BRM Chapter 1.pdf

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Business Research
Methods
BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODS COURSE CODE: MAPM-621

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Chapter One
Introduction to Research
Method

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Chapter One: Session One

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Session Learning Objectives
After studying this session, you should
be able to:
● Describe the meaning, purpose and motivation of
research;
● Define and explain the nature of business research.
● Explain the scientific methods of research;

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Cont’d
● Describe the types of reasoning;
● Discuss the different types of research;

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Session Introduction
● Dear online students, welcome to the first
chapter session one “ Introduction to
Research Method”.
● In this session we will describe the meaning,
objectives and motivation of research. The
nature and scope of business research will be
explained.

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Cont’d
● We will also discuss the types research and
scientific method, and classifications of
research.

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1.1 The Meaning and Definition of
Research
● The word research is composed of two words-
re and search. The dictionary defines the former
as a prefix meaning again, or over again and the
latter as a verb meaning to examine closely and
carefully, to test or to probe.

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Cont’d
● Together they form a noun, research, which means
careful, systematic, patient study and
investigation in some field of knowledge,
undertaken to establish facts or principles.

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Cont’d
● Research is defined differently by different
parties:
● Research is simply the process of finding
solutions to a problem after through study
and analysis of the situational factors
(Bougie & Sekaran).

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Cont’d
● Redman and Mory define research as a “systematized effort
to gain new knowledge.”
● According to Clifford Woody research comprises defining
and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis or
suggested solutions; collecting, organizing and evaluating
data; making deductions and reaching conclusions; and at
last carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether
they fit the formulating hypothesis.

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Cont’d
● According to Paulin V Young, research is a scientific
undertaking which, by means of logical and systematic
techniques, aims to:
○ Discover new facts or verify and test old facts
○ Analyze their sequences interrelationships and
causal explanations
○ Develop new scientific tools, concepts and theories
which would facilitate reliable and valid study of
human behavior

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Discussion Questions
Dear students! how did you understand the following terms:
1. What is the meaning of research and how do you define research?

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1.2 Nature of Business Research
● Business research is the application of the scientific
method in searching for the truth about business
phenomena.
● Business research can be described as a systematic
and organized effort to investigate a specific
problem encountered in the work setting that needs a
solution.

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Cont’d
● Business research comprises a series of
steps designed and executed, with the
goal of finding answers to the issues that
are of concern to the manager in the work
environment.

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Business research is more than
conducting surveys.
● This process includes idea and theory development,
problem definition, searching for and collecting
information, analyzing data, and communicating the
findings and their implications.

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Business research covers a wide
range of phenomena:
● For managers, the purpose of research is to
provide knowledge regarding the organization,
the market, the economy, or another area of
uncertainty.

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● A financial manager may ask, “Will the
environment for long-term financing be
better some years from now?”
● A personnel manager may ask, “What kind
of training is necessary for production
employees?” or “What is the reason for
the company’s high employee turnover?”

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Cont’d
● A marketing manager may ask, “How can I monitor
my retail sales and retail trade activities?”
● Each of these questions requires information about
how the environment, employees, customers, or the
economy will respond to executives’ decisions.
Research is one of the principal tools for answering
these practical questions.

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Cont’d
● Within an organization, a business researcher
may be referred to as a marketing researcher,
an organizational researcher, a director of
financial and economic research, or one of
many other titles.
● The ultimate goal of business research is to
supply accurate information that reduces the
uncertainty in managerial decision making.

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● Business research helps decision makers
shift from intuitive information gathering to
systematic and objective investigation.

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1.3 Objectives of Research
 In general, research studies may be
broadly grouped as to:
● gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to
achieve new insights into it - exploratory
research studies
● portray accurately the characteristics of a
particular individual, situation or a group-
descriptive research studies

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● determine the frequency with which something
occurs or with which it is associated with
something else -diagnostic research studies
● test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between
variables- hypothesis-testing research studies

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In the business arena, research is required
because of the following reasons:
● To identify and find solutions to the problems.
● To help in making decisions.
● To develop new concepts.
● To find alternate business strategies.
● To gain a competitive advantage.

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● To test new products and services.
● To enhance profitability.
● To reduce operational costs.

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1.4 Motivation of Research
The motivation to do research may be due
to the desire:
● to get a research degree along with its consequential
benefits
● to face the challenge in solving the unsolved problems,
i.e., concern over practical problems initiates research

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Cont’d
● to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work
● to be of service to society
● to get respectability, etc.

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Cont’d
● Many more factors such as directives of government,
employment conditions, curiosity about new things,
desire to understand causal relationships, social
thinking and awakening, and the like may as well
motivate (or at times compel) people to perform
research operations

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1. What motivates individuals/ organizations to conduct research?

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1.5 The Scientific Method of Research
● The two terms, research and scientific method,
are closely related.
● Research, as we have already stated, can be
termed as “an inquiry into the nature of, the
reasons for, and the consequences of any
particular set of circumstances, whether these
circumstances are experimentally controlled or
recorded just as they occur.

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Cont’d
● On the other hand, the philosophy common to all
research methods and techniques, although they
may vary considerably from one science to
another, is usually given the name of scientific
method.
● All research types involve the scientific method.

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Cont’d
● Scientific method is the pursuit of truth as
determined by logical considerations. The ideal of
science is to achieve a systematic interrelation of
facts. Thus, the scientific method encourages a
rigorous, impersonal mode of procedure dictated
by the demands of logic and objective
procedure.”

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Cont’d
● The scientific method is the way researchers go
about using knowledge and evidence to reach
objective conclusions about the real world.
● The scientific method is the same in social
sciences, such as business, as in physical
sciences, such as physics.

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Steps in the Scientific Method of
Research
The main steps in the scientific method
include:
1. Choose a question to investigate
2. Identify a hypothesis related to the question
3. Make testable predictions in the hypothesis
4. Design an experiment to answer hypothesis
question

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Cont’d
5. Collect data (experiment)
6. Determine results and assess their validity
7. Determine if results support or refute your
hypothesis

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Cont’d
● The scientific method is, thus, based on certain
basic postulates which can be stated as under:
1. It relies on empirical evidence;
2. It utilizes relevant concepts;
3. It is committed to only objective considerations;
4. It presupposes ethical neutrality, i.e., it aims at
nothing but making only adequate and correct
statements about population objects;

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5. It results into probabilistic predictions;
6. Its methodology is made known to all
concerned for critical scrutiny are for use
in testing the conclusions through
replication;
7. It aims at formulating most general axioms
or what can be termed as scientific
theories

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1. What are the most important steps in a scientific method of
research?

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Forms of Scientific Method
● The modern method of science is broadly of
two broad methods of reasoning: Induction
and Deduction.
● Induction and deduction represent the two
contrasting approaches to acquiring
knowledge and understanding the world.

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1. Deductive
 It is a movement in knowledge from a general
rule to a particular case.
 The goal of the researcher is to test concepts
and patterns known from theory using new
empirical data.
 Deductive research is theory-testing research.

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● Deductive reasoning works from the more
general to the more specific.
○ also called a "top-down" approach.
○ begin with a theory – to specific
hypotheses – into observations.
○ test the hypotheses with specific data- a
confirmation (or not) of our original
theories.

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Cont’d
● E.g.
● Man is mortal and Socrates is a man;
therefore, Socrates is mortal
● we know that all high performers are highly
proficient in their jobs. If John is a high
performer, we then conclude that he is highly
proficient in his job.

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Cont’d

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2. Inductive
 It is the movement from specific observations
to broader generalizations and theories. This is
a "bottom up" approach.
 The goal of a researcher is to infer theoretical
concepts and patterns from observed data.
Hence, inductive research is often loosely
called theory-building research.

