inequality presentation

1. International Islamic university Islamabad

2.  The purpose of this study is to know why some
people have more income than others in Pakistan.
 Some people have extra income in relation to their
needs and some people have not as much income that
they can fulfill their basic food requirements.
 The proportions of such people are different in four
provinces of Pakistan.

3. 1. Income inequality is the gap between
rich and poor i.e. is the differences in the
distribution of economic assets (wealth)
and income within or between
populations or individuals.It is the state
of an economy in which the shares of
total income earned by the rich and poor
are highly unequal
2. Economic inequality varies between
societies, historical periods, economic
structures and systems (for
example, capitalism or socialism),
ongoing and past wars, and between
individuals' abilities to create wealth.
4. There are three types of social classes
in our society
Lower class
Middle class
Upper class
3. Economic policy makers can face a
tradeoff between promoting equity and
economic growth. As income shares
become more equal, the incentive for
individuals to accumulate skills, work
hard, and take risks might become
smaller, thus shrinking the size of the
economy.

4. •Labour market
outcomes
•Globalization
•Technological
changes
TRADE
LIBERALISATION
•Policy reforms
•More regressive
taxation
•Access to
education
•IN MARKET
ECONOMIES
CHANGES IN
TAXATION
•Gender pay gap
•Nepotism
•Wealth
concentration
Racial
discrimination
CAUSES OF INCOME INEQUALITY

5.  Kemal (1994), concluded of three factors contributed
to rising income inequality.
 First, employment declining, Second, Implementation
of taxes on the poor has increased and it has declined
on the rich, third, subsides have been withdrawn with
effected the poor and the rich alike while increase in
prices of output of agricultural goods has mainly
benefited the rich.

6.  HAQQ (1998) , in Pakistan Increase inequality that
occurred during the last two decades. After the study
on income distribution this paper found that income
inequality is greater than expenditure inequality
because people smooth their consumption over their
lifetimes.
 This study was from 1979 to 1992-93 using the data
from household income and expenditure surveys

7.  Adams and Jane (1995) also examines why do some
people receive higher incomes than others with same
talents and capabilities, which type of steps can be
taken to minimize the wide differences in income
earned, so that the number of people living below the
poverty line can be reduced.

8.  Richard Gephardt’s reference to people, who earn
good income as “winners in the lottery of life” is one
infamous example of this attitude.

9.  The most commonly used measures include Gini
Coefficient in which decile ratio, by the bottom 50%,
60%, 70% to household the proportions of total
income earned.
 The Gini is also derived from the Lorenz Curve.

10. MEASUREMENT OF INEUALITY IN
THE MODERN WORLD
LORENZ CURVES
AND GINI COEFFICIENTS
Lorenz curve: A Lorenz curve
shows the degree of inequality that
exists in the distributions of two
variables. A model developed
by economist Max Lorenz in 1905.
It is often associated with income
distribution calculations
Gini coefficient: Invented by the Italian
statistician Corado Gini. An equality
diagonal represents perfect equality: at
every point, cumulative population equals
cumulative income.
A - Equality Diagonal Population =
Income
B – Lorenz Curve
C – Difference Between Equality and
Reality

11.  This data is about four provinces.
 It can refer to cross sectional descriptions of the
income or wealth at any particular period, and to the
lifetime income and wealth over longer periods of
time.
 There are various numerical indicates for measuring
economic inequality.

12.  The research report is based on the cross section data
which is used in this report taken from HIES (Household
Integrated Economic Survey (1998-1999).. There are two
types of data:
 1- Primary data
 2- Secondary data
 This data is secondary because it is coated. It has been
taken from other sources.. Here, some variables are used
in this report as household. A household may be either a
single person household or a multi person household.

13. CPS CYS%
9 2.55
18.3 7.07
27.3 12.55
36.4 19.54
45.5 27.10
54.5 35.52
63.6 44.73
72.7 54.81
81.8 65.75
90.9 77.35
100 100

14.  To measure the income inequality in Pakistan by
using the values in table in which both Horizontal
and vertical axis into 10 equal segments
corresponding to each of 10 groups.
 The percentage takes to both axis, The results show
that in the lowest 9.1% population of Pakistan receive
2.55% of total income.

15. CPS% CYS%
9 4. 32
18 9.45
27 11.15
36 17.73
45 24.60
55 32.05
64 42.05
73 56.54
82 71.03
91 85.51
100 100

16.  In Lorenz is drawn for the measurement of income
inequality in Punjab by using the values contained in
the table.
 In this, also the percentage of cumulative population
share is shown at horizontal axis and cumulative
income share is taken at the vertical axis. In this
lower 27% receives 11.15% of total income.

17. CPS% CYS%
9.1 3.8
18.2 8.3
27.3 13.6
36.4 19.2
45.5 25.4
54.5 32.3
63.6 43.8
72.7 57.8
81.8 7 1.9
90.9 85.9
100.0 100.0

18.  In Lorenz is drawn for the measurement of income
inequality in Sindh by using the values contained in
the table.
 The situation of income inequality of Sindh is the
lowest value of 18.2% of population is receiving
8.3% of total income.

19. CPS% CYS%
9.1 4.3
18.2 9.2
27.3 14.6
36.4 20.7
45.5 25.2
54.5 32.0
63.6 40.1
72.7 55.1
81.8 70.1
100 100

20.  Lorenz curve is drawn to measure the income
inequality in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa by using the
values contained in table.
 The measure of income inequality in Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa is the lower point 9.1% of the
population is receiving 4.3% of total income.

21. CPS% CYS%
9 5
18 11
27 17
36 24
45 31
55 43
64 54
73 66
82 77
91 89
100 100

22.  In Baluchistan the situation of income inequality is
different as comparing with other provinces as
Punjab, Sindh and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa because
values of table and Lorenz curve shows less
inequality in Baluchistan than other provinces of
Pakistan.

25.  The findings of this report are in Baluchistan income
inequality is less it curve near to 45 degree of perfect equality
line than other provinces.
 The 9% of the total income is lowered. The main difference
can be seen at the halfway point that only in Baluchistan 45%
of population is receiving 57% of total income.
 Five Lorenz curve in one graph clearly shows the income
inequality in provinces by the distance of Lorenz curve from
the perfect equality.

26.  Greater the distance shows greater the degree of
inequality. As distance becomes less there will be
equality

27. THANK YOU