This document provides an overview of hypertension, including its epidemiology, risk factors, types, symptoms, complications, and treatment options. It notes that hypertension is the leading cause of cardiovascular disease worldwide and its prevalence is rising globally, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The document outlines that primary hypertension has no identifiable cause, while secondary hypertension has a known underlying medical condition causing the elevated blood pressure. Lifestyle modifications and drug therapy are discussed as treatment approaches.

1. By
Dr. James, S. U.

3. • Introduction
• Epidemiology
• Risk factors
• Types of Hypertension
• Symptoms
• Complications
• Treatment Options

4. • Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against
the wall of blood vessels.
• Hypertension is a condition in which arterial blood
pressure is chronically elevated.
• Systemic blood pressure rises with age, and the
incidence of cardiovascular disease.

5. • Hypertension is the leading cause of cardiovascular
disease and premature death worldwide.
• The prevalence and absolute burden of hypertension is
rising globally, especially in low- and middle-income
countries (LMICs).
• There is a global concern that hypertension in teenagers
and young adults are on the increase and cases are not
detected because of inadequate screening in this age
group
• Nigeria has a high prevalence in hypertension

7. 1. Primary (Essential) Hypertension: Elevated BP without
an identified cause (90 – 95% of cases)
Contributing factors are genetic and environmental e.g
Family history, obesity, alcohol, high sodium intake, etc

8. 2. Secondary Hypertension: Elevated blood pressure with a
known cause.
Causes can be renal, endocrine, cardiovascular,
neurogenic, medications, etc
*Hint on Pathophysiology

9. • Hypertension is known as a silent killer because it is
frequently asymptomatic until it becomes severe.
• Headaches (Commonest presentation)
• Dizziness
• Blurred vision
• Nausea and vomiting
• Fatigue
• Confusion
• Chest pain
• Shortness of breath
• Irregular heart beat
• Swollen feet

11. 1. Lifestyle modification
Weight reduction
Dietary salt reduction
Moderate alcohol intake
Increase physical activity
2. Drug therapy

14. • https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-019-0244-2
• https://saudijournals.com/media/articles/SJM_711_598-
602.pdf
• Principles of Internal Medicine by Adeleke O. A.
• High blood Pressure: The World’s leading killer by Prof.
D’sa A. C.
• Hypertension by Saadi H. F.