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Cont’d
● We begin with specific observations and
measures, begin to detect patterns and
regularities, formulate some tentative
hypotheses, and finally end up
developing some general conclusions or
theories.
● E.g. Socrates is mortal and Socrates is a
man; therefore, man is mortal.

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1. What are the two contrasting approaches to acquiring knowledge?
2. What does it mean deductive reasoning?
3. What do we mean by inductive reasoning?

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1.6 Classifications of Research
● Types of research can be looked at from
different perspectives:
1. Applications of the findings of the research
study;
2. Objectives (Purpose) of the study;
3. Approach (or Data) used in conducting the
study ;

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Cont’d
4. On the basis of the environment in which the
research is carried out;
5. The length of time period of completion of the
study.

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● The classification of the types of a study on the
basis of these perspectives is not mutually
exclusive: that is, a research study classified from
the viewpoint of ‘application’ can also be classified
from the perspectives of ‘objectives’ and ‘enquiry
mode’ employed.

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Cont’d
I. Based on use/outcome of Research
A) Basic research (academic or fundamental or
pure research)
• Such research is
• aimed at investigating or searching for new principles
and laws.
• basically concerned with the formulation of a theory
or a contribution to the existing body of knowledge.

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Cont’d
• designed to add to an organized body of scientific
knowledge and does not necessarily produce
results of immediate practical value.
• mainly concerned with generalizations and with
the formulation of a theory.
• The major aims of basic research include:
• Obtaining and using empirical data to formulate,
expand, or evaluate theory; and

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Cont’d
• Discovery of knowledge solely for the sake of
knowledge without any intention to apply it in
practice.
 Examples of pure research include:
 Research concerning some natural phenomenon or
relating to pure mathematics
 Research studies, concerning human behavior
carried on with a view to make generalizations
about human behavior

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 Darwin Theory of Evolution
 Newton’s Law of Motion
 Einstein Theory of Relativity

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Cont’d
B) Applied research
● It is aimed at finding a solution for an immediate
problem facing a society, a group or industry
(business organization) and the goal of adding to the
scientific knowledge is secondary.
● The primary purpose for applied research is
discovering, interpreting, and the development of
methods and systems for solving practical
problems.

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Cont’d
● While pure research discovers principles and laws,
applied research discovers their application in
solving some social, economical or any other
problems.
● It is a research to identify social, economic or
political trends that may affect a particular
institution

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Cont’d
II. On the basis of the purpose of investigation
A. Exploratory research
● It is also called preliminary (initial) research.
● Exploratory studies are conducted to develop,
refine and/or test measurement tools and
procedures.
● It is conducted when there are few or no earlier
studies to which references can be made for
information.

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Cont’d
● It is a type of research conducted for a problem
that has not been clearly defined.
● Its focus is on the discovery of ideas and insights as
opposed to collecting statistically accurate data.

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Cont’d
● It helps to:
○ determine the best research design,
○ develop hypotheses,
○ develop questions to be answered,
○ understand how to measure a variable,
○ determine data collection method, and
○ determine selection of subjects.

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Cont’d
● It intends merely to explore the research questions
and does not intend to offer final and conclusive
solutions to existing problems.
● It is aimed to gain familiarity with the problem, to
generate new ideas or to make a precise
formulation of the problem. Hence it is also known
as formulative research.
● Its purpose is to gain background information and
better understand and clarify a problem.

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Cont’d
● It is often conducted in new areas of inquiry, where
the goals of the research are: (1) to scope out the
magnitude or extent of a particular phenomenon,
problem, or behavior, (2) to generate some initial
ideas (or “hunches”) about that phenomenon, or (3)
to test the feasibility of undertaking a more
extensive study regarding that phenomenon.
● It is common in inductive research logical reasoning
and in qualitative research.

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Cont’d
B) Descriptive Research
● Descriptive Research is a fact finding investigation
which is aimed at describing the characteristics of
individual, situation or a group (or) describing the
state of affairs as it exists at present.
● It examines the what, where, and when of a
phenomenon

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Cont’d
● The goal of descriptive research is to describe
some aspect of a phenomenon, i.e., the status of a
given phenomenon.
● The main characteristic of such research is that the
researcher has no control over the variables; he can
only report what has happened or what is
happening.

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Cont’d
● The major purpose of descriptive research is
description of the state of affairs as it exists at
present.
● Descriptive research cannot be used to investigate
a causal-relationship, where one variable affects
another.
● It is conclusive research type.

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Cont’d
Goals of Descriptive research:
● To provide an accurate profile of a group
● To describe a processes, mechanism or relationship
● To provide a verbal or numerical picture about a
phenomenon
● To find information to stimulate new explanations
● To present basic background information on a
context
● To create a set of categories or classify types

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Cont’d
C) Explanatory (Analytical or Casual) Research
● It aims at establishing the cause and effect
relationship between variables.
● It is primarily concerned with testing hypothesis
and specifying and interpreting relationships, by
analyzing the facts or information already available.

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● It is quantitative in nature as well as preplanned and
structured in design.
● It will have two objectives: 1) To understand which
variables are the cause and which variables are the
effect, and 2) to determine the nature of the
relationship between the causal variables and the
effect to be predicted.

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Cont’d
● It is common in deductive research logical
reasoning.
● It is conclusive research type.
● Explanatory research builds on both exploratory
and descriptive researches.
● It involves:
○ explaining things not just reporting. why?
elaborating and enriching a theory's
explanation.

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Cont’d
○ determining which of several explanations is
best.
○ determining the accuracy of the theory; test a
theory's predictions or principle.
○ providing evidence to support or refute an
explanation or prediction.
○ testing a theory's predictions or principles.

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Cont’d
D) Conceptual Research
● It is that related to some abstract idea(s) or theory
based on a particular idea.
● It doesn’t involve any practical experiments.
● It is generally used by philosophers and thinkers to
develop new concepts or to reinterpret existing
ones.

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Cont’d
E) Empirical Research
● It relies on experience or observation alone, often
without due regard for system and theory.
● It is data-based research, coming up with
conclusions which are capable of being verified by
observation or experiment. We can also call it as
experimental type of research.

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Cont’d
● The researcher must first provide himself with a
working hypothesis or guess as to the probable
results. He then works to get enough facts (data) to
prove or disprove his hypothesis.
● Here, hypothesis are formulated, data collected and
hypothesis tested.

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Cont’d
III) Based on Approaches/data of Research
A. Qualitative Research
● Such research is applicable for phenomenon that
cannot be expressed in terms of quantity.
● In qualitative research data are often in the form of
descriptions, quality and kind, not numbers.
● Qualitative research involves studies that do not
attempt to quantify their results through statistical
summary or analysis.

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Cont’d
● Qualitative approach to research is concerned with
subjective assessment of attitudes, opinions and
behavior.
● Research designed to find out how people feel or
what they think about a particular subject or
institution is an example of such research.

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Cont’d
● Qualitative research is specially important in the
behavioral sciences where the aim is to discover
the underlying motives of human behavior.
● Qualitative research is a type of empirical enquiry
that entails purposive sampling for gathering data.

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Cont’d
● It involves:
I. in-depth interviews,
II. group discussions,
III. projective techniques,
IV. observations without formal measurement.

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Cont’d
B. Quantitative Research
● Quantitative research is based on the measurement
of quantity or amount.
● It is applicable for phenomenon that can be
expressed in term of quantity.
● The objective of Such research is to develop and
employ mathematical models, theories and
hypotheses pertaining to natural phenomena.

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Cont’d
● It concentrates on measuring or counting and
involves collecting and analyzing numerical data and
applying statistical tests.
● It generally involves using statistical tools to analyze
large amounts of numerical data on a large number
of cases.

