The French revolution in Europe notes

1. SANSKAR
INTERNATIONAL
SCHOOL
HISTORY HOLIDAY
HOMEWORK
ON THE TOPIC

2. THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN
EUROPE

3. THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN
EUROPE
• The first clear expression of nationalism came with the French revolution in1789.
• The ideas of la patrie the (fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasised the notion of a
united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
• A new French flag the tricolour as chosen to replace the former royal standard.
• The estate general was elected by the citizens and renamed as the national assembly of France.
• New hymns composed, oaths were taken and martyrs were commenvorated in the name of
nation.
• A centralised system of administration was made.
• Uniform system of weights and measures were practiced.
• International customs and dues were abolished.
• Regional dialects were discouraged and French became the common language of the nation.

4. THE NAPOLENIC CODE OF 1804
• He did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before law and
secured the right to property.
• He simplified the administrative division.
• Abolished the feudal system and shade the peasants free from monorial dues.
• Guild restrictions were removed
• Transport and communication system were improved
• The peasants, businessman they enjoyed freedom in many aspects.
THE LIMITATIONS/SHORTCOMINGS OF
1804 CODE
• The administrator were not coping up with the system.
• Increase taxation and also control over the censorship.
• Forced conscriptions of people to French armies.

5. EUROPE: A PATCHWORK OF
DIFFERENT REGIONS AND DIALECTS
• Most of the parts of europe was ruled by the kingdoms, cantors, and dutchies.
• For example- the Habsburg empire –ruled over Austria, Hungary, Tyrol,
Sudetenland, bohemia, etc.
• Mostly the people in different territories spoke different dialects.
• The aristocrats :- German language.
• Lombardy and Venetia :-Italian speaking.
• Hungary :-Magyar language.
• Galicia :-polish language.

6. THE ARISTOCRACY
• The aristocrats were the rich and wealthier people.
• They own estates in the countryside.
• They spoke French in higher class social gathering.
• They set up marriage contacts within their social status.
THE MIDDLE CLASS
• They were the working class population.
• The industrialist, businessman, professionals like teachers, lawyers, etc. are the
middle class category.
THE PEASANTS
• The peasants were the small famers.
• They were known as serfs and were assigned to cultivate the vast land holdings of
the aristocrats/landlord.

7. THE LIBERALISM/IDEOLOGY OF
LIBERAL NATIONALIST.
• The term liberalism is derived from the Latin word liber meaning free.
• Freedom for individual and equality before law.
• Government of consent.
• End of autocracy and clerical privileges.
• Constitution and representation government through parliament.
• Freedom of press.

8. LIBERALISM IN SOCIAL SPHERE
• Freedom of market, movement of goods and capital.
• Uniform system of weights, custom duties and measurement. So, with the initiative
of Prussia a uniform custom union was made, that is called ‘zoleverein’.
• The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over
thirty to two.
• The custom union again opened the network of railways for the movement of goods.
THE CONSERVATIVES
• The conservatives wanted establishment of traditional institutions i.e., monarchy,
the church and social hierarchy.
• They believed, a modern army, an efficient bureaucracy and abolition of serfdom
and feudalism could strengthen monarchy.
• They imposed censorship laws to control over freedom of speech in newspapers.
• They criticized and curbed all the activities of the liberal nationalist against
monarchy.

9. VIENNA CONGRESS (1815)
The Vienna congress was hosted by the Austrian
chancellor duke Metternich.
The bourbon dynasty which was deposed during the
French revolution was restored to power.
A series of states were created on the boundaries of
France to prevent French expansion in future.
But the German confederation of 39 states made by
napoleon was left untouched.
The intention was to restore monarchy and
conservative order in europe.

10. GUISEPPE MAZZINI
• Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary.
• He was born in genoa in 1807, founded two secret
societies, ‘the young Italy’ in Marseilles, and ‘the
young europe’ in Berne.
• He also was a member of secret society at
carboneeri.
• At the age of 24, he was sent to exile in1831 for
attempting a revolutionary in Liguria.
• He said, “god has made the nation to be the natural
units of mankind so, Italy could not continue to be a
patchwork of various kingdoms”.
• Mettenich described mazzini as the most
dangerous enemy of conservatives.

11. THE AGE OF REVOLUTIONS: 1830-
1848
• The July revolution in France after the 1815, the liberal
nationalist again installed a constitutional monarchy with louis
Phillipe at is head.
• Greek war of independence:- Greek was a part of ottoman
empire so, the nationalist of Greece also wanted a freedom. So,
with the support of many people Ex:-lord Byron organized funds
to fight he war and finally in 832, with the treaty of
Constantinople Greek was independent.
• Hunger and hardship
• (i)Increased population
• (ii)Unemployment prevailed
• (iii)Overcrowded spaces
• (iv)advanced industrialization in England created hardships for
the small producers.
• (v)Bad harvest
• (vi)Rise in food prices
• (vii)widespread pauperism (extreme poverty) so, the people
came out of the streets and protested.

12. REVOLT OF WEAVERS IN SILESIA
• The people’s occupation in Silesia was mostly of ‘weaving’.
• They got the raw materials from the contractors for making the finished goods.
• But on return they were getting less wages and therefore they protested.
• On 4th june,1845, a crowd of weavers, attacked on the residence of the contractors,
broke the window panes and plundered the clothes.
• In fear, the contractor fled away but after 24 hours again returned with a regiment of
army and killed 11 of the weavers.

