2. • To undertake a great work and especially a
work of novel type means, carrying out an
experiment.
• Experimentation : A test under controlled
conditions that is made to demonstrate a
known truth, to examine the validity of a
hypothesis, or to determine the efficacy of
something previously untried. The process of
conducting such a test is called as a
experimentation
3. What is a Engineering?
• Engineering is the application of science and
math concerned with the design, building,
and use of engines, machines, and structures.
• Engineers figure out how things work and
find practical uses for scientific discoveries.
5. Learning from the Past
Engineers have to learn not only from their
own earlier designs and operating results, but
also from past experiences of similar projects as
well as the design results of other engineers.
6. Several factors become glaring when
accidents continue……
• Collisions and lack of safe exits
• Boiler explosions or fires on board are the
common causes
• Collision of ships with Bridges
• Fire Accidents in fire works manufacturing
units
7. Framing the Problem
• A Frame of reference or Point of View , refers
to the way we look at a given situation.
• How a person views that situation can affect
• His/her understanding of the facts and
influence how she determines right from
wrong.
8. • If people are prompted to frame a situation
only in terms of Money or Economic interests,
they often leave out ethical considerations.
Example: A day care center charging fine for
delay in late pick up of the child.
9. OSHA
• IN 1977, THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY and
Health Administration (OSHA) issued an
emergency temporary standard requiring that
the level of air exposure to benzene in the
workplace not exceed 1 part per million
(ppm).This was a departure from the then
current standard of 10 ppm.
10. • However, the reported deaths were in
workplaces with benzene exposure levels
above 10 ppm, and there were no animal or
human test data for lower levels of exposure.
• Nevertheless, because of evidence that
benzene is carcinogenic, OSHA advocated
changing the standard to the lowest level that
can be easily monitored (1 ppm).
11. OSHA’s authority seemed clear in the
Occupational Safety and Health Act, which provides
that ‘‘no employee will suffer material impairment
of health or functional capacity even if such
employee has regular exposure to the hazard dealt
with by such standard for the period of his working
life.’’
13. • On July 2, 1980, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled
that OSHA’s proposed 1 ppm standard was too
strict.
• The law, said the Court, does not ‘‘give OSHA
the unbridled discretion to adopt standards
designed to create absolutely risk-free
workplaces regardless of the costs.”
• we usually experience moral disagreement
and controversy within a context of
agreement.
14. Determining the Facts
• Often, moral disagreements turn out to be
disagreements over the relevant facts.
• Factual issues are sometimes very difficult to
resolve.
• Once the factual issues are clearly isolated,
disagreement can reemerge on another and
often more clearly defined level.
15. Application Issues
• Even when we clear about the meanings of our
concepts , disagreement about their applications in
particular cases can also arise.
Ex:
• For example, a disagreement about bribery might pivot
around the question of whether an offer of a free
weekend at an exclusive golf resort in exchange for a
vendor’s business was actually made. It might be
agreed that if such an offer were made, this would be
an attempt to bribe. However, whether or not such an
offer was actually made may be at issue.
16. Common Ground
It is helpful to begin an analysis with two
questions:
• What are the relevant facts?
&
• What are the relevant kinds of ethical
considerations?
• These two questions are interconnected, but
cannot be answered independently.
18. Utilitarian Thinking
• What is utilitarian thinking?
• Utilitarianism is one of the best known and
most influential moral theories.
... Utilitarians believe that the purpose of
morality is to make life better by increasing
the amount of good things (such as pleasure
and happiness) in the world and decreasing
the amount of bad things (such as pain and
unhappiness).
19. What are the 3 principles of utilitarianism?
• There are three principles that serve as the
basic axioms of utilitarianism.
• Pleasure or Happiness Is the Only Thing That
Truly Has Intrinsic Value. ...
• Actions Are Right Insofar as They Promote
Happiness, Wrong Insofar as They Produce
Unhappiness. ...
• Everyone's Happiness Counts Equally.
20. What is utilitarian person?
• The definition of a utilitarian is someone who
supports the belief that actions should be
chosen based on what will cause the most
pleasure for the most people.
• An example of utilitarian is a person who will
give up personal needs for the majority's.
21. What is the principle of respect for persons?
• Respect is defined as to feel or show esteem or
honor for someone or something.
• An example of respect is being quiet in a
cathedral, truly listening to someone speak.
• The principle of respect for persons requires
that:
(1) choices of autonomous people, that is, people
who can responsibly make their own decisions,
are given serious consideration; and
(2) people lacking autonomy, such as young
children or adults with advanced dementia, are
entitled to protection.
