SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 33
Download to read offline
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279063535
Medical Applications of Fermentation Technology
Article  in  Advanced Materials Research · September 2013
DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.810.127
CITATIONS
9
READS
12,169
1 author:
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
Research Methodology-Theory and Practices View project
Comprehensive serological profiling for pathogens associated with obesity in Qatar View project
Mahbuba Rahman
International Independent Researcher
55 PUBLICATIONS   653 CITATIONS   
SEE PROFILE
All content following this page was uploaded by Mahbuba Rahman on 19 March 2016.
The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.
0HGLFDO$SSOLFDWLRQVRI)HUPHQWDWLRQ7HFKQRORJ
0DKEXED5DKPDQ
'HSDUWPHQWRI0HGLFLQH8QLYHUVLWRI%ULWLVKROXPELD
/DXUHO6WUHHWWK)ORRU
9DQFRXYHU%DQDGD9=0
3KRQH
(PDLOPDKEXEDKDVDQ#DKRRFRP

.HZRUGV IHUPHQWDWLRQ LQGXVWULDO IHUPHQWDWLRQ IHUPHQWDWLRQ WSHV DQG SURFHVVHV PHGLFDO
DSSOLFDWLRQV DQWLPLFURELDOV VWHURLGV KSHUFKROHVWHUROHPLF DJHQWV DQWLKSHUWHQVLYH DJHQWV
DONDORLGV VROYHQWV LQWHUPHGLDWH FRPSRXQGV HQ]PHV YDFFLQHV JHQH WKHUDS UHFRPELQDQW
SURWHLQVPRQRFORQDODQWLERGLHVSURELRWLFVGLDJQRVWLFVELRSROPHUV

$EVWUDFW )HUPHQWDWLRQ D SURFHVV WUDGLWLRQDOO NQRZQ IRU WKH DQDHURELF FRQYHUVLRQ RI VXJDU WR
FDUERQGLR[LGHDQGDOFRKROEHDVWQRZUHIHUVWRDQLQGXVWULDOSURFHVVRIPDQXIDFWXULQJDZLGH
YDULHWRIPHWDEROLWHVDQGELRPDWHULDOVEXVLQJPLFURRUJDQLVPVRUPDPPDOLDQFHOOVLQDFRQWUROOHG
FXOWXUH HQYLURQPHQW )HUPHQWDWLRQ FDQ EH SHUIRUPHG LQ EDWFK PRGH FRQWLQXRXV PRGH RU LQ D
FRPELQDWRU IHGEDWFKPRGH GHSHQGLQJ RQWKHSURGXFW RILQWHUHVW )HUPHQWDWLRQWHFKQRORJ KDV
ORQJEHHQ NQRZQ IRU WKHSURGXFWLRQ RI YDULRXVPHGLFDOO LPSRUWDQWSURGXFWV VXFK DV DQWLELRWLFV
VROYHQWVVXFKDVHWKDQROLQWHUPHGLDUFRPSRXQGVVXFKDVFLWULFDFLGSURELRWLFVVXFKDVRJKXUWHWF
1HZJHQHUDWLRQIHUPHQWDWLRQSURGXFWVLQFOXGHDQWLYLUDOGUXJVWKHUDSHXWLFUHFRPELQDQWSURWHLQVDQG
'1$ DQG PRQRFORQDO DQWLERGLHV $SDUW IURP WKH GUXJV IHUPHQWDWLRQ LV DOVR XVHG IRU WKH
FRPPHUFLDOSURGXFWLRQRIPDWHULDOVUHTXLUHGIRUWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIGLDJQRVWLFNLWVGUXJGHOLYHU
YHKLFOHV DQG PHGLFDO GHYLFHV )HUPHQWDWLRQ WHFKQRORJ UHPDLQV DW WKH KHDUW RI UDSLGO JURZLQJ
ELRSKDUPDFHXWLFDO LQGXVWU WRGD ZKLFK LV H[SHFWHG WR H[SDQG HYHQ PRUH LQ WKH GDV DKHDG LQ
SDUDOOHOZLWKWKHSURJUHVVLQQRYHOWDUJHWHGGUXJGLVFRYHU
!#$%'()$*'+,$-.(/'.'$+0(12-3(456(78659:(;;(58=5
?%-,%'($#$,-$@-'(.,%'(8659AB';A56($*(CCC3.,'%*,D,3%'*
E(78659:(F+$%.(F'0(GH@-,$*,2%.I(BC,*J'+-$%
2,K563L684ACCC3.,'%*,D,3%'*A!)/3456358
!#$%'()#$*)*$+*,-#./#01$(#/2#3/4(*4()#/2#('%)#010*$#516#7*#$*0$/,83*,#/$#($14)5%((*,#%4#146#2/$5#/$#76#146#5*14)#9%('/8(#('*#9$%((*4#0*$5%))%/4#/2#::;
999-((0-4*(-#=?@#AA-BCD-BEF-GHHIBDJKEJBDGK@BG@KHL
,QWURGXFWLRQ
,QWKHHHVRIKXPDQEHLQJVPLFURRUJDQLVPVDUHGLVHDVHFDXVLQJRUJDQLVPV+RZHYHUIDFWXDOO
RQODVPDOOIUDFWLRQRIWKHWRWDOPLFURELDOSRSXODWLRQVDUHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKGLVHDVHSURGXFWLRQDQG
WKHUHPDLQLQJLVKDUPOHVVRUEHQHILFLDOWRKXPDQEHLQJV7KHVHWLQRUJDQLVPVZLWKVL]HVUDQJLQJ
IURPOHVVWKDQD PLFURPHWHUWR D IHZPLFURPHWHU DUHVRPHWLPHV FDOOHG VPDOO FKHPLFDO IDFWRULHV
EHFDXVH RIWKHLU DELOLW WRSURGXFH D YDULHW RI FKHPLFDO VXEVWDQFHV WKDWDUH XVHIXO IRUXV 7KHVH
VXEVWDQFHV DUH SURGXFHG DV SDUWV RI WKH PHWDEROLF SURFHVVHV RI PLFURRUJDQLVPV WKDW FRQYHUW UDZ
PDWHULDOV LQWR VLPSOH FRPSRXQGV WR SURGXFH HQHUJ 7KH PHWDEROLFSDWKZDV RI PLFURRUJDQLVPV
FRQVLVW RI WKH JOFROWLF SDWKZD SHQWRVH SKRVSKDWH SDWKZD WULFDUER[OLF DFLG FFOH 7$
JOR[DODWH VKXQW IHUPHQWDWLYH SDWKZD DPLQR DFLG PHWDEROLVP SDWKZD DQG PDQ RWKHU UHODWHG
SDWKZDVWRGHJUDGHFRPSOH[VXEVWUDWHVLQWRVLPSOHPHWDEROLWHV2IDOOWKHVHSDWKZDVJOFROWLF
7$FFOHDQGIHUPHQWDWLYHSDWKZDVDUHWKHHQHUJLHOGLQJSURFHVVHVZKLFKGULYHRWKHUFHOOXODU
SURFHVVHV7$FFOHLVDFWLYDWHGXQGHUDHURELFFRQGLWLRQVRIJURZWKDQGWKHIHUPHQWDWLYHSDWKZDV
WDNHSODFHXQGHUDQDHURELFFRQGLWLRQVRIJURZWK@'HVSLWHWKHIDFWWKDWIHUPHQWDWLYHSDWKZDV
DUHDQDHURELFPHWDEROLFSURFHVVHVLQWKHEURDGHUPLFURELRORJLFDOFRQWH[WWKHWHUPµIHUPHQWDWLRQ¶LV
DSSOLHGWRUHIHUWRDOOSURFHVVHVDHURELFPLFURDHURELFDQGDQDHURELF
WKDWOHDGVWRWKHIRUPDWLRQRID
SURGXFWWKURXJKPDVV FXOWXUH RI DQ RUJDQLVP@7KH HQGSURGXFWV RI IHUPHQWDWLRQ DUH VLPSOH
RUJDQLF FRPSRXQGV ZKLFK FDQ EH XWLOL]HG E WKH VDPH RUJDQLVP RU FDQ EH XWLOL]HG E RWKHU
RUJDQLVPV,QDGGLWLRQWRWKHHQGSURGXFWVVHYHUDOLQWHUPHGLDWHFRPSRXQGVDUHDOVRUHOHDVHGLQWRWKH
JURZWK PHGLXP ZKLFK FRXOG DOVR EH EHQHILFLDO WR WKH VDPH RU RWKHU RUJDQLVPV 'XH WR WKH
LPSRUWDQFH RI WKHVH µHQG µRU µLQWHUPHGLDWH¶ FRPSRXQGV IRU KXPDQ XVH LQGXVWULHV XVH VSHFLILF
PLFURRUJDQLVPVWRSURGXFHVSHFLILFSURGXFWRILQWHUHVWLQDFRQWUROOHGHQYLURQPHQWLQVLGHDYHVVHO
FDOOHGELRUHDFWRURUIHUPHQWHU
:KLOHWKHEDVLFPHFKDQLVPDQGWKHSULQFLSOHRIIHUPHQWDWLRQZDVXQGHUVWRRGRQOGXULQJWKHVHFRQG
KDOI RI WKH QLQHWHHQWK FHQWXU DV /RXLV 3DVWHXU H[SODLQHG WKH SURFHVV IHUPHQWDWLRQ ZDV XVHG
WKRXVDQGVRIHDUVDJREWKHSHRSOHRIWKH,QGLDQVXEFRQWLQHQW(JSWKLQD0HVRSRWDPLD5RPH
*UHHFHDQGPDQRWKHUSDUWVRIWKHZRUOGLQPDNLQJWUