Hi people. This slide is about stomach cancer

1. Stomach cancer or gastric cancer occurs due to formation of abnormal cells in part of the
stomach.
Stomach cancer accounts for 723,000 cancer-related deaths, this is as per World Health
Organization (WHO).
Stomach cancer is the fifth most common cancer worldwide and the third leading cause of
cancer-related deaths. Around 90 to 95 percent of all stomach cancers are a type referred to as
adenocarcinoma of the stomach. In this type, cancer develops from the cells that form the
mucosa, the most partial lining of the stomach that produces mucus.
Fast facts on stomach cancer
Here are some critical points about stomach cancer.
Adenocarcinoma of the stomach is the most common cancer.
Symptoms
Early symptoms include:
• being very full sensation during meals
• dysphagia or swallowing difficulties
• bloated feeling bloated post meals
• burping that is frequent
• heartburn
• indigestion that stays
• ache in the stomach or pain in the breastbone
• trapped wind
• vomiting blood
anemia, as well as fatigue and breathlessness
Individuals with have at least one of the following in their medical history should see a
doctor:
• stomach cancer in a close relative
• Barret's esophagus
• dysplasia or abnormal precancerous cells
• inflammation of the lining of the stomach or gastritis

2. • pernicious anemia where vitamin B12 is not absorbed properly from food
• a history of stomach ulcers
• a buildup of fluid in the stomach
• anemia
• black stools that contain blood
• fatigue
• loss of appetite
• weight loss
Outlook
The outlook after receiving a stomach cancer diagnosis is generally weak.
The relative 5-year survival rate is around 31 percent.
Diagnosis of stomach cancer should be made early as stage I stomach cancer has a 5-year
survival rate of between 88 and 94 percent while it is 18 percent for stage III.
Treatment
Surgery
• Removing tumors from the stomach lining in early-stage cancer: Tiny tumors that are
confined to the inside lining of the stomach wil be removed by endoscopic mucosal resection.
• Subtotal gastrectomy where a part of the stomach is surgically removed.
• Total gastrectomy where the entire stomach is surgically removed.
Radiation therapy
Radiation therapy is used if the cancer is advanced or causing severe symptoms, such as
bleeding or severe pain.
Neoadjuvant radiation
This therapy uses radiation therapy before surgery to make the tumors smaller and are
removed.
Adjuvant radiation
This therapy is used after surgery to remove any remaining cancer cells around the stomach.
Chemotherapy

3. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy: where chemotherapy is given before surgery to shrink the tumor
in order to remove it easliy.
Adjuvant chemotherapy
This chemotherapy is used after surgery to remove all the leftover cancerous cells.
Targeted medications
Medications like Sutent (sunitinib) and Gleevec (imatinib) can treat stomach cancer.
Clinical trials
Stages
• Stage 0: Prescence of highly abnormal precancerous cellsin the mucosa that does not
spread to submucosa or other layers of the stomach or nearby lymph nodes.
• Stage IA: This stage of cancer spreads to submucosa, but not nearby lymph nodes.
• Stage IB: This stage cancer has spread to one of the next layers of the stomach and into
one or two nearby lymph nodes.
• Stage IIA: The cancer has developed into an even thicker layer, and may have spread to
one or two lymph nodes.
• Stage IIB: In this stage of cancer the tumor does not spread to stoamch layers but has
spread to a higher number of lymph nodes, sometimes up to 15.
• Stage IIIA: This stage sees the cancer spread to a thicker layer and up to 15 lymph nodes
or to nearby organs and structures.
• Stage IIIB: cancer has not grown as thick as a stage IIIA stomach cancer but has spread to
over 16 lymph nodes.
• Stage IIIC: The cancer has either grown through most layers of the stomach and to over
16 lymph nodes or to nearby organs and structures.
• Stage IV: cancer has spread to distant sites but not to nearby lymph nodes.
Diagnosis
Gastroscopic exam
Ultrasound scan
Barium meal X-ray
Laparoscopy
CT scan or PET scan

4. Can stomach cancer be prevented?
• Fruit and vegetables
• Salty and smoked foods
• Smoking
• Check with a doctor
Risk factors
esophagitis
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
peptic stomach ulcers
Barrett's esophagus
chronic gastritis
stomach polyps
Smoking
Helicobacter pylori infection
Family history
Consuming foods crude vegetable oils, cocoa beans, tree nuts, groundnuts, figs and other
dried foods and spices that contain aflatoxin fungus.
Diet that includes salted fish, salty foods, smoked meats, and pickled vegetables
• Age more than 55 years.
• Gender: Men have twice the risk of developing stomach cancer compared with women.
• Previous or existing cancers like esophagus or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, prostate,
bladder, or testicular cancer or a history of cervical, ovarian, or breast cancer.
• Some surgical procedures like surgery to the vagus nerve