the sentences in ways
that are meaningful to them.”
 The responses are believed to provide indications of
attitudes, beliefs, motivations, or other mental states.

48. Word Association Test
 test in which the interviewer says a word and the
respondent must mention the first thing that comes to
mind.
 test of personality and mental function in which the
subject is required to respond to each of a series of
words with the first word that comes to mind or with a
word of a specified class of words.

49. Beck Anxiety Inventory
 The Beck Anxiety Inventory is a 21-item multiple-
choice self-report inventory that measures the severity
of an anxiety in adults and adolescents

50. Beck Anxiety Inventory
 Each of the items on the Beck Anxiety Inventory is a
simple description of a symptom of anxiety in one of
its four expressed aspects: (1) subjective (e.g., “unable
to relax”), (2) neurophysiologic (e.g., “numbness or
tingling”), (3) autonomic (e.g., “feeling hot”) or (4)
panic-related (e.g., “fear of losing control”).

53. How to score BAI
 Total score= 21
 Score – 0-21= low anxiety
 Score-22-35= moderate anxiety
 Score-35+ = severe anxiety

55. References:
 R. Sreevani, A guide to Mental Health And Psychiatric,
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd. 1st edition,
2004.
 Bhatia. M.S, Aids to Psychiatry, 2nd edition, CBS publishers
and distributors.
 Stuart and Sundeen, Principle and Practice of Psychiatric
Nursing, Mosby Year Book.
 Gelder M. ,Gath. D, Mayou. R, Oxford Textbook of
Psychiatry, 2nd edition, ELBS Oxford University Press.
 https://healthjade.net/beck-anxiety-inventory/