Kaloleni Estate is located about 2 km from the CBD. Bordering the estate to the west is the City Stadium; to the east, Makongeni estate; to the north, Jogoo Highway; and to the south is the Industrial Area, a manufacturing district. Kaloleni estate borrows heavily from the Neighbourhood Unit Concept (NUC) proposed in the 1948 Nairobi Master Plan (Thornton-White et al; 19480). The NUC entailed the ‘garden city’ principles by Ebenezer Howard such as self-sufficiency and environmental persuasions. Secondly, it enshrined the sense of a community as the heart of model settlements in the 19th century. This formed a basis for garden city developments such as Hampstead and Letchwood garden suburbs in the UK (G. Towers 2005). It envisaged communities of 6,000 to 10,000 united by neighbourhood facilities like a school, shopping and public function buildings. They were communities defined by transport networks or open spaces on the periphery.

1. A STUDY OF AFFORDABLE HOUSING FOR LOW INCOME
HOUSEHOLDS
KALOLENI
ESTATE
09
Group
GACHURI EMILY WAIHIGA B02/33630/2015
OJWANG SHEILA ATIENO B02/1013/2016
ITAPARA COLLINS RAYMOND B02/34673/2015
MMBANDO KELVIN FRANCIS B02/33567/2015
OKEYA ONYANGO DERRICK B02/1029/2016
BAR 513/514
ADVANCED ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
03/10/2019

2. Kaloleni Estate
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1:INTRODUCTION
1.1 Abstract
1.2 Location and setting
1.3Historical Background
1.4Population and demographics charectaristics
1.5Access
1.6Physical Configuration
CHAPTER 2:FRAMEWORK
2.1Approach
CHAPTER 3:PHYSICAL CHARECTARISTICS
3.1Climate
3.2Topography
3.3Environmental Charectaristics
3.4Infrastructure and services
CHAPTER 4:SOCIO-ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
4.1Social strata
4.2Social Activities and amenities
4.3Economic Activities
4.4Income levels
CHAPTER 5:SETTLEMENT CONFIGURATION
5.1Clusters
5.2House Typologies
5.3Materiality and Technology
CHAPTER 6:CONCLUSION

3. Kaloleni Estate
1. INTRODUCTION
Nairobi city was founded in 1899 when Railway authorities determined
that the area’s central location, flat landscape, and moderate climate
made it an ideal setting for a colonial administrative center that could
service the rural communities.
The colonial administration chose not to establish an industrial base in
Nairobi and intended to
keep the city a home for non-Africans and temporary, male, African
migrant workers.
Therefore, many African laborers in Nairobi were brought in on short-term
contracts to work in
the service sector, while a second group of mission-educated, literate
Africans filled lower-level administrative posts in the colonial government.
The government tried to limit the number of Africans living in the city, their
movement, and their settlement by instituting pass laws and the 1922
Vagrancy Act, which decreed that “unauthorized huts” could be
demolished and unemployed Africans were forcibly removed from the city
. Within Nairobi, Africans were assigned to live in “native reserves” at the
edge of the city, where they were separated by ethnic group and provided
temporary accommodations and minimal services. This segregated
housing policy was justified as part of a strategy to separate “diseased”
Africans from healthy Europeans. But as sanctioned African housing
became scarce and a host of unauthorized African migrants moved to
Nairobi in search of wage
labor, informal settlements developed throughout the city .
This rural – urban migration increased significantly after independence
when Kenyan natives were now free to move and leave in the city as they
could wish.
01

4. Kaloleni Estate
N
N
Kaloleni is located about 2 km from the CBD. Bordering the estate to the
west is the City Stadium; to the east, Makongeni estate; to the north,
Jogoo Highway; and to the south is the Industrial Area, a manufacturing
district.
The main access is along jogoo road. Kaloleni can also be accessed from
Industrial Area and through Makongeni estate. The access along Lusaka
Road is blocked by a perimeter wall.
1.1 Location and context
02

