Economic development, hurdles of economic development, problem relate to economic development in central Asia, economic growth of central Asia.

2. Present by: Sumiyyah Abdul Aziz
BS(Economics)
Development Economics
The University Of Haripur

3.  Economic Development
 Hurdles in the Way Of E.D/Problem relates To E.D
 Economic Growth
 Agricultural &Industrial Condition

23. Hurdles in the Way Of Economic Development /Problem relates To
Economic Development in Central Asia:
Central Asia’s basic human and physical infrastructure the roads, power plants,
hospitals and schools and the last generation of Soviet trained specialists personnel
retiring or dying.
All countries in the region are to some Degree affected, but the two poorest,
Kyrgyzstan
and Tajikistan, are already in dire straits. Their own specialists say that in the next few
years, they will have no teachers for their children and no doctors to treat their sick.
Power cuts in Tajikistan each winter twelve hours a day in the countryside, if not more
are already a tradition. Power failures in Kyrgyzstan are becoming increasingly common.

24. Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan are heading in the same direction. Exactly how
far they have gone is hard to say as reliable data either does not exist or is
secret, while extravagantly upbeat public statements bear no resemblance to
reality.
Even Kazakhstan, the regions only functioning state, will be severely tested by
infrastructure deficiencies, particularly in transportation and training of
technical cadre. Any dreams of economic diversification and modernization will
have to be put on hold for the indefinite future.
Countries like Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan need to fight poverty even Kazakhstan,
the region's star economic performer, still faces serious challenges, including
widespread unemployment and corruption. The big problem that all of them face
is a high degree of the use of bribery as a way of securing commercial favors.

25. Central Asia is a region with very uneven social and economic dynamics. It is rapidly
breaking down into areas with different quality of life, economic growth, environmental
health, quality of social services and infrastructure access.
Unemployment continues to be an issue in all the countries of the region, affecting young people the
most. According to official statistics, the unemployment rate ranges from 2.3 percent in Tajikistan to 9.3
percent in Uzbekistan, while the total number of jobless tops two million.
Kazakhstan was the only country formed after the fall of the USSR that had a
relatively well-developed railway network connecting all its regions.
Turkmenistan completed the consolidation of its national railway network into a
single system in 2006, Uzbekistan only did so in 2018, while Tajikistan and
Kyrgyzstan still do not have a fully-fledged national railway network

26. Economic Growth:
Per capita income or average income measures the average
income earned per person in a given area in a specified year.
It is calculated by dividing the area’s total income by its total
population.

30. Infrastructure of Kazakhstan:
Transportation
There are 4,000 km (2,500 mi) of waterways on the Syrdariya (Syr Darya), 80%, and Ertis (Irtysh) rivers,
Kazakhstan has a total of 97 airports. (2012) However, it is quoted as having a total of 449 airports in 2001.
The large area of the country and the associated long distances makes air travel a very important component in domestic
travel. Railways provide 68% of all cargo and passenger traffic to over 57% of the country.
Healthcare System
Healthcare in Kazakhstan is provided by a network of primary, secondary and tertiary care facilities The public hospitals
share of total hospital capacity has remained relatively stable (about 70%) for decades. There are also privately owned
for-profit hospitals as well as government hospitals in some locations, mainly owned by county and city governments.
Literacy rate
Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15 and above who can both read and
write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.
Kazakhstan literacy rate for 2018 was 99.78%, a 0% increase from 2010.
Kazakhstan literacy rate for 2010 was 99.78%, a 0.05% increase from 2009

31. Energy production
Kazakhstan is a major producer of all fossil fuels (coal, crude oil and natural gas).In 2018, Kazakhstan was
the world’s 9th-largest coal producer (108 million tons [Mt]). It ranked 17th in the world for crude oil
production (91.9 Mt), and 24th for natural gas (38.7 bcm).It is the first energy producer among EU4Energy
focus countries (16th in the world in 2018).
Infrastructure of Kyrgyzstan:
Transportation
Water transport exists only on Issyk Kul Lake, and has drastically shrunk since the end of the Soviet Union.
Kyrgyzstan's only port is Balykchy, a fishing town on Issyk Kul Lake. None of Kyrgyzstan's rivers
are navigable, and the country has no canals. At the end of the Soviet period there were about 50 airports and airstrips in
Kyrgyzstan, many of them built primarily to serve military purposes in this border region so close to China. Only a few of
them remain in service today. There are four airports with international flights, namely in Bishkek, Osh, Tamchy and Karakol.
The Kyrgyz Railway is currently responsible for railway development and maintenance in the country. The Chuy Valley
in the north and the Fergana Valley in the south were endpoints of the Soviet Union's rail system in Central Asia
Health Care System
Kyrgyzstan inherited the Soviet system of free universal health care, which in Kyrgyzstan's case generally provided
sufficient numbers of doctors, nurses, and doctor's assistants, as well as medical clinics and hospitals. Kyrgyzstan produces
no vaccines of its own and almost no medicines or other pharmaceuticals