13. • The middle class professionals like shopkeepers,
lawyers, businessmen demanded an all German
national assembly.
• So the assembled themselves in the Frankford
parliament on 18th may 1848, with 831
representatives.
• They drafted a constitution for German nation subject
to a parliament.
• When hey offered the crown to fredrich William IV
under the above terms , he denied and joined with
others monarchs to reject it.
• So, the parliament was eroded.

14. ISSUE OF POLITICAL RIGHTS TO
WOMEN
The granting or issuing of political rights to
women was a continues process .
Women had participated actively in different
movements.
They formed their own political clubs founded
magazines, participated n meetings and
demonstratives.
When the Frankfort parliament was convened,
the women were admitted only as observers.

15. ROMANTICISM
A cultural movement to install a nationalistic sentient among the people,
through art, poetry music, dance and language.
PAINTING
(i) Fredric sorreau, a French
artist prepared a painting
which he called
democratic and social
republic.
(ii) He portrays the statues of
liberty as a symbol of
freedom or independence.
(iii) He showed the destruction
of monarchy and a
‘utopian vision’.
MUSIC AND DANCE
(i) The German philosopher
Johan Gott fried claimed
German culture was to be
discovered among the
common people (dasvolk).
(ii) So, he popularized poetry,
folk songs among the
peoples to create a
nationalist sentiments.
(iii) Karol kurpinski,
celebrated the national
struggles through music
concerts ad operas.
(iv) Folkdance forms like
‘polonaise’ and mazurka‘
became a symbol of
nationalist sentiments.
LANGUAGE
(i) With the Russian
occupation of Poland,
language was banned,
instead Russian language
was imposed everywhere.
(ii) But many people pf
Poland like the clergies
used the polish as a
weapon of national
resistance.
(iii) Polish language was used
for church/social gathering
or religious instructions as
a result a large no. of
people were sent to jail of
sabers as a punishment.

16. UNIFICATION OF GERMANY
Germany was also a patchwork of different empires, kingdoms
and dynasties.
THE ROLE OF OTTOVON
PRISMENK
He was the chief minister of
Prussian army and the efficient
bureaucracy
He fought a 3 wars over seven
years with Austria, Denmark and
France and had a victory.
FINAL UNIFICATION
After the Prussian victory,
in 1876 king Kaiser
William as appointed as
the new German empire,
subjected to parliament.

17. UNIFICATION OF
ITALY
• Like Germany, Italy was also scattered over different dynasties
states out of which, only Sardinia piedmont was ruled by the
Italian princely states.
• The north was ruled by:- the Hapsburg empire of Austria
• Then south was ruled :- the bourbon kings of Spain
• The center :- by pope/romans.
1.Role of Guiseppe Mazzini :-
• He put out coherent program for the participation.
• He founded the secret societies like ‘young Italy’ and ‘young
europe’ and planned out various strategies to unify Italy.

18. 2.Role of Cavour :-
• Cavour was neither a democrat nor a revolutionary but made a great contribution to
the unification of Italy.
• Being an influential; member of educated Italy, he spoke French better then Italian.
• So he was able to set u a diplomatic alliance with France he was succeed in
defeating the Austrian forces.
3.Role of garibaldi
• Garibaldi also joined this movement with Cavour.
• With the support of the local peasants of Italy, he succeed driving away the Spanish
rulers from Italy.
• 4.final verification
• In 1861, victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed as the king of unified Italy
• The common peasants of Italy thought ‘Italia’ as the wife of victor Emmanuel

19. UNIFICATION OF
BRITAIN.
1.Incorporation of Scotland
• (i) English nation considered to be an
important nation in navy, trade and
commerce.
• So, they wanted to annex Scotland with the
British isles.
• With the ‘act of union ‘ (1767), signed
between England and Scotland , there was
the formation of ‘United kingdom of Britain’.
• After that the British dominated the Scottish
people in every aspect.
• The Scottish language and culture was
banned and English language and culture
was promoted.
2.Incorporation of Ireland
• Ireland was deeply divided into two communities
the protestants and the Catholics.
• The English helped the protestants to establish
dominance aver the Catholics.
• So, the revolt of Catholics led by wolf jone was
suppressed by the protestants with the help of
Britain.
• Thus, Ireland was finally incorporated with great
Britain.
• A new British nation was formed. The symbols of
new Britain(great Britain)
• Was the national; flag (union jack)and the
national anthem (god save our noble
king)was created.

20. VISUALIZING THE NATION
The nations are then portrayed through a abstract idea of a female
figure, this is known as the ‘Allegory of nation’.
The Allegory of France
• The allegory of France is
Christened Marianne.
• Her characteristics were drawn from
the idea of ‘liberty’ and ‘republic’.
• She is shown wearing a red
Phrygian cap and a cockade,
holding a French tricolor.
The Allegory of Germany
• The allegory of Germany is
Germania’.
• She is shown wearing an armor,
holding an imperial sword.
• She is portrayed having a long
flowing reddish hair wearing a crow
of oak leaves as “oak” stands for
heroism.

21. TENSION IN BALKAN
• Balkan was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising of
modern day of Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, etc.
• A large of Balkan was under the control of ottoman empire.
• The spread of romanticism of ottoman empire, made this reason very
explosive.
• The various Slavic nationalities and that led to an event of tension.
• The rivalry between the big powers of UK, Russia, Germany, to have a
hold over Balkans made this area an explosive one.

22. GUIDED BY:- MRS.SEEMA SAHU.
PREPARED BY:- MD SAQLAIN.
CLASS:-10.
SEC:- ‘B’.
THANK YOU……….