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ANTIBIOTIKA
BETA LAKTAM
Susan Fitria Candradewi, M.Sc., Apt
Antibiotika beta laktam adalah golongan antibiotika yang
memiliki kesamaan struktur adanya cincin beta laktam
2
Beta-lactam Antibiotics merupakan class antibakteri terbesar
yang merupakan inhibitor dinding sel bakteri, paling efektif dan
memiliki efek samping paling minimal, namun tingkat
resistensinya tinggi
1
Pendahuluan
Mechanism of action and a common structural motif known
as the "Beta-lactam Ring" which gives the class its namesake.
Various beta-lactam subclasses have been defined based on
how the basic beta-lactam ring has been chemically modified.
3
Basic Structure
Adanya cincin beta laktam Klasifikasi Berdasarkan Struktur
Penisilin
Karbapenem
Sefalosporin
Monobactam
Mekanisme Kerja
Antibiotika beta-lactam menghambat
sintesis dinding sel bakteri dengan
menargetkan bacterial transpeptidase,
enzyme yang bertanggung jawab pada
ikatan silang dari subunit peptidoglican
di dalam dinding sel bakteri
Tanpa dukungan struktural dari ikatan
silang peptidoglikan, bakteri sensitif
terhadap berbagai tekanan lingkungan
yang mengakibatkan bakteri lisis;
akibatnya, antibiotik beta-laktam
bersifat bakterisidal
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Medical Pharmacology At A Glance
Klasifikasi Antibiotika Beta Laktam
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Merupakan antibiotika beta laktam yang
terkait secara struktural
Sub kelas fungsional antibiotika ini
diklasifikasikan berdasarkan spektrum
antibiotika dan rute pemberiannya
Penissilin
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Klasifikasi
Penisilin
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
01 Natural penissilin
02 Extended Spektrum
Penissilin
03 Anti-staphylococcal
Penicillins
04 Anti-Pseudomonal
Penicillins
Natural penissilin
Obat-obat golongan ini.
Penicillin G: Can only be given by injection as it is acid-
labile and so inactivated by stomach acid.
Penicillin V: An acid-stable form of penicillin which can
be given orally
Natural penissilin secara historis merupakan
kelas beta-laktam pertama dan dapat
dimurnikan secara alami dari jamur. Obat-
obatan ini sangat sensitif terhadap beta-
laktamase dan efektif melawan sejumlah kecil
bakteri saat resistensi meningkat
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1
2
Merupakan antibiotika dengan spektrum yang
sempit
Pilihan Terapi pada infeksi yang disebabkan oleh
Spektrum Aktivitas
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Penicllin V
Indikasi : digunakan pada infeksi minor karena bioavailabilitasnya jelek
Labeled Indications
Treatment of infections caused by susceptible organisms involving the respiratory tract, otitis
media, sinusitis, skin, and urinary tract; prophylaxis in rheumatic fever
Administration: Oral Administer around-the-clock to promote less variation in peak and
trough serum levels. Take on an empty stomach 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals, to
enhance absorption, take until gone, do not skip doses.
Adverse Reactions :>10%: Gastrointestinal: Mild diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, oral candidiasis
<1%: Convulsions, fever, hemolytic anemia, positive Coombs' reaction, acute interstitial
nephritis, hypersensitivity reactions, anaphylaxis
Pharmacodynamics/Kinetics :Absorption: 60% to 73%
Distribution: Widely distributed to kidneys, liver, skin, tonsils, and into synovial, pleural, and
pericardial fluids Protein binding, plasma: 80%
Half-life elimination: 30 minutes; prolonged with renal impairment
Time to peak, serum: 0.5-1 hour
Excretion: Urine (as unchanged drug and metabolites)
Efektif pada kasus faringitis, Im setiap 3-4 minggu sekali
Penicillin G benzathine may only be administered by deep intramuscular
injection; intravenous administration of penicillin G benzathine has been
associated with cardiopulmonary arrest and death
Dapat digunakan sebagai pilihan terapi sifilis, pneumococcal gonorea ,sudah
jarang digunakan karena kasus resistensi
Adverse Reactions (Frequency not defined). Central nervous system: CNS
toxicity (convulsions, confusion, drowsiness, myoclonus) ,Hematologic:
Positive Coombs' reaction, hemolytic anemia, Renal: Interstitial nephritis
,Miscellaneous: Hypersensitivity reactions, Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction
Mechanism of Action
Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to one or more of the
penicillin binding proteins (PBPs); which in turn inhibits the final
transpeptidation step of peptidoglycan synthesis in bacterial cell walls, thus
inhibiting cell wa biosynthesismerreaction
Benzathine Penicillin G dan prokain Peniccilin G
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Typical therapeutic applications of penicillin G.