5. Kaloleni Estate
PlayingField
Ch
Ch
Cult
Cult
Cult
Cult
Cult
Cult
Cult
Cult
Cult
Cult
Cult
Cult
Cult
Cult
Cult
Cult
Cult
Cult
Cult
Cult
Cult
Cult
Cult
KAMUKUNJI
MAKADARA
KAMUKUNJI
MAKONGENI
SHAURIMOYO
MAKONGENI
KALOLENI
RUA
HA
ROA
D
J
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AMBIRA ROAD
KHARTOUM ROAD
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KARUI ROAD
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KISUMU ROAD
BATIAN ROAD
K
IN
A
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KenyaRailways
Kaloleni Hall S
tores
Hussein Glass Ware
Blow Blast 2
S
caniaOffices
KetepaDepot
S
hops
S
hops
S
hops
S
hopping
Centre
Kaloleni
Healthy Centre
S
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S
chool
Makongeni
Police S
tation
Makongeni S
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Hall & Disp
HeshimaRd.
Primary S
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M.O.W.
Housing
Bahati
S
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Apex
S
teel C.B.K
Godowns
Bamburi
Cement
KenyaMaltings
Limited Company
Kaloleni
Primary S
chool
Railways
S
taff Houses
S
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Church
Welfare
Centre
Makongeni
Primary S
chool
J
oseph Apudo
Primary S
chool
Tru Foods
Lmited Company
Makongeni
Chief's Office
S
hauri Moyo
Police S
tation
Y.M.C.A.
S
hauri Moyo
Orthodox
Church
Our Lady of Mercy
Primary S
chool
Chu
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1647.5
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1
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163
16
46
16
40
16
41
1634
16
43
1644
16
50
16
48
1644
16
46
16
49
City Studium
Cult
Cult
Cult
Cult
Cult
Cult
KAMUKUNJI
MAKONGENI
KAMUKUNJI
SHAURI MOYO
KALOLENI
MUTHURWA
KALOLENI ESTATE
SHAURI MOYO ESTATE
JOGOO ROAD
L
U
S
A
K
A
R
O
A
D
CHANGAMWE ROAD
BAMBURI ROAD
P
E
M
B
A
S
T
R
E
E
T
ADDIS
ABABA ROAD
A
T
H
I
R
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A
D
KARUI ROAD
STA
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M
ROA
D
MASAI ROAD
PA
U
LO
AG
O
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R
O
AD
NUEG
A ROAD
OSONGO
ROAD
BATIAN
ROAD
AHERO STREET
LA
LI
R
O
AD
K
e
n
y
a
R
a
il
w
a
y
s
Kenya Prisons
National Cereal and
Produce Board
Mobil Petrol Station
MUTHURWA Kenya Railways Houses
Unga Limited
Factories
Factories
Factories
Factories
Factories
Factories
Factories
D.T. DOBIE
Kenya Litho Limited
Fina
Bank
Bank of
Baroda
Coca Cola
Bottlers
Impala Glass
Industries
Wire Products
Limited
Pearl
Drycleaners
LABH Coach
Body Builders
Kaloleni Church
of God
Elliots Kenya
Limited
1653.1
1653.1
1654.6
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1653.6
1654.8
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1648.9
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165
0
16
53
165
3
9856500
9857000
9856250
9856750
9857250
CITY
STADIUM
MAKONGENI
INDUSTRIAL AREA
JOGOO ROAD
SOCIAL HALL.
LUSAKA ROAD.
SHAURI MOYO.
01
03
04
02 ZONE 2.
ZONE 1.
ZONE 3.
05
N
Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3
03

6. Kaloleni Estate
KALOLENI ESTATE
Area 37 Ha
Population
800
No.of Housing Units
Bungalows/ walk up flats
Type of Housing
Low income earners
Target population
3000
ACCESS ROAD
ACCESS ROAD
ACCESS ROAD
ACCESS ROAD
ACCESS ROAD
ACCESS ROAD
ACCESS ROAD
CENTRAL
OPEN
SPACE
RADIAL
STREETS.
1.2 Historical Background.
In 1942 a committee was appointed to investigate the need for African
housing. The chairman of the committee was C.E. Mortimer,
commissioner for Local Government and son of the Councillor Joseph
Mortimer who as Mayor in 1937-38 had backed the five year’s
programme committee. The committee reported that housing was needed
for 24, 000 people and they aimed at providing for 10, 000. In 1944-45,
Kaloleni Estate project was meant to house 3, 000 people was under
construction. It was termed as the model neighbourhood unit due to some
sustainable urban design principles evident. It was taken over from the
government by the municipal council in 1945 (Hake; 1977).
Kaloleni Estate was home to Historical figures such as Tom Mboya and
former Ugandan President Milton Obote
Residents recall various historical moments with a mixture of pride and
nostalgia: Queen Elizabeth of England opened a clinic in Kaloleni Estate
in 1952, and Senator Robert Kennedy gave a speech in the same estate
in 1969. The community hall was originally used as a center of the
independence movement, and later as Kenya’s first parliament building.
According to a resident, Moses Ouma, Tom Mboya lived in a two-roomed
house in Kaloleni Z1 near the City Stadium. Kaloleni derives its name
from kiswahili word Kaloleni meaning 'njooni muone'Initially Kaloleni was
used to house Soldiers from the World War 2.
04
Kaloleni estate borrows heavily from the Neighbourhood Unit Concept
(NUC) proposed in the 1948 Nairobi Master Plan (Thornton-White et al;
19480). The NUC entailed the ‘garden city’ principles by Ebenezer Howard
such as self-sufficiency and environmental persuasions.
Secondly, it enshrined the sense of a community as the heart of model
settlements in the 19th
century. This formed a basis for garden city developments such as
Hampstead and Letchwood garden suburbs in the UK (G. Towers 2005). It
envisaged communities of 6,000 to 10,000 united by neighbourhood
facilities like a school, shopping and public function buildings.
They were communities defined by transport networks or open spaces on
the periphery.
Within they were highly pedestrianized with facilities within walking distance.