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Cont’d
Distinction between Qualitative and
Quantitative Research
● Qualitative research involves subjectivity whereas
quantitative research demands objectivity.
● Qualitative research employs small samples than
quantitative research.

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Cont’d
● Qualitative research describes meaning or
discovery whereas quantitative establishes
relationship or causation.
● Qualitative research uses unstructured data
collection whereas quantitative research uses
structured data collection methods.

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Cont’d
IV. On the basis of the environment in which
the research is carried out
A) Field research
● It is a research carried out in the field. Such
research is common in social science, agricultural
science, history and archeology.

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Cont’d
B) Laboratory research
● It is a research carried out in the laboratory.
● These are commonly experimental research.
● Such researches are common in medical science,
agriculture and in general in natural sciences.

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Cont’d
C) Simulation research
● Such research uses models to represent the real
world.
● Simulation is common in physical science,
economics and mathematics.

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Cont’d
V) Based on Time Dimension
● From the angle of time, research could be divided
into two broad types: one-time research /cross-
sectional/ or longitudinal research.

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Cont’d
A) Cross-Sectional Research.
● researchers observe at one point in time.
● is usually the simplest and least costly alternative.
● Its disadvantage is that it cannot capture the
change processes.
● can be exploratory, descriptive, or explanatory, but
it is most consistent with a descriptive approach to
research.

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Cont’d
B) Longitudinal Research
● Such research is also called on-going research.
● It is a research carried out over several time
periods.
● Researchers using longitudinal research examine
features of people or other units at more than one
time.

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Cont’d
● This can be time series (the same type of
information is collected on a group of people or
other units across multiple time periods), panel (the
researcher observes exactly the same people,
group, or organization across time periods) type of
research and cohort analysis (similar to the panel
study, but rather than observing the exact same
people, a category of people who share similar life
experience in a specified period is studied).

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Session Summary
● Research comprises defining and redefining
problems, formulating hypothesis or suggested
solutions; collecting, organizing and evaluating data;
making deductions and reaching conclusions; and
at last carefully testing the conclusions to
determine whether they fit the formulating
hypothesis.

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Cont’d
● Research comes in many shapes and sizes. There
are different criteria for classifying research
activities, such as:
○ The research (data collection)techniques used
in it,
○ the time dimension,
○ research environment
○ data used.
○ The intended uses of research;

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Review Questions
1. What criteria are used for classifying research activities?
2. What are the basic types of research?
3. What makes applied research different from basic research?
4. Why researchers conduct explanatory researches?

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Chapter One: Session Two

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Session Learning Objectives
After studying this session, you should
be able to:
● Explain the research process;
● Discuss the characteristic of research, criteria of
good research and ethical issues in research.

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Session Introduction
 Dear online students welcome the second
session of chapter one. In this session we are
going to cover the Research Process,
characteristics of research, Criteria of Good
Research and Research Ethics

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1.7 The Research Processes
● A Research process consists of series of actions or
steps necessary to effectively carry out research
and the desired sequencing of these steps.

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Cont’d
● The research processes consist of a number of closely
related activities which can overlap continuously rather
than following a strictly prescribed sequence. The first
step can determine the nature of the last step to be
undertaken.

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Cont’d
● One should remember that the various steps
involved in a research process are not mutually
exclusive; nor they are separate and distinct.

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Cont’d
● However, the following order concerning
various steps provides a useful procedural
guideline regarding the research process:
1. formulating the research problem;
2. extensive literature survey;
3. developing the hypothesis;
4. preparing the research design;

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Cont’d
5. determining sample design;
6. collecting the data;
7. analysis of data;
8. hypothesis testing;
9. generalizations and interpretation, and
preparation of the report
 A brief description of the above stated
steps will be helpful

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Cont’d
1. Formulating the research problem
● The research problem in a study begins to
become clear when the researcher asks: “what is
the need for this study?” or “what problem
influenced the need to undertake this study?”,
“Why does this research need to be conducted?”
● Research problem is the problem or issue that
leads to the need for a study that exists in the
literature, theory, or practice

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Cont’d
2. Extensive literature survey
● A literature review means locating and assessing
studies about a topic.
● It is related with review of concepts and theories,
and previous research findings regarding the
problem of your study that provide frameworks
for the topics.

