Supply Chains

1. Sidikat Shitu
FEB/14010133
PhD Entrepreneurship Candidate
16th December, 2015
Supervisor: Dr Rohaya Mohd-Noor
Co-supervisor: Dr Mahani Mohamad-Abdu-Shakur
PhD Entrepreneurship Candidate

2. Implementation of Socially Sustainable Supply Chain
Standards (SSSCS) within the Supplier Network: Case of the
Nigerian Shea Butter Industry.

3. Contents
1. Introduction
2. Motivation
4. Purpose of the Study
7. Theory: Conceptual Framework
9. References
3. Problem Statement
5. Research Questions
8. Methodology
6. Literature Review

4. Researchers revealed that, one of the major issues in the study of sustainable supply
chain concerns how to standardize organizations. Past studies revealed that pressure
from consumers, NGOs and the government led to the emergence and proliferation
of multiple standards in commodity supply chains. however, globalization,
industrialization and trade liberalization are considered as the major cause of
unethical and irresponsible behaviours related to social and environmental abuse in
supply chain
(Pietrobelli & Rabellotti, 2011; Keane, 2013; Afari-Owusu, 2014)
Type
(public &
Private)
Market
Orientation Issues Addressed
Environment Social Food/safety
Fair-trade Global
Global Shea
Alliance
Global
SON Global/Local
NAFDAC Local
Sustainability Standards and Certification In Shea Butter Industry

5. This proposed study contributes to the future research proposed by Reinecke
et al., (2012; ‘The Emergence of a Standards Market: Multiplicity of
Sustainability Standards in the Global Coffee Industry’): in which they
suggest that a crucial area for future studies is ‘meta-standardization’ which
encourages the multiple adoption of standards by allowing collaboration and
competition. as it is evident in their empirical study of CRS in the coffee
industry. Their paper encouraged more empirical case study research
especially in commodity supply chain on governance and implementation of
individual standards.

6. Since the last two decades that sustainable standards have emerged, there have been
proliferation of standards that have been adopted in commodity supply chain
(Brunsson et al., 2012; Reinecke et al., 2012). Despite this multiplicity and
ploriferation, little is known about how SSSCS implementation is shaped by
contextual factors within the supplier network. Therefore, there is a need to
empirically study the implementation process and adoption of SSSCS following the
pressure from the external environment.

7. The purpose of this proposed study is to deepen the knowledge on sustainable supply chain
management by exploring the implementation processes of socially sustainable supply chain
standards (SSSCS) by investigating the transmission process, adoption and use of socially
sustainable supply chain standards (SSSCS) within the supplier network.
1. To observe the activities of supply chain actors in the context of the shea butter industry
2. To investigate the roles of external dimension in the implementation process of SSSCS
3. To examine how the internal dimension adopt, transmit and use SRSCG
Main Objectives
Specific Objectives

8. MRQ: How is socially sustainable supply chain standards (SSSCS) implemented,
adopted, transmitted and used among suppliers within the supplier network in the
context of the shea butter industry?
SRQ1: Who are the suppliers, what are their activities and social sustainability
challenges?
SRQ2: How does the role of the external dimension, shape the implementation of
socially sustainable supply chain standards in the supplier network?
SRQ3: How does the internal dimension adopt, transmit and use socially sustainable
supply chain standards within their network?

9. According to the ISO (2004), a standard is: “A document established by
consensus and approved by a recognized body, that provides for common and
repeated use, rules, guidelines, or characteristics for activities or their results,
aimed at the achievements of the optimum degree of order in a given context.”
Existing literature in the area of organization studies suggest that standards and
standardization can be examined from different perspectives. But the following
aspects stands out.
 The standardization of organizations : How standards affect the structure &
operation of organizations through implementation, adopted , diffussion,
avoidance and alteration (Espeland &Stevens,1998; Delmas and Montiel, 2008; Jamali, 2010)
Standardization by organizations : Majority of the standards emerged from
formal organizations (Botzem & Quack, 2006; Sahlin-Andersson, 2000; Simcoe, 2012)
Standardization as (a form of) organization: Standards represents
organizations outside formal organizations and hence they become governance
mechanisms which organizes the society (Russell, 2005; Ahrne & Brunsson, 2011)

10. Problematization: the macro-actor defines the
identities and the interests of other actors that are
consistent with its own interests.
Interessement: represents the process of convincing
other actors that a macro-actor has specific relevance in
the whole network.
Enrolment: achieved when a specific actor accepts
that the interests of the macro-actor are really
fundamental to include the candidate actor into the
network. This represents the successful outcome of the
problematization and interessement processes.
Mobilization: when actors, belonging to the network,
are persuaded to accept the enrolled actor, since its
interests were accepted by all actors already in the
network. The aim of this stage is to maintain the
commitment among actors within the network.
Problematization
Interessement
Enrolment
Mobilization
OPP
OPP
OPP
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

11. Content of
change (what)
Process of
change
(how)
Context of change (why) Outcome
Outer context
(S,E,P,C Env)
Inner context
(Str, Cc, Pol Ctxt)
Past Present Future
Context and process variability over time
( Actors Interactions & Relationships)
This model supports vertical level of analysis ( Global , national and industry environment) and horizontal successive
interconnections of events from historic, present and future time of change.
(Walsham, 1993; Pettigrew 1985, 1987)
Conceptual Framework: Excerpted from Pettigrew (1985, 1987)

12. This study will use the processual case study research method. Mohr (1982)
described processual method as a theory that gives explanation of how events unfold,
in terms of sequence of different events which leads to outcome.
Data Gathering Technique
• Observation
• Story telling
• Focused Group Discussions
• In-depth interviews (semi-structured interviews)
• Documentaries/Journal keeping
Data Management
• Transcrib data
• Use of QSR-Nvivo 10
Unit of Analysis
• Strong suppliers first tier suppliers (SMEs and Exporters)
•Weak suppliers Initial suppliers (Rural Women and LBAs)
• MNCs Buyers
• NGOs
• Government

13. Phase One
Distribution of letters,
Advocacies & Case
selection
(November 2014-
January, 2014)
Phase Two
Case Communities Entry/
Field Work (Government
Agencies, NGOs, Small
Factories, Individual
Consultants) Case
Communities Exit
January, 2015-April, 2015
Phase Three
January 2016-March 2016
(In depth interviews on
sustainability standards)
Abuja-Minna-Parakou-
Malaysia
Semi-Structured interviews
Participant Observation
Focused Group Discussions
Narratives

14. References
Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through
qualitative analysis. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
Hamprecht, J., Corsten, D., Noll, M., & Meier, E. (2005). Controlling the sustainability
of food supply chains. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 10(1), 7-
10.
Newton, P., Agrawal, A., & Wollenberg, L. (2013). Enhancing the sustainability of
commodity supply chains in tropical forest and agricultural landscapes.Global
Environmental Change, 23(6), 1761-1772.
Ellis, S. C., Henry, R. M., & Shockley, J. (2010). Buyer perceptions of supply
disruption risk: a behavioral view and empirical assessment. Journal of Operations
Management, 28(1), 34-46.
Ellis, S. C., Henry, R. M., & Shockley, J. (2010). Buyer perceptions of supply
disruption risk: a behavioral view and empirical assessment. Journal of Operations
Management, 28(1), 34-46.
Keane, J. (2013). Aid for Trade and engaging with global value chains: developing
trade and reducing food insecurity?. London, Overseas Development Institute (ODI).