7. Kaloleni Estate
ce
e
stic,
the
work
r as
60%
Fig 1.8.1. Families and Households
holds in the settlement. However,
n made of a 4 people, namely: mother,
lso found families who live separately
her who lived in a different area but
ston. Extended families were such as
dmother. There was quite a rarity of
s of Industrial Area. Some residents keep
ys. There is also a lot of recycling taking place
of garbage in the area. The recyclers sort the
o different rates according to the waste: plastic,
are caretakers of property, water points,
free accommodation in exchange for being the
ge of unemployed people who either seek work
seasonally employed in a varied “vibarua” or as
on
ent have cemented floors. Most
ated Iron sheets while very few
ere is mixed construction
masonry on the ground floor and
oor.
60%
Fig 1.8.1. Families and Households
Fig 1.8.2. Workforce
1.3 Population and Demographics.
1.3.1 Households and families
There are various types of family households in the settlement. However,
most of typical household in the area in made of a 4 people, namely:
mother,father, children. During our study, we also found families who live
separately from the main breadwinner, i.e. the father who lived in a
different area but sends money back to the family in Kingston. Extended
families were such as those of a nuclear family plus the grandmother.
There was quite a rarity of single people.
1.3.2 Workforce
The settlement mostly has employees of Industrial Area. Some residents
keep animals such as guinea fowls or turkeys. There is also a lot of
recycling taking place in the area due to the large amounts of garbage in
the area. The recyclers sort the garbage are paid by industries per kilo
different rates according to the waste: plastic,
paper or cans. Very privileged people are caretakers of property, water
points,rentals, power lines etc and are given free accommodation in
exchange for being the caretakers. There is a larger percentage of
unemployed people who either seek work or are housewives. Many
people are seasonally employed in a varied “vibarua” or as artisans.
1.3.3 Building Construction
80% of the structures in the settlement have cemented floors. Most of the
structures are made of corrugated Iron sheets while very few are made of
only stone buildings. There is mixed construction
buildings which are made of stone masonry on the ground floor and
corrugated iron sheets on the first floor.
05

