16. Logical Data
Independence
Changes in conceptual model do not affect the
external views
Immunity of external level from changes at
conceptual level
17. Types of Changes
Adding a new file/index etc.
Adding a new field in a file
Changing type/size
Deleting an attribute
18. Physical Data
Independence
Changes in the internal model do not affect the
conceptual model
Immunity of Conceptual level from changes at
Internal level
20. 3-Level Architecture
External Level
Conceptual Level
Internal Level
Physical Data
Organization
Ext/Con Mapping
View 1 View n
Conceptual
Schema
Internal
Schema
Database
User 1 User n
Con/Int Mapping
Conceptual Data Ind
Physical
Data Ind
21. Functions of DBMS
Data Processing
A User Accessible Catalog
Transaction Support
Concurrency Control Services
22. Functions of DBMS
Recovery Services
Authorization Services
Support for Data Communication
Integrity Services
28. Group Assignment
• Write a sample data that you may want to store about different
things around you.
• List the changes that may arise during the working of any
system, i.e., Railway Reservation System
• Write the different forms of data at the external and conceptual
levels. Also, try to define a mapping between them.
• Extend the format of data to include the physical and internal
levels. Complete your exercise by including data at all three
levels.
• Write the different natures of changes at all three levels of
database architecture and see, which ones will have no effect on
the existing applications, which will be adjusted in the inter-
schema mapping, and which will affect the existing applications.