32. Energy source
Oil is the main energy source (48%) followed by electricity (24%) and coal (17%). Residential sector is the
largest energy consuming sector in the country, followed by transport and industry Kyrgyzstan has one of the
highest shares of renewable electricity in the world.
literacy rate
In 2018, adult literacy rate for Kyrgyzstan was 99.6 %. Adult literacy rate of Kyrgyzstan increased from 98.7 % in 1999 to
99.6 % in 2018 growing at an average annual rate of 0.45%.
Infrastructure of Tajikistan:
Transportation
Tajikistan had 26 airports, 18 of which had paved runways, of which two had runways longer than 3,000 meters. Tajikistan
has two domestic airlines (Tajik Air and Somon Air) and is also serviced by foreign air companies (mainly Russian).
The railroad system totals only 680 kilometers (420 mi) of track, all of it 1,520 mm (4 ft. 11 27⁄32 in) broad gauge The total
length of roads in the country is 27,800 kilometers, nearly all of which were built before 1991. Automobiles account for
more than 90% of the total volume of passenger transportation and more than 80% of domestic freight transportation
Tajikistan has no access to the sea and no navigable inland waterways.
Health Care System
Many Russian doctors left Tajikistan after 1991, leaving the country with the lowest ratio of doctors to population in the
former Soviet Union. The necessity of importing all pharmaceuticals has created an acute shortage of some critical items.
The shortage of facilities, materials, and personnel is especially serious in rural areas

33. Infrastructure of Turkmenistan:
Transportation
Turkmenistan had an estimated 26 airports. One heliport was in operation. There are three international airports in the
country. One is under construction. In 2014 Turkmenistan had 4,980 km (3,094 mi) of rail line, most of which runs
close to the northern and southern border sin Turkmenistan had an estimated 22,000 kilometers of roads, about
18,000 kilometers of which were paved. One major highway runs westward from Mary, along the Iranian border through
Ashgabat and then to Turkmenbashi on the Caspian Sea; a second runs northwestward from the Afghanistan border through
Turkmenabad, along the Uzbekistan border to Dashoguz.
Energy source
Hydropower is the main source of energy in Tajikistan, followed by imported oil, gas and coal. However, Tajikistan's energy
sector is prone to supply shocks, due to seasonal shortages
literacy rate
the official literacy rate in Tajikistan is 98%, the poor quality of education since 1991 has reduced the skill level of younger
people. Although education is compulsory, many children fail to attend because of economic needs and security concerns
in some regions.

34. Health Care System
Public health conditions in Turkmenistan could be described as alarming, and most signs point to the continuing decay of the
quality of life in the country Meanwhile, infant mortality in Turkmenistan was estimated at 16 times greater than in EU
member
states, with roughly 76 out of every 1,000 Turkmen babies born failing to survive for one year
Energy source
Turkmenistan is not a major player in energy markets because of the lack of infrastructure, limiting its exporting capabilities.
In the past several years, the country has been increasing investment to develop its reserves and export more natural gas to
countries such as China. The electricity sector in Turkmenistan is controlled by the Ministry of Energy and Industry and is
fueled almost entirely by natural gas.
literacy rate
Turkmenistan it has, according to UNESCO, an adult literacy rate of 99.7%. While the male literacy rate is 99.75%, for females is
99.6%.In contrast with other neighboring states the literacy rate in Turkmenistan is high.
The literacy rate, has increased in recent years
Infrastructure of Uzbekistan
Transportation
Uzbekistan had 84,400 kilometers of roads, about 72,000 kilometers of which were paved. particularly outside of Tashkent
Double landlocked Uzbekistan has no seaports. Its main river port is Termez on the Amu Darya river. Although Termez lacks
modern facilities and has a shortage of spare parts, activity there has increased as conditions in neighboring Afghanistan have
stabilized.

35. Uzbekistan has 53 airports. 33 of them have paved runways, six of which had runways longer than 3,000 meters.
The largest of them, Tashkent International Airport, is linked with European and Middle Eastern cities by direct flights
of Aeroflot, Lufthansa, and Turkish Airlines, and with New York and Los Angeles via connecting flights through Moscow
Health Care System
In Uzbekistan, there is a national healthcare plan which guarantees citizens the right to access free healthcare. Since its
independence, the Uzbek government has been trying to reform and improve its healthcare system. In 2006, the government
allocated 11.1 percent of the state budget to the healthcare sector.
Energy source
Uzbekistan had a total primary energy supply (TPES) of 48.28 the majority of primary energy came from fossil fuels, with
natural gas, coal and oil the main sources. Hydroelectricity, the only significant renewable source in the country, accounted
for about 2% of the primary energy supply. Natural gas is the source for 73.8% of electricity production, followed by
hydroelectricity with 21.4%
literacy rate
Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above) in Uzbekistan was reported at 99.99 % in 2018, according to the
World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Uzbekistan - Literacy rate, adult
total (% of people ages 15 and above) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the
World Bank on October of 2020.

36. Agricultural &Industrial Condition:

37. Kazakhstan industrial sector
The Kazakhstan's car industry was developing rapidly in 2014 producing $2 billion worth of products annually.
Unfortunately the industry experienced a decline despite high hopes, with sales dwindling to only 46,000 in 2016.
Kazakhstan benefits from multiple natural resources. Major deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, iron ore, manganese,
chromium ore, nickel, cobalt, copper, lead, zinc, bauxite or uranium.
Kyrgyz Agriculture sector
Because of the many mountains of Kyrgyzstan, animal husbandry remains a significant part of the agricultural
economy. Among Kyrgyzstan's agricultural products are tobacco, cotton, potatoes, vegetables, grapes, fruits, and
berries Agriculture in Kyrgyzstan is a significant sector of the economy. According to the CIA World Fact book, it
comprises 18% of the total GDP and occupies 48% of the total labor force.
Kyrgyz industrial sector
The Kyrgyz industrial sector includes five types of economic activity according to classification of the National
Statistical Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic: Mining, Manufacturing, Electricity, gas and steam production,
distribution and supply, Water supply, waste treatment and disposal; and - Construction

38. Tajikistan agriculture sector
Tajikistan is a highly agrarian country, with its rural population at more than 70% and agriculture accounting for 60% of
employment and around 30% of GDP. Cotton and wheat are the two main cash crops in Tajikistan, cultivated on nearly
70% of the cropped area (30% under cotton, 36% under wheat, 9% under other cereals)
Tajikistan industrial sector
Tajikistan's only major heavy industries are aluminum processing and chemical production. The former, which
provided 40% of industrial production in 2005, is centered at the Tursunzoda processing plant, the latter in Dushanbe,
Qurghonteppa, and Yavan. Aluminum production increased by 6% in 2005.

39. Turkmenistan agriculture sector
Turkmenistan leads Central Asia as a producer of silkworm cocoons, primarily from the middle Amu Darya oasis.
The cultivation of fine-staple cotton and the raising of Karakul sheep, horses, and camels contribute most to the
agricultural economy.
Turkmenistan industrial sector
Turkmenistan has a comparative advantage The industry has specialized in fertilizer for cotton at the Chärjew superphosphate
plant and such chemicals as sulfur, iodine, ammonia, mirabilite, salt, and various sulfates at the Turkmen ashy facility.
Well-developed cotton ginning, natural gas, and cottonseed oil dominate at the expense of other sectors, such as the
petrochemical and chemical industries, cotton textile production, food processing, and labor-intensive assemblage.

42. Uzbekistan industrial sector
The principal industrial sectors are the textiles, foodstuffs, and metallurgy and chemicals sectors. The last few years, the
telecommunications and automobile sectors saw a remarkable development. Uzbekistan is the third producer of gas
among the CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) states.