8. Kaloleni Estate
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Kaloleni Hall S
tores
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Blow Blast 2
Achelis
Blow Blast 3
Carlton
S
caniaOffices
Express(K) Limited Company
Kaluworks Limited Company
S
unflag
East African Cables
KetepaDepot
TATA
Marshals Peugeot S
ervice
Fuso Heavy Commercial Division
S
hops
S
hops
S
hops
S
hopping
Centre
Kaloleni
Healthy Centre
S
aint J
ohn's
S
chool
Makongeni
Police S
tation
Makongeni S
ocial
Hall & Disp
HeshimaRd.
Primary S
chool
M.O.W.
Housing
Bahati
S
hoppingCe
Wyco
Paints
P·Pemco
Limited Company
Plastics and Rubber
Industries
Apex
S
teel
Vishnu Wood
and Hardware
C.B.K
Godowns
LivingWater
International
Bamburi
Cement
KenyaWood(K)
Limited Company
KenyaMaltings
Limited Company
Colas E.A.
Limited Company
H-Youngand
Company Limited
Kaloleni
Primary S
chool
Railways
S
taff Houses
S
.D.A
Church
Welfare
Centre
Makongeni
Primary S
chool
J
oseph Apudo
Primary S
chool
Tru Foods
Lmited Company
Makongeni
Chief's Office
S
hauri Moyo
Police S
tation
Y.M.C.A.
S
hauri Moyo
Orthodox
Church
Our Lady of Mercy
Primary S
chool
Chu
Comm
1648.1
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164
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1
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163
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164
0
164
1
1634
1643
164
4
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1648
165
0
164
8
1644
164
6
164
9
City Studium
Cult
Cult
Cult
Cult
Cult
Cult
KAMUKUNJI
MAKONGENI
KAMUKUNJI
SHAURI MOYO
KALOLENI
MUTHURWA
KALOLENI ESTATE
SHAURI MOYO ESTATE
JOGO
O ROAD
LU
SA
KA
R
O
AD
CH
UK
A
RO
AD
DA
KA
R RO
AD
CH
AN
GA
MW
E RO
AD
BA
MB
UR
I RO
AD
FU
NZ
I RO
AD
PE
MB
A
ST
RE
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AD
DIS
AB
AB
A RO
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AT
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AD
KARU
I ROAD
STADI
UM
ROAD
MA
SA
I RO
AD
PA
UL
O
AG
OI
RO
AD
NU
EG
A RO
AD
OS
ON
GO
RO
AD
BA
TIA
N
RO
AD
AHERO
STREE
T
LAL
I
RO
AD
K
en
ya
R
ai
lw
ay
s
Kenya Prisons
Barclays Bank
KCC
KCC
I&M Bank
Creamery House
Unga Loading Bay
National Cereal and
Produce Board
Mobil Petrol Station
MUTHURWA Kenya Railways Houses
Unga Limited
Unga Feeds
Factories
Factories
Factories
Factories
Factories
Factories
Factories
Factories
Factories
D.T. DOBIE
Kenya Litho Limited
Fina
Bank
Bank of
Baroda
Coca Cola
Bottlers
Impala Glass
Industries
Wire Products
Limited
Pearl
Drycleaners
LABH Coach
Body Builders
Kaloleni Church
of God
Elliots Kenya
Limited
B
1653.1
1653.1
1654.6
1653.8
1654.9
1655.3
1651.3
1651.6
1651.2
1651.7
1651.4
1651.4
1651.5
1651.8
1652.3
1652.3
1652.8
1652.2
1653.7
1658.4
1658.3
1653.1
1651.1
1649.8
1650.7
1650.9
1650.9
1651.8
1652.7
1653.1
1653.5
1652.3
1652.9
1653.6
1653.5
1653.6
1653.8
1654.1
1653.7
1653.5
1654.6
1651.8
1652.7
1652.5
1653.9
1653.6
1653.6
1654.8
1654.7
1650.2
1649.7
1648.9
1649.7
1650.3
1650.2
1650.7
1651.3
1650.9
1649.9
1650.5
1650.1
1649.5
1649.8
1650.7
1650.5
1650.3
1650.4
1651.7
1651.2
1651.1
1651.2
1650.8
1649.9
1651.2
1651.8
1651.1
1650.9
1651.2
1651.2
1651.1
1651.8
1651.2
1650.9
1649.8
1648.8
1649.2
1649.6
1649.8
1650.6
1650.5
1650.2
1650.8
1651.4
1650.8
1650.9
1651.7
1651.9
1651.4
1650.8
1650.7
1650.8
1650.9
1650.1
1649.8
1650.1
1648.2
1649.4
1649.8
1649.1
1650.6
1652.4
1653.2
1651.8
1651.4
1651.6
1651.8
1650.6
1650.6
1650.5
1650.3
1649.4
1650.4
1648.1
1648.7
1649.1
1649.1
1648.5
1650
1649
165
3
1653
9856500
9857000
9856250
9856750
9857250
CITY
STADIUM
MAKONGENI
INDUSTRIAL AREA
JOGOO ROAD
SOCIAL HALL.
LUSAKA ROAD.
SHAURI MOYO.
01
03
04
02 ZONE 2.
ZONE 1.
ZONE 3.
05
N
Kaloleni Estate can be accessed by both use of a vehicle and
by foot. From Nairobi CBD, Kaloleni can be accessed by
means of a Double M bus. The bus is boarded at the junction
of Tom Mboya and Ronald Ngala Street.
The bus access is from the CBD, to Jogoo Road.
1.5 Access.
Kaloleni Estate is divided into three zones.
Zone A closer to the stadium
Zone B in the middle area
Zone C closer to industrial Area
Our focus of study is in Zone A.
1.6 Physical Configuration.
Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3
06

9. Kaloleni Estate
2.FRAMEWORK
2.1Approach
Background research data was sourced from:
∑ JICA maps 2003
∑ Google Earth and maps.
∑ Maps prepared by Group members
∑ Secondary reports previously published by Private Organizations.
On site, ground research was aided by using the main access route of the Estate from the Central Square which is close to the Social Hall. Organization
for sample housing layouts was based on zones and rental costs.
Data collection methods: -
∑ Interviewing the dwelling units owners and the village chairman and elders.
∑ Photographs
∑ Measurement taking
∑ Visual observation
Kaloleni Estate
07

10. Kaloleni Estate
3. PHYSICAL CHARECTARISTICS.
3.1 Climate.
Chart showing the average temperatures and precipitation in Nairobi area.
The climate is warm and temperate in Nairobi. It has a significant amount of rainfall during the year. the driest month is July, with 14mm of rainfall.
Most precipitation falls in April, with an average of 191mm. March is the warmest month of the year with an average temperature of 20.70
C. July has the
lowest average temperature of the year with an average of 160
C.
3.2 Topography
The land slopes gently with the storm water drainage trenches laid following the slope of the land.
08
Kaloleni Estate has a bimodal rainfall pattern in which the long rains are experienced in March and April with the short rains in November and December.
The average annual rainfall is 875mm with the range being from 500mm to 1500mm depending from time to time

11. Kaloleni Estate
3.3 Environmental Charectaristics
3.3.1 Garbage disposal
Garbage waste disposal is relatively poor in Kaloleni.
The County Government is incharge of garbage collection, they
sometimes fault in their work and do not collect the garbage
this leaves a lot of garbage uncollected along the roads and in
the storm water drainages.
The storm water drains are clogged by litter and waste.
There are unpleasant smells throughout the area due to
uncontrolled sewer and uncurbed littering
09