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Cont’d
3. Development of working hypotheses
● After extensive literature survey, researcher
should state in clear terms the working
hypothesis or hypotheses.
● Working hypothesis is tentative assumption made
in order to draw out and test its logical or
empirical consequences.
● They provide the focal point for research.

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Cont’d
4. Preparing the research design
● For any investigation, the selection of an appropriate
research design is crucial in enabling you to arrive at
valid findings, comparisons and conclusions.
● When selecting a research design it is important to
ensure that it is valid, workable and manageable.
● The function of research design is to provide for the
collection of relevant evidence with minimal
expenditure of effort, time and money.

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Cont’d
5. Determining sample design
● The researcher must decide the way of selecting a
sample or what is popularly known as the sample
design which is a definite plan determined before any
data are actually collected for obtaining a sample from
a given population.

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Cont’d
6. Collecting the data
● In dealing with any real-life problem, it is often found that
data at hand are inadequate, and hence, it becomes
necessary to collect data that are appropriate.
● There are several ways of collecting the appropriate data
which differ considerably in context of money costs, time
and other resources at the disposal of the researcher.
● It is collection of data from primary sources and
secondary sources.

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Cont’d
7. Analysis of data
● After the data have been collected, the researcher turns to
the task of analyzing them.
● The analysis of data requires a number of closely related
operations such as establishment of categories, the
application of these categories to raw data through coding,
tabulation and then drawing statistical inferences.

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Cont’d
8. Hypothesis-testing
● After analyzing the data, the researcher is in a position to
test the hypotheses, if any, he had formulated earlier.
● The usual question which should be answered while testing
hypotheses is that ‘’Do the facts support the hypotheses
or they happen to be contrary?’’
● Hypothesis-testing will result in either accepting the
hypothesis or in rejecting it.

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Cont’d
9. Generalizations and interpretation
● If a hypothesis is tested and upheld several times, it may
be possible for the researcher to arrive at generalization,
i.e., to build a theory.
● If the researcher had no hypothesis to start with, he might
seek to explain his findings on the basis of some theory. It
is known as interpretation.
● As a matter of fact, the real value of research lies in its
ability to arrive at certain generalizations.

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Cont’d
10. Preparation of the report or the thesis
● Finally, the researcher has to prepare the report of what
has been done by him.
● Report should be written in a concise and objective style
in simple language avoiding vague expressions such as ‘it
seems,’ ‘there may be’, and the like.

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1. Briefly describe the different steps involved in a research process.

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1.8 Characteristics of Good Research
We can state the qualities of a good
research as under:
● Good research is systematic: It means that
research is structured with specified steps to
be taken in a specified sequence in accordance
with the well defined set of rules.

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Cont’d
● Good research is logical: This implies that research
is guided by the rules of logical reasoning and the
logical process of induction and deduction are of
great value in carrying out research.

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Cont’d
● Good research is empirical: It implies that research
is related basically to one or more aspects of a real
situation and deals with concrete data that provides
a basis for external validity to research results.
● Good research is replicable: This characteristic
allows research results to be verified by replicating
the study and thereby building a sound basis for
decisions.

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1.9 Criteria of Good Research
1. The purpose of the research should be clearly defined.
2. The research procedure used should be described in
sufficient detail to permit another researcher to repeat the
research for further advancement, keeping the continuity
of what has already been attained.

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Cont’d
3. The procedural design of the research should
be carefully planned to yield results that are as
objective as possible.
4. The researcher should report with complete
frankness.

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Cont’d
5. The analysis of data should be sufficiently adequate to
reveal its significance and the methods of analysis used
should be appropriate. The validity and reliability of the
data should be checked carefully.
6. Findings presented unambiguously.

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Cont’d
7. Conclusions should be confined to those
justified by the data of the research and
limited to those for which the data provide
an adequate basis.
8. Greater confidence in research is warranted
if the researcher is experienced, has a good
reputation in research and is a person of
integrity.

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1. What are the important criteria that a good research should fulfill?
2. Why shall the research problem be defined before collecting data?
3. What are the characteristics of a good research?

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1.10 Ethical Issues in Research
● Ethics – ‘that branch of philosophy dealing
with values relating to human conduct, with
respect to the rightness and wrongness of
certain actions and to the goodness and
badness of the motives and ends of such
actions.’
● Ethics in business research refers to a code
of conduct or expected societal norm of
behavior while conducting research.

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Cont’d
● Research ethics provides guidelines for the
responsible conduct of research and ensures
a high ethical standard.
● The following is a general summary of some
ethical principles

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Cont’d
● Honesty: Honestly report data, results, methods and
procedures, and publication status. Do not fabricate,
falsify, or misrepresent data.
● Objectivity: Strive to avoid bias in experimental
design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review,
personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony,
and other aspects of research.

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Cont’d
● Integrity: Keep your promises and agreements; act
with sincerity; strive for consistency of thought and
action.
● Carefulness: Avoid careless errors and negligence;
carefully and critically examine your own work and
the work of your peers. Keep good records of
research activities.

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Cont’d
● Openness: Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources.
Be open to criticism and new ideas.
● Respect for Intellectual Property: Honor patents,
copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property.
Do not use unpublished data, methods, or results
without permission. Give credit where credit is due.
Never plagiarize.

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Cont’d
● Confidentiality: Protect confidential
communications, such as papers or grants submitted
for publication, personnel records, trade or military
secrets, and patient records.
● Responsible Publication: Publish in order to advance
research and scholarship, not to advance just your
own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative
publication.

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Cont’d
● Responsible Mentoring: Help to educate, mentor,
and advise students. Promote their welfare and allow
them to make their own decisions.
● Respect for Colleagues: Respect your colleagues
and treat them fairly.
● Social Responsibility: Strive to promote social good
and prevent or mitigate social harms through
research, public education, and advocacy.

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Cont’d
● Non-Discrimination: Avoid discrimination against
colleagues or students on the basis of sex, race,
ethnicity, or other factors that are not related to their
scientific competence and integrity.
● Competence: Maintain and improve your own
professional competence and expertise through
lifelong education and learning; take steps to
promote competence in science as a whole.

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Cont’d
● Legality: Know and obey relevant laws and
institutional and governmental policies.
● Animal Care: Show proper respect and care for
animals when using them in research. Do not conduct
unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments.
● Human Subjects Protection: When conducting
research on human subjects, minimize harms and
risks and maximize benefits; respect human dignity,
privacy, and autonomy.

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1. What do you mean by ethics in research? Briefly state the ethical
standards in research.

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Chapter Summary
● A Research process consists of series of actions or
steps necessary to effectively carry out research
and the desired sequencing of these steps. These
includes:
1. formulating the research problem;
2. extensive literature survey;
3. developing the hypothesis;
4. preparing the research design;

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Cont’d
5) determining sample design;
6) collecting the data;
7) analysis of data;
8) hypothesis testing;
9) generalizations and interpretation,
and preparation of the report

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Cont’d
● The qualities of a good research includes:
1. Good research is systematic
2. Good research is logical
3. Good research is empirical
4. Good research is replicable

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PREMIRECOLLEGE.EDU.ET
01 Thank you for your time and your participation see
you in the next chapter.
END OF CHAPTER ONE!

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PREMIRECOLLEGE.EDU.ET
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