food and water born diseases

1. Toxoplasmosis from caprine and
ovine milk
Maria Nawaz
2018-ag-1094
M.Phil. Zoology

2. Introduction
Milk is raised as a complete food, especially for children and
seniors as it has a high value for proteins, minerals, fats and
vitamins.
The hygienic quality of milk has a high importance from the public
point of view but sometimes Toxoplasma infection may occur.
Toxoplasmosis is the most widespread zoonotic disease worldwide,
caused by an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite called
Toxoplasma gondii, which can infect warm blood vertebrates,
including mammals and bird species throughout the world.

3. Life cycle

5. Life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii
The T. gondii life cycle includes three main phases of
development
 In the definitive host
 In the environment
 In the intermediate host (highlighted in grey interrupted
lines).
The various parasite stages and biological events are indicated
relative to the development phase as well as to how the
different entities interact.

6. Transmission
1) Vertical transmission
Toxoplasmosis in humans may occur vertically by tachyzoites that are
passed to the fetus via the placenta
2) Horizontal transmission
 ingesting sporulated oocysts from cats,
 ingesting tissue cysts in raw or under cooked meat,
 ingesting tachyzoites in blood products or primary offal (viscera) of
many different animals, organ transplants, and unpasteurized milk

8. Health effects
 fetal death
 premature birth
 intrauterine growth retardation
 fever
 pneumonia
 hepatosplenomegaly
 thrombocytopenia involve the eyes and brain

9. Treatment, prevention and control
 Most healthy people recover from toxoplasmosis without treatment. Persons who
are ill can be treated with a combination of drugs such as pyrimethamine and
sulfadiazine, plus folic acid.
 Meat of any animal should be cooked to 70° C
 goat's milk should be pasteurized before human consumption
 hands should be washed thoroughly with soap and water after handling meat
 should take precautions when handling cats, soil, and raw meat
 Sheep that have aborted due to toxoplasmosis, fetal membranes and dead fetuses
should not be handled with bare hands and should be buried or incinerated to
prevent infection of felids and other animals on the farm

10. Thank you