Extended
Spektrum
penissilin
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
01 Ampicillin
02 Amoxicillin
Akibatnya, spektrum obat ini melampaui spektrum penisilin alami,
sehingga golongan ini dapat dikatakan sebagai antibiotika
"spektrum luas".
Obat-obat ini sensitif terhadap beta-laktamase, sehingga seringkali
dikombinasikan dengan beta-laktamase inhibitor untuk
memperluas spektrumnya.
Obat golongan ini
Extended Spektrum penissilin memiliki permeabilitas yang lebih
baik melalui peningkatan permeabilitas membran luar pada bakteri
gram negatif
03 Carbepenisilin
04 Piperasilin
Memiliki spektrum dan aktivitas yang serupa, namun
amoxicillin lebih baik diabsorpsi secara oral
Amoxicillin250-500 mg s kali sehari equivalent dengan
ampicillin dengan dosis yang sama 4 kali sehari
Ampicillin dan Amoxicillin
Ampicillin efektif untuk terapi shigella, namun
keamanannya masih kontroversial
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Antimicrobial activity of ampicillin (A)
and the antipseudomonal penicillins (B)
Ampicillin (with or without the addition of gentamicin) is
the drug of choice for the gram-positive bacillus Listeria
monocytogenes and susceptible Enterococcal species
Resistance to these antibiotics is now a major clinical
problem because of inactivation by plasmidmediated
penicillinases.
Carbapenisilin dan Piperacilin
Piperacillin is the most potent of these
antibiotics. They are eff ective against many gram-
negative bacilli, but not against Klebsiella because of its
constitutive penicillinase
karena adanya resistensi bakteri,
maka penggunaannya sebagai anti pseudomonas
dikombinasikan dengan aminoglikosida atau
floroquinolon
Carbenicillin merupakan
antipseudomonas pertama golongan
carboxypenicllins yang diisolasi
Derivat carbenicillin indanyl
sodium dapat diberikan secara oral
untuk mengatasi UTI.
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Kurang efektif dibandingkan
ampicillin dalam membunuh bakteri
enterococci
Stabilitas Penisilin Asam
maupun pada enzim
penisilinase
Anti-
staphylococcal
Penicillins
Subkelas obat ini sangat efektif melawan Staphylococcus
aureus karena resistensi anggotanya terhadap sekresi beta-
laktamase. Namun, mereka tidak dapat menembus
membran luar gram negatif dan dengan demikian hanya
efektif melawan bakteri gram positif
Golongan ini tidak dapat menembus membran luar gram
negatif dan dengan demikian hanya efektif melawan bakteri
gram positif
Oxacillin
Methicillin: Because of its potential to produce acute drug-
induced interstitial nephritis, Methicillin is only used in the
laboratory
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Obat-obat Golongan ini
Nafcillin
Cloxacillin
Dicloxacillin
Anti-Pseudomonal Penicillins
Obat ini sangat efektif melawan Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Obat-obatan ini
sensitif terhadap beta-laktamase dan dengan demikian spektrumnya dapat
diperluas dengan penggunaan bersama penghambat beta-laktamase.
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Obat golongan ini
01 Ticarcillin
02 Carbenicillin
03 Piperacillin
Farmakokinetika
Absorpsi
Sebagian besar Penisilin diabsorbsi secara lengkap setelah
pemberian oral, kadar obat di dalam darah tercapai
optimal setelah absorpsi. Amoxicillin merupakan penicilin
yang terabsorpsi secara sempurna
Absorpsi pada penicilinase resistent penicillin, sebagian
besar diturunkan dengan adanya makanan, dan obat
rusak dalam suasana asam lambung. sehingga obat-obat
golongan ini diberikan30 menit -1 jam sebelum makan
atau 2-3 jam setelah makan
Distribusi
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Terdistribusi dengan baik di tubuh, semua
penicilin dapat menembus placenta namun
semua penicilin tidak bersifat teratogenik
Metabolisme
Host metabolism of the β-lactam antibiotics
is usually insignifi cant, but some metabolism
of penicillin G has been shown tooccur in
patients with impaired renal function
Ekskresi
Ekskresi sebagian besar melalui ginjal, pada pasien dengan penurunan
fungsi ginjal perlu dilakukan penyesuaian dosis berdasarkan tingkat
keparahan kerusakan ginjalnya. waktu paruh meningkat dengan adanya
kerusakan ginjal
Resistensi Penissilin
Bakteria mungkin dapat mengalami resistensi
terhadap beberapa antibiotika penisilin
tergantung dari terjadinya akuisisi plasma sel
yang mengatur pengkodean terhadap resistensi
Pada beberapa organisme, terjadinya
multiplikassi akan dapat memicu terjadinya
peningkatan resistensi gen
Resistensi Penisillin terjadi pada bakteri yang memiliki
sedikit dinding sel dari peptidoglikan misalnya
mikoplasma atau memiliki dinding sel yang bersifat
impermeabel terhadap obat
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Adanya inaktivasi oleh beta laktamase
Modifikasi Target Protein Binding Penicilinase
Penurunan Permeabilitas Obat.
Terjadinya Eflux
Mekanisme Resistensi Penisilin
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
General antimicrobial resistance mechanisms.
An overview of the antimicrobial resistance mechanisms of bacteria
Reygaert,Wanda C , 2018
https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/i
nfectious-diseases/bacteria-and-
antibacterial-drugs/beta-lactams
Penyebab utama resistensi dengan mekanisme ini adalah adanya produksi
enzim β-Lactamase
Inaktivasi Antibiotik oleh β-Lactamase
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
β-Lactamase yang diproduksi oleh Staphylococcus aureus haemophilus sp, dan E-coli
berkaitan erat dengan adanya konsentrasi yang rendah pada substrat
β-Lactamase yang diproduksi oleh Pseudomonas aeruginosa dan
Enterobacter memilikispektrum yang lebih luas yaitu terhadap cephalosporin
dan penicllin
Carbapenems memiliki resistensi yang tinggi oleh enzim β-Lactamase
tetapi enzim ini juga terhidrolisis oleh metallo- β-Lactamase
Hal ini berhubungan dengan impermeabilitas dari membran
dindng sel yang muncul pada bakteri gram negatif namun tidak
pada bakteri gram positif
Terjadinya eflux pump juga menyebabkan terjadinya
poenurunan jumalah obat pada intracelluler
Penurunan penetrasi ke dalam sel oleh antibiotika melalui membran luar bakteri,
sehingga menurunkan kemampuan antibiotika dalam mencapai penicilin binding
protein
Penurunan Permeabilitas Obat
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Modifikasi Target Penicllins-Binding
Protein
Perubahan target PBP ini bertanggung jawab
terhadap methicllin resistance pada
Staphylococcus, Pneumococci,
dan Enterococci
Mikroorganisme yang resisten akan
memproduksi PBP yang memiliki afinitas yang
rendah untuk dapat berikatan dengan
antibiotik beta-laktam akibatnya adalah obat
tidak dapat menghambat bakteri pada
konsentrasi terapeutik
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Overview of Mechanisms
of Antimicrobial
Resistance, check this
barcode to see the video
Risk factor For Penicillin Resistance
HIV
Age (children or elderly)
Hospitalization
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Exposure to antibiotics (individual
or national level)
Stuktur bacterial clonal
Day care attendence
Advers
e Effect
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Hipersensitivit. Merupakan efek
samping utama penicilin
Diarrhea
Nephritis
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Neuro Toxicity
Hematologic Toxixicites
Kation Toksisitas (terutama
peningkatan natrium) sehingga
menyebabkan hipokalemia
Beta
Lactamase
Beta Lactamase are family of enzymes
produces by many gram positive and gram
negative bacteria that inactivate beta lactam
antibiotics by opening the beta lactam ring
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Mechanism of action : inhibitor of most plasmid
mediated beta lactamases
Sulbactam has intrinsic activity againts
acinetobacter and may be used for MDR strains
Clavulanic acid, Tazobactam and sulbactam
Beta lactamase Inhibitor
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Penicillin beta lactamases inhibitor combinations
are used for emphirical therapy againts wide range
of potential pathogens including treatment of
aerobic and an aerobic infections
Cephalosporin
•Sefalosporin are similiar to penicillin in:
•Mechanism of action
•Toxicity
•Chemistry
Advantages
More stable against beta lactamase
Substitued 7 aminocephalosporin acids
Relatively more acid stable
Evolution Cephalosporin
First generation Cephalosporin
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Strenghts
very active against gram positive cocci
E-coli,K-pneumoniae and Proteus mirrabilis are often sensitive
Anaerobic cocci ususally sensitive (peptococcus)
Weakness
Not effective on MRSA (Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus)
Activity against on P.aeruginosa, citrobacter, acinetobacter are very poor
Cefadroxil (oral)
Cefazolin (IV, IM)
Cefalexin (oral)
Cefradine (oral)
Cephalexin,cefadroxil, cephadrine à setelah pemberian oral 500 mg,
serum levels are 15-20 mcg/ml
Cefadroxil :0,5-1 g twice daily
Cephalexin dan cephadrine à15-30 mg/kgBB/day
Ekskresi sebagian besar melalui ginjal dan (tubular secretion)
Obat-obatan yang bekerja menghambat tubular sekresi dapat
meningkatkan kadar di dalam darah
ex : probenecid
Membutuhkanadjustment dosis pada pasien gagal ginjal
Pharmacokinetics
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Clinical Uses
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
01 UTI
02 Cellulitis
03 Skin abcess
Clinically advantages of cephalosporin, Lipincott pharmacology 5th
edition
Second Generation Cephalosporin
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Pharmacokinetics
Cefaclor,cefuroxime, cefprozil à can be given orally
Dosage: 10-15 mg/kg BB in 2-4 divided doses
Dosage in children à 20-40 mg/kgBB/day maximum
1g/d
Pharmacokinetics Parenteral
For most 2nd generation cephalosporins serum level
are 75-125 mcg/ml after 1 g infusion
Intramuscular should be avoided because painfull
Require adjustment dosage in renal failure
Have expanded gram negative coverage
than second generation
Aside from staying safe, ensure that
you are taking steps to keep yourself
healthy.
Active against citobacter, S.marcescens
and beta lactamase producing strain
Ceftazidime and cefopherazone effective
to treat against P.aeruginosa
Third generation Cephalosporin
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
be aware about the increases of
resistency
Cefepime is one of the fourth generation
cephalosporin
Extended sprektrum antibiotics
Must be given parenterally
Fourth Genenation Cephalosporin
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Cefepime is also effective against aerobic gram-
negativeorganisms,such as enterobacter species,
E.coli,K.pneumoniae,P.mirabilis, and P.aeruginosa
Pharmacokinetics of Cephalosporin
Distribution --> distribute very well into body fluids.
Administration --> poor oral absorption, so many of them given im. or iv
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Distribution --> distribute very well into body fluids.
Cefazolin is eff ective for most surgical procedures, including orthopedic
surgery because of its ability to penetrate bone. All cephalosporins cross the
placenta
Excretion--> Mostly in renal. Needs adjusment dosage in case severe renal
disease
Patients who have had an anaphylactic response,
Stevens-Johnson syndrome, or toxic epidermal
necrolysis to penicillins should not receive
cephalosporins
Alergic
ADR Cephalosporin
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Carbapenems
Other B Lactam Antibiotics
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Monobactam
Such as : Imipenem, meropenem, doripenem, ertapenem
administered parenteral. excretion mostly in renal
Adverse effect : nausea, vomiting diarrhea
Such as : Aztreonam
Effective to P.aeruginosa, resist from beta lactamase
inhibitor, administered iv or im
Adverse effects : skin rush, phlebitis, and abnormal liver
function
TUGAS Individual
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Sebutkan antibiotik lainnya yang merupakan penghambat dinding sel bakteri
Jelaskan indikasi klinis obat-obat tersebut!
Tugas dipresentasikan secara acak sebelum kuliah berikutnya dalam bentuk ppt
Tugas dikirimkan melalui email ke susan.candradewi@pharm.co.id

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Antibiotika Beta Laktam.pdf

  • 1. ANTIBIOTIKA BETA LAKTAM Susan Fitria Candradewi, M.Sc., Apt
  • 2. Antibiotika beta laktam adalah golongan antibiotika yang memiliki kesamaan struktur adanya cincin beta laktam 2 Beta-lactam Antibiotics merupakan class antibakteri terbesar yang merupakan inhibitor dinding sel bakteri, paling efektif dan memiliki efek samping paling minimal, namun tingkat resistensinya tinggi 1 Pendahuluan Mechanism of action and a common structural motif known as the "Beta-lactam Ring" which gives the class its namesake. Various beta-lactam subclasses have been defined based on how the basic beta-lactam ring has been chemically modified. 3
  • 3. Basic Structure Adanya cincin beta laktam Klasifikasi Berdasarkan Struktur Penisilin Karbapenem Sefalosporin Monobactam
  • 4. Mekanisme Kerja Antibiotika beta-lactam menghambat sintesis dinding sel bakteri dengan menargetkan bacterial transpeptidase, enzyme yang bertanggung jawab pada ikatan silang dari subunit peptidoglican di dalam dinding sel bakteri Tanpa dukungan struktural dari ikatan silang peptidoglikan, bakteri sensitif terhadap berbagai tekanan lingkungan yang mengakibatkan bakteri lisis; akibatnya, antibiotik beta-laktam bersifat bakterisidal Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • 6. Klasifikasi Antibiotika Beta Laktam Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • 7. Merupakan antibiotika beta laktam yang terkait secara struktural Sub kelas fungsional antibiotika ini diklasifikasikan berdasarkan spektrum antibiotika dan rute pemberiannya Penissilin Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • 8. Klasifikasi Penisilin Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 01 Natural penissilin 02 Extended Spektrum Penissilin 03 Anti-staphylococcal Penicillins 04 Anti-Pseudomonal Penicillins
  • 9. Natural penissilin Obat-obat golongan ini. Penicillin G: Can only be given by injection as it is acid- labile and so inactivated by stomach acid. Penicillin V: An acid-stable form of penicillin which can be given orally Natural penissilin secara historis merupakan kelas beta-laktam pertama dan dapat dimurnikan secara alami dari jamur. Obat- obatan ini sangat sensitif terhadap beta- laktamase dan efektif melawan sejumlah kecil bakteri saat resistensi meningkat Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1 2
  • 10. Merupakan antibiotika dengan spektrum yang sempit Pilihan Terapi pada infeksi yang disebabkan oleh Spektrum Aktivitas Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • 11. Penicllin V Indikasi : digunakan pada infeksi minor karena bioavailabilitasnya jelek Labeled Indications Treatment of infections caused by susceptible organisms involving the respiratory tract, otitis media, sinusitis, skin, and urinary tract; prophylaxis in rheumatic fever Administration: Oral Administer around-the-clock to promote less variation in peak and trough serum levels. Take on an empty stomach 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals, to enhance absorption, take until gone, do not skip doses. Adverse Reactions :>10%: Gastrointestinal: Mild diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, oral candidiasis <1%: Convulsions, fever, hemolytic anemia, positive Coombs' reaction, acute interstitial nephritis, hypersensitivity reactions, anaphylaxis Pharmacodynamics/Kinetics :Absorption: 60% to 73% Distribution: Widely distributed to kidneys, liver, skin, tonsils, and into synovial, pleural, and pericardial fluids Protein binding, plasma: 80% Half-life elimination: 30 minutes; prolonged with renal impairment Time to peak, serum: 0.5-1 hour Excretion: Urine (as unchanged drug and metabolites)
  • 12. Efektif pada kasus faringitis, Im setiap 3-4 minggu sekali Penicillin G benzathine may only be administered by deep intramuscular injection; intravenous administration of penicillin G benzathine has been associated with cardiopulmonary arrest and death Dapat digunakan sebagai pilihan terapi sifilis, pneumococcal gonorea ,sudah jarang digunakan karena kasus resistensi Adverse Reactions (Frequency not defined). Central nervous system: CNS toxicity (convulsions, confusion, drowsiness, myoclonus) ,Hematologic: Positive Coombs' reaction, hemolytic anemia, Renal: Interstitial nephritis ,Miscellaneous: Hypersensitivity reactions, Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction Mechanism of Action Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to one or more of the penicillin binding proteins (PBPs); which in turn inhibits the final transpeptidation step of peptidoglycan synthesis in bacterial cell walls, thus inhibiting cell wa biosynthesismerreaction Benzathine Penicillin G dan prokain Peniccilin G Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • 14. Extended Spektrum penissilin Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 01 Ampicillin 02 Amoxicillin Akibatnya, spektrum obat ini melampaui spektrum penisilin alami, sehingga golongan ini dapat dikatakan sebagai antibiotika "spektrum luas". Obat-obat ini sensitif terhadap beta-laktamase, sehingga seringkali dikombinasikan dengan beta-laktamase inhibitor untuk memperluas spektrumnya. Obat golongan ini Extended Spektrum penissilin memiliki permeabilitas yang lebih baik melalui peningkatan permeabilitas membran luar pada bakteri gram negatif 03 Carbepenisilin 04 Piperasilin
  • 15. Memiliki spektrum dan aktivitas yang serupa, namun amoxicillin lebih baik diabsorpsi secara oral Amoxicillin250-500 mg s kali sehari equivalent dengan ampicillin dengan dosis yang sama 4 kali sehari Ampicillin dan Amoxicillin Ampicillin efektif untuk terapi shigella, namun keamanannya masih kontroversial Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Antimicrobial activity of ampicillin (A) and the antipseudomonal penicillins (B) Ampicillin (with or without the addition of gentamicin) is the drug of choice for the gram-positive bacillus Listeria monocytogenes and susceptible Enterococcal species Resistance to these antibiotics is now a major clinical problem because of inactivation by plasmidmediated penicillinases.
  • 16. Carbapenisilin dan Piperacilin Piperacillin is the most potent of these antibiotics. They are eff ective against many gram- negative bacilli, but not against Klebsiella because of its constitutive penicillinase karena adanya resistensi bakteri, maka penggunaannya sebagai anti pseudomonas dikombinasikan dengan aminoglikosida atau floroquinolon Carbenicillin merupakan antipseudomonas pertama golongan carboxypenicllins yang diisolasi Derivat carbenicillin indanyl sodium dapat diberikan secara oral untuk mengatasi UTI. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Kurang efektif dibandingkan ampicillin dalam membunuh bakteri enterococci
  • 17. Stabilitas Penisilin Asam maupun pada enzim penisilinase
  • 18. Anti- staphylococcal Penicillins Subkelas obat ini sangat efektif melawan Staphylococcus aureus karena resistensi anggotanya terhadap sekresi beta- laktamase. Namun, mereka tidak dapat menembus membran luar gram negatif dan dengan demikian hanya efektif melawan bakteri gram positif Golongan ini tidak dapat menembus membran luar gram negatif dan dengan demikian hanya efektif melawan bakteri gram positif Oxacillin Methicillin: Because of its potential to produce acute drug- induced interstitial nephritis, Methicillin is only used in the laboratory Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Obat-obat Golongan ini Nafcillin Cloxacillin Dicloxacillin
  • 19. Anti-Pseudomonal Penicillins Obat ini sangat efektif melawan Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Obat-obatan ini sensitif terhadap beta-laktamase dan dengan demikian spektrumnya dapat diperluas dengan penggunaan bersama penghambat beta-laktamase. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Obat golongan ini 01 Ticarcillin 02 Carbenicillin 03 Piperacillin
  • 20. Farmakokinetika Absorpsi Sebagian besar Penisilin diabsorbsi secara lengkap setelah pemberian oral, kadar obat di dalam darah tercapai optimal setelah absorpsi. Amoxicillin merupakan penicilin yang terabsorpsi secara sempurna Absorpsi pada penicilinase resistent penicillin, sebagian besar diturunkan dengan adanya makanan, dan obat rusak dalam suasana asam lambung. sehingga obat-obat golongan ini diberikan30 menit -1 jam sebelum makan atau 2-3 jam setelah makan
  • 21. Distribusi Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Terdistribusi dengan baik di tubuh, semua penicilin dapat menembus placenta namun semua penicilin tidak bersifat teratogenik Metabolisme Host metabolism of the β-lactam antibiotics is usually insignifi cant, but some metabolism of penicillin G has been shown tooccur in patients with impaired renal function Ekskresi Ekskresi sebagian besar melalui ginjal, pada pasien dengan penurunan fungsi ginjal perlu dilakukan penyesuaian dosis berdasarkan tingkat keparahan kerusakan ginjalnya. waktu paruh meningkat dengan adanya kerusakan ginjal
  • 22. Resistensi Penissilin Bakteria mungkin dapat mengalami resistensi terhadap beberapa antibiotika penisilin tergantung dari terjadinya akuisisi plasma sel yang mengatur pengkodean terhadap resistensi Pada beberapa organisme, terjadinya multiplikassi akan dapat memicu terjadinya peningkatan resistensi gen Resistensi Penisillin terjadi pada bakteri yang memiliki sedikit dinding sel dari peptidoglikan misalnya mikoplasma atau memiliki dinding sel yang bersifat impermeabel terhadap obat Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • 23. Adanya inaktivasi oleh beta laktamase Modifikasi Target Protein Binding Penicilinase Penurunan Permeabilitas Obat. Terjadinya Eflux Mekanisme Resistensi Penisilin Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention General antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. An overview of the antimicrobial resistance mechanisms of bacteria Reygaert,Wanda C , 2018 https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/i nfectious-diseases/bacteria-and- antibacterial-drugs/beta-lactams
  • 24. Penyebab utama resistensi dengan mekanisme ini adalah adanya produksi enzim β-Lactamase Inaktivasi Antibiotik oleh β-Lactamase Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention β-Lactamase yang diproduksi oleh Staphylococcus aureus haemophilus sp, dan E-coli berkaitan erat dengan adanya konsentrasi yang rendah pada substrat β-Lactamase yang diproduksi oleh Pseudomonas aeruginosa dan Enterobacter memilikispektrum yang lebih luas yaitu terhadap cephalosporin dan penicllin Carbapenems memiliki resistensi yang tinggi oleh enzim β-Lactamase tetapi enzim ini juga terhidrolisis oleh metallo- β-Lactamase
  • 25. Hal ini berhubungan dengan impermeabilitas dari membran dindng sel yang muncul pada bakteri gram negatif namun tidak pada bakteri gram positif Terjadinya eflux pump juga menyebabkan terjadinya poenurunan jumalah obat pada intracelluler Penurunan penetrasi ke dalam sel oleh antibiotika melalui membran luar bakteri, sehingga menurunkan kemampuan antibiotika dalam mencapai penicilin binding protein Penurunan Permeabilitas Obat Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • 26. Modifikasi Target Penicllins-Binding Protein Perubahan target PBP ini bertanggung jawab terhadap methicllin resistance pada Staphylococcus, Pneumococci, dan Enterococci Mikroorganisme yang resisten akan memproduksi PBP yang memiliki afinitas yang rendah untuk dapat berikatan dengan antibiotik beta-laktam akibatnya adalah obat tidak dapat menghambat bakteri pada konsentrasi terapeutik Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • 27. Overview of Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance, check this barcode to see the video
  • 28. Risk factor For Penicillin Resistance HIV Age (children or elderly) Hospitalization Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Exposure to antibiotics (individual or national level) Stuktur bacterial clonal Day care attendence
  • 29. Advers e Effect Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Hipersensitivit. Merupakan efek samping utama penicilin Diarrhea Nephritis
  • 30. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Neuro Toxicity Hematologic Toxixicites Kation Toksisitas (terutama peningkatan natrium) sehingga menyebabkan hipokalemia
  • 31. Beta Lactamase Beta Lactamase are family of enzymes produces by many gram positive and gram negative bacteria that inactivate beta lactam antibiotics by opening the beta lactam ring Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • 32. Mechanism of action : inhibitor of most plasmid mediated beta lactamases Sulbactam has intrinsic activity againts acinetobacter and may be used for MDR strains Clavulanic acid, Tazobactam and sulbactam Beta lactamase Inhibitor Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Penicillin beta lactamases inhibitor combinations are used for emphirical therapy againts wide range of potential pathogens including treatment of aerobic and an aerobic infections
  • 33. Cephalosporin •Sefalosporin are similiar to penicillin in: •Mechanism of action •Toxicity •Chemistry Advantages More stable against beta lactamase Substitued 7 aminocephalosporin acids Relatively more acid stable
  • 35. First generation Cephalosporin Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Strenghts very active against gram positive cocci E-coli,K-pneumoniae and Proteus mirrabilis are often sensitive Anaerobic cocci ususally sensitive (peptococcus) Weakness Not effective on MRSA (Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus) Activity against on P.aeruginosa, citrobacter, acinetobacter are very poor Cefadroxil (oral) Cefazolin (IV, IM) Cefalexin (oral) Cefradine (oral)
  • 36. Cephalexin,cefadroxil, cephadrine à setelah pemberian oral 500 mg, serum levels are 15-20 mcg/ml Cefadroxil :0,5-1 g twice daily Cephalexin dan cephadrine à15-30 mg/kgBB/day Ekskresi sebagian besar melalui ginjal dan (tubular secretion) Obat-obatan yang bekerja menghambat tubular sekresi dapat meningkatkan kadar di dalam darah ex : probenecid Membutuhkanadjustment dosis pada pasien gagal ginjal Pharmacokinetics Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • 37. Clinical Uses Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 01 UTI 02 Cellulitis 03 Skin abcess
  • 38. Clinically advantages of cephalosporin, Lipincott pharmacology 5th edition
  • 39. Second Generation Cephalosporin Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Pharmacokinetics Cefaclor,cefuroxime, cefprozil à can be given orally Dosage: 10-15 mg/kg BB in 2-4 divided doses Dosage in children à 20-40 mg/kgBB/day maximum 1g/d Pharmacokinetics Parenteral For most 2nd generation cephalosporins serum level are 75-125 mcg/ml after 1 g infusion Intramuscular should be avoided because painfull Require adjustment dosage in renal failure
  • 40. Have expanded gram negative coverage than second generation Aside from staying safe, ensure that you are taking steps to keep yourself healthy. Active against citobacter, S.marcescens and beta lactamase producing strain Ceftazidime and cefopherazone effective to treat against P.aeruginosa Third generation Cephalosporin Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention be aware about the increases of resistency
  • 41. Cefepime is one of the fourth generation cephalosporin Extended sprektrum antibiotics Must be given parenterally Fourth Genenation Cephalosporin Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cefepime is also effective against aerobic gram- negativeorganisms,such as enterobacter species, E.coli,K.pneumoniae,P.mirabilis, and P.aeruginosa
  • 42. Pharmacokinetics of Cephalosporin Distribution --> distribute very well into body fluids. Administration --> poor oral absorption, so many of them given im. or iv Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Distribution --> distribute very well into body fluids. Cefazolin is eff ective for most surgical procedures, including orthopedic surgery because of its ability to penetrate bone. All cephalosporins cross the placenta Excretion--> Mostly in renal. Needs adjusment dosage in case severe renal disease
  • 43. Patients who have had an anaphylactic response, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, or toxic epidermal necrolysis to penicillins should not receive cephalosporins Alergic ADR Cephalosporin Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • 44. Carbapenems Other B Lactam Antibiotics Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Monobactam Such as : Imipenem, meropenem, doripenem, ertapenem administered parenteral. excretion mostly in renal Adverse effect : nausea, vomiting diarrhea Such as : Aztreonam Effective to P.aeruginosa, resist from beta lactamase inhibitor, administered iv or im Adverse effects : skin rush, phlebitis, and abnormal liver function
  • 45. TUGAS Individual Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Sebutkan antibiotik lainnya yang merupakan penghambat dinding sel bakteri Jelaskan indikasi klinis obat-obat tersebut! Tugas dipresentasikan secara acak sebelum kuliah berikutnya dalam bentuk ppt Tugas dikirimkan melalui email ke susan.candradewi@pharm.co.id