12. Kaloleni Estate
90% of residents have in-home piped water system yet there is
minimal water supply since its being rationed and its only
supplied to specific clusters not all clusters.
The rationing means water is available once in two weeks.
Water quality & reliability is inconsistent, with frequent
contamination from vandalized pipes
and shut-offs.
Water provision throughout Kaloleni Estate is generally through
water vendors who sell a 20 litre jerrycan at ksh 20.The water
is transported on handcarts around the estate and its quality is
questionable.
3.4 Infrastructure and Services.
3.4.2 Water Supply
Drainage channels in the area mostly run along the
tarmac roads which were dug by the County Government,the
most recent ones have been dug by water run-off.
Their width and depth vary between 400mm to 500mm which
overflow during the rainy season.
The clearing of these channels is down to personal
initiative,since the County Government rarely does the
cleaning.
All the drainage channels direct water towards Jogoo Road.
3.4.3 Drainage
10

13. Kaloleni Estate
KARUI ROAD
ST
AD
IUM
RO
AD
MASAI ROAD
P
A
U
L
O
A
G
O
I
R
O
A
D
NUEGA ROAD
OSONGO
ROAD
BATIAN
ROAD
L
A
L
I
R
O
A
D
Kaloleni Church
of God
1650.2
1650.7
1651.3
1650.9
1649.9
1650.5
1650.1
1649.5
1649.8
1650.7
1650.3
1650.4
1649.9
1651.1
165
0
9857000
9856750
9857250
Ch
KALOLENI
KARUI ROAD
KIR
INY
AG
A
RO
AD
NJ
IAK
UU
RO
AD
NJ
IAK
UU
RO
AD
U
K
A
M
B
A
R
O
A
D
W
A
R
U
H
IU
R
O
A
D
PAULO AGOI ROAD
O
S
O
N
G
O
R
O
A
D
S
IRA
LIB
IN
S
AL
IM
RO
AD
AG
G
RE
Y
RO
AD
KILIMAM
BOGO RO
AD
BATIAN ROAD
K
IN
A
N
G
O
P
RO
AD
Kaloleni Hall
S
hopping
Centre
Kaloleni
Healthy Centre
S
aint J
ohn's
S
chool
1649.6
1648.8
1649.8
1648.8
1648.9
1648.2
16 6.9
1646.2
1648.9
1648.1
1647.1
1645.5
1646.2
1647.3
1648.7
1648.1
1647.1
1648.7
1649.6
1649.6
16
49
KALOLENI
JOGOO ROAD
1650.9
1650.9
1651.8
1650.9
1651.2
STREET LIGHT
POWER LINES
LEGEND
3.4.4 Electricity
There is electricity in the area. There are several power lines and transformers.
Electricity is supplied by the main supplier K.P.L.C ,however, some individuals have illegally tapped into the power and drawn it into the interior parts of
Kaloleni using their own
connections.
This source of electricity is reliable and affordable to the residents of Kaloleni.
The electricity poles on site are arranged along the tarmac roads within the estate on some roads they are placed on either sideof the road while in other
roads they are placed on one side of the road
11

14. Kaloleni Estate
3.4.5 Street Lighting.
The estate is well lit with several street lightings strategically placed in the
estate.Flood lights are
placed near the entrance facing towards the estate, these flood lights
provide secondary lighting on Stadium road and in the Central Open
Spaces
Floodlights in
the open space
Street lights
along Stadium
road.
12
3.4.6 Boundary wall and fences.
Kaloleni Eatate has an initial masonry wall on its border with Lusaka Road
while the other fences within the neighbourhood are mesh,live or iron
sheets.

15. Kaloleni Estate
City Studium
JOGOO ROAD
KARUI ROAD
STA
DIU
M
RO
AD
MASAI ROAD
P
A
U
LO
A
G
O
I
R
O
A
D
NUEGA ROAD
OSONGO
ROAD
BATIAN
ROAD
LA
LI
R
O
A
D
K
e
n
y
a
R
a
il
w
a
y
s
1649.9
Informal
Commercial Zones
Religious Facilities
Educational Facilities
Commercial Zones
Health Dispensaries
Social Hall
Play Ground
1
2
1
2
Ch
J
OGOO ROAD
KARUI ROAD
KIRI
NYA
GA
ROA
D
NJ
IAK
UU
RO
AD
NJ
IAK
UU
RO
AD
U
K
A
M
B
A
R
O
A
D
W
A
R
U
H
IU
R
O
A
D
PAULO AGOI ROAD
O
SO
N
G
O
R
O
A
D
S
IRA
LIB
IN
S
ALI
M
RO
AD
AG
GR
EY
RO
AD
KILIM
AM
BOGO
RO
AD
BATIAN ROAD
K
IN
A
N
G
O
P
RO
AD
Kaloleni Hall
S
hopping
Centre
Kaloleni
Healthy Centre
S
aint J
ohn's
S
chool
Kaloleni
Primary S
chool
1648.8
1647.3
1648.7
1648.7
Kaloleni Church
of God
4.SOCIO ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
4.1 Social strata.
The residents of Kaloleni are low-income earners as evident
from their living condtions.
There is also a rise in informal settlements within the area due
to unauthorised extensions to the already existing estate.
4.2 Social activities and amenities.
4.2.1 Educational Facilities.
Kaloleni only has one primary public School Kaloleni Primary.
3 Private schools which have been set up by private
developers and the church.
4.2.2Religious Institutions.
There is only one religious institution within the area which is a
PAG Church.
4.2.3Recreational Facilities
Kaloleni has various recreational facilities including a social hall
and open spaces.
One open space includes a football field and a handball court.
13

16. Kaloleni Estate
Photo of the social hall.
Central Open Space,handball court.
4.2.4 Healthcare.
Healthcare is provided by public institutions such as KEMRI, private
institutions and nongovernmental organizations such as AMREF and
Kenya Red Cross.
These institutions provide vaccination to young children against diseases
such as Polio, Measles and Tetanus.The people we interviewed informed
us that they rarely get outbreaks of water-borne diseases such as typhoid
and cholera.
4.3.Economic activities.
Residents of Kaloleni undertake various activities to earn a livelihood in
order to provide for their families. The majority work in the informal 'jua
kali' sector as plumbers, masons, and electricians while the rest operate
businesses within the area.
Commercial areas are zoned near tarmac roads,Stadium Road.
Small retail shops can be found as one moves further away from the main
roads.
The most common businesses in the area are general retail shops and
MPESA vendors.
4.2.5 Security.
Kaloleni Estate is kept secure by local police forces, with uniformed and
plain clothed police
officers making patrols in the area.
There is no police post within KaloleniEstate and the nearest is along
Jogoo Road.
14

17. Kaloleni Estate
4.4. Income levels.
Majority of the population that have monthy salaries earn
averagely between 6000 Kshs and 15,000 Kshs.(watchmen,
industrial workers, plumbers etc)
The rest of the population are those without monthly salaries
but rather rely on odd jobs and referrals earning them daily
income of about Kshs. 300.(casual site labourers,daily
domestic workers, tailors, fundis)
There is a certain percentage who run businesses in the area,
eg.retail shops, open air restaurants, hardware shops, coblers,
electricians etc.
Based on their earnings, they spend majority on school fees,
food, rent and water, forcing them to prioritize their compulsory
needs at all costs.
All of the residents feel the need of the rent to stagnate ,as
increase beyond the current
price will financially strain
Mpesa
agent
General
shop.
Gas
supply.
KCB
agent.
15

18. Kaloleni Estate
SINGLE ROOM
SEMI
DETATCHED
ONE BEDROOM
ONE BEDROOM
SEMI
DETATCHED
TWO BEDROOM
5.SETTLEMENT CONFIGURATION
OGLIVE 1946 CLUSTER PLAN
Kaloleni is composed of 26 courtyard clusters on 37Ha.
Each cluster has 16–34 bungalow-type semi-detached units, 618 units in total, housing minimum of 65 people and maximum of 120 people.
Courtyards within the building clusters varied with maximum lengths of 115m and the width varied from 20 to 50m (Oglivie: 1946).
Courtyards had no defined geomertry hence had organic forms
The courtyards were also porous on the edges to allow visual porosity and openness. The typologies are semi-detached bungalows with one or two
rooms.
Massing of buildings as at 1946
16

19. Kaloleni Estate
ORIGINAL
UNITS
UPTO 2015
EXTENSIONS
NAIROBI 2003 JICA MAPS
With increase in population and low supply of housing units, residents resorted to adding room extensions
to existing structures.
This is allowed by the council as long as it does not impose on the roads and drainage channels. Extensions are constructed by residents and are made
of iron sheets and timber joined by nails.
These extensions impose on the concept of porosity and openness that clusters were meant to have,closing off visual lines and negatitng the overall
aesthetic of Kaloleni Estate.
The map below shows extensions as of 2003(JICA maps
Massing of buildings as at 2013
17

20. Kaloleni Estate
ORIGINAL
UNITS
UPTO 2015
EXTENSIONS
NAIROBI 2019 GOOGLE MAPS
With more increase in population and low supply of housing units since 2003, more additions were added
to the already existing ones.
These extentions were less structured and are more like shanties. The new extensions completely blocked off the porosity of clusters. Currently one has
to go round the cluster to get to a certain point and not through it.
The map below shows extensions as of 2019(Google maps)
Massing of buildings as at 2019
18

21. Kaloleni Estate
5.2 Typology Study
Each cluster has 16–34 bungalow-type semidetached units. This si 25 units in total, housing minimum of 65 people and maximum of 120 people.
The typologies are semidetached bungalows with one or two rooms.The clusters consist of:
1.single rooms,
2.semidetatched one bedroom houses,
3.single one bedroom houses,
4.semi detatched two bedroom houses.
19

22. Kaloleni Estate
S
-
0
2
S
-
0
2
E-01
200mm masonary wall
1500mm * 1500mm timber
frame window
900mm * 2100mm timber
frame door
Curtain separating
seating area and
sleeping area
Floor slab finished with screed
Floor slab finished with
600mm * 600mm
ceramic tiles
SLEEP
AREA
SEATING
AREA
STORAGE
KITCHEN
SLEEP
AREA
SEATING
AREA
STORAGE
KITCHEN
FRONT
VERANDAH
COURTYARD
200mm masonary wall in
running bond pattern
1500mm * 1500mm timber
frame window
900mm * 2100mm timber
frame door
Floor slab finished with
screed
30 degrees pitched
clay tile roof
GROUND
LEVEL
D01 D01
5.2 Typology Study
5.2.1 Semidetached single rooms.
FLOOR PLAN
FLOOR PLAN
ELEVATION 01
20

23. Kaloleni Estate
S-03
S-03
E-02
200mm masonary wall
1500mm * 1500mm timber
frame window
900mm * 2100mm timber
frame door
Curtain separating
seating area and
sleeping area
Floor slab finished with screed
Floor slab finished with
600mm * 600mm
ceramic tiles
SLEEP
AREA
SEATING
AREA
STORAGE
KITCHEN
FRONT
VERANDAH
SLEEP
AREA
SEATING
AREA STORAGE
KITCHEN
BACK
VERANDAH
200mm masonary wall in
running bond pattern
1500mm * 1500mm timber
frame window
900mm * 2100mm timber
frame door
Floor slab finished with
screed
30 degrees pitched
clay tile roof
GROUND
LEVEL
5.2 Typology Study
5.2.1 Semidetached one room house.
ELEVATION 02
21
FLOOR PLAN

24. Kaloleni Estate
E-03
200mm
masonary wall
1500mm *
1500mm timber
frame window
900mm * 2100mm
timber
frame door
Floor slab finished
with screed
Floor slab finished
with 600mm *
600mm ceramic tiles
BEDROOM
LIVING
ROOM
STORAGE
KITCHEN WC
FRONT
VERANDAH
BEDROOM
LIVING
ROOM
STORAGE
KITCHEN WC
ENTRANCE ENTRANCE
200mm masonary wall in
running bond pattern
1500mm * 1500mm timber
frame window
900mm * 2100mm timber
frame door
Floor slab finished with
screed
30 degrees pitched
clay tile roof
Strip foundation
BEDROOM KITCHEN LIVING ROOM
5.2 Typology Study
5.2.1 Semidetached two room house.
FLOOR PLAN
22
SECTION 02

25. Kaloleni Estate
200mm masonary wall
in running bond pattern
1500mm * 1500mm
timber
frame window
30 degrees pitched
clay tile roof
GROUND
LEVEL
Empty door
opening leading
into front verandah
Floor slab finished with
screed
200mm masonary wall in
running bond pattern
1500mm * 1500mm timber
frame window
30 degrees pitched
clay tile roof
Strip foundation
Timber truss
900mm * 2100mm timber
frame door
Floor slab finished with
600mm * 600mm
ceramic tiles
ELEVATION 03
23
SECTION 02

26. Kaloleni Estate
1.CLAY ROOF TILES
2.MASONRY WALL
3.TIMBER WINDOWS
3.TIMBER DOORS
100
0.900
300
100
100
0.900
400
1,400
500 100 1.160 500
550 1,100 550
2,300
1,400
0.050
50
1.090
50
0.050
0.050
50
900
300
100
0.050 50 500 100 500 50 0.050
100 1,000 100
1,200
50mm wide timber frame
3mm thick clear glass
500mm *
900mm timber
sunshade
100mm window sill
15mm dia iron bars
1200mm * 1400mm
timber frame window
1200mm * 1400mm
timber frame window
50mm wide timber frame
3mm thick clear glass
500mm * 900mm
timber sunshade
100mm window sill
15mm dia iron bars
5.2 Materiality and technology
5.2.1 Materiality.
EXTERIOR MATERIALS
1.Masonry wall
2.Clay Roof Tiles for the roof.
3,Timber for the door and windows
INTERIOR MATERIALS
1. Tiles for the floor.
2. Wooden floor planks for the ceiling
5.2 Materiality and technology
5.2.2 Door and Window Details.
24

27. Kaloleni Estate
900mm * 2100mm
timber frame door
50mm wide
timber frame
300mm *
350mm timber
panel
900mm high iron
door handle
300mm high
transform with
3mm thick clear
glass
12mm dia iron bar
900mm * 2100mm
timber frame door
50mm wide timber frame
30mm *
1200mm timber
panel
900mm high iron
door handle
300mm high
transform with
3mm thick clear
glass
50mm wide timber frame
900mm high
iron door
handle
50mm wide
timber frame
900mm high
iron door
handle
50mm wide
timber frame
900mm high
iron door handle
50mm wide
timber frame
900mm high
iron door
handle
100mm
wide timber
panels
900mm *
2100mm timber
frame door
900mm *
2100mm timber
frame door
900mm *
2100mm timber
frame door
300mm high
transform with
3mm thick clear
glass
12mm dia iron bar
12mm dia iron
bar
300mm high
transform with 3mm
thick clear glass
100mm wide
timber panels
900mm *
2100mm timber
frame door
25
5.2 Materiality and technology
5.2.2 Door and Window Details.

28. Kaloleni Estate 26
5.2 Materiality and technology
5.2.3 Building Technology.
Representation of Building
Technology involving
1.Building Section
2.Roof Gutter detail
3.Beam and foundation details

29. Kaloleni Estate
CHAPTER 6:CONCLUSION
6.1 Challenges faced by low income houses
27
a) Lack of adequate and favourable finance;
Finance to any housing development is closely tied to expected
returns to be realized by the lending institution. Most estate financiers
concentrate on middle income and high income developments due to
the high returns achieved in the housing segments, as opposed to low
income housing. This is in spite of high demand in the low income
housing segment, but affordability of the units is beyond the low
income earners purchasing ability. The high expense in developing
the low cost houses due to lack of dedicated materials and technology
standards to the segment, has kept off potential large scale
developers who would anticipate returns based on high margins.
b) Land use controls;
Developments in urban areas are regulated by controls which are set
by the town planning departments demarcating land according to
various functions. The legislative authority in Kenya is delegated to
local authorities who determine what developments come up where.
The recommendations by the inter-ministerial task force, leading to
’code 95’ by the Ministries of Public Works, Local Government,
specified that 20% of residential land in urban areas ought to be
allocated to low cost housing. It also recommended that the land
requires to be close to the areas of work of the inhabitants.
c) High prices of land
Land is a key factor of production. Access to land is a critical element
in providing low income housing (UN, 1984). The supply of land is
very limited coupled by the need to for it as a public utility for low cost
housing, makes it very scarce. Consequently, there is a growing 16
class of landless whose access to land and shelter is becoming more
difficult every day. This is a notable fact as in the past, land for low
income housing was provided or allocated easily which in most cases
is no longer the case (habitat, 1987).

30. Kaloleni Estate
6.2 Advantages of Living in Informal Areas
Housing research since has focused on the problems of informal areas,
hardly attempting to explicitly address the advantages that have made
this sector grow faster than any other housing sector in the country.
Recent research on what makes the appropriate ‘home’ environment has
brought together pieces of the puzzle and, adopting an experiential
approach to the study of people’s daily life, has highlighted a few spatial
characteristics of informal areas that support positive aspects of the
residential environment, such as “walkability,” “self-sufficiency” in terms of
daily needs, “convenience” and “home-work proximity”, safety in
residential streets, and resident participation in the provision of public
amenities and regular upkeep. The following are a few highlights:
Self-Sufficiency:
Work-Home Proximity
Sense of Safety
28
d)Building codes
It is defined as systematic collection of statutes which define the
quality of the environment in regard to the quality of construction, the
type of materials to be used and the quality of services that can be
offered. Building codes may be used to encourage and facilitate
economic activities related to the construction of infrastructure, and
shelter particularly if they are compatible with the basic human needs
and resources of the target population. (Ichangai, 1988). The
statement by Ichangai will lead to research to review this last factor,
beginning from streamlining the code to make it compatible with the
needs and resources of the target population, the achievements so far
and what is making it a niggling factor in the satisfaction of a target
group, this is the low income group.

31. Kaloleni Estate
ACCESS ROAD
ACCESS ROAD
ACCESS ROAD
ACCESS ROAD
ACCESS ROAD
ACCESS ROAD
ACCESS ROAD
CENTRAL
OPEN
SPACE
CLUSTER
RADIAL
STREETS.
6.3 Lessons Learnt.
There are lessons to be learnt by professionals, and by their partners and stakeholders, regarding the planning, design, and operation of both formal and
informal neighbourhoods, whether for new design purposes or for rehabilitation and upgrade.
1. Recognize people as potential: to invest money, to manage and maintain the physical environment, and to participate in service provision.
2.Need for the government to adopt an enabling approach that supports what people do, and to regulate to the benefit of the collective good. One priority
should be the development of enabling /affordable housing standards, rather than standards so unfeasible that they leave most of the housing stock
unregulated.
3. The importance of appropriate neighbourhood planning: where street layout and distribution of commercial activities promotes sustainability, where
value-for-cost is maximized, thereby allowing residents the opportunity to control and appropriate public space, and where people are encouraged to
invest in the shared amenities and maintenance of their neighbourhood.
29
Master planning Concepts

32. Kaloleni Estate 30
6.4 References; -
Bonyo, J. (2010, July 22). Business Section, Daily Nation
Government of Kenya (2007), Housing Sector Incentives and Market Re - Engineering Measures, Ministry of Housing.
Ichangai, (1988). Application of By-Laws in Construction of Buildings, B.A. Thesis, University of Nairobi.
UN-Habitat. (2010). The State of African Cities 2010: Governance, Inequality and Urban Land Markets. Nairobi: UN-Habitat.
JICA Maps 2003
Google Maps
Arwari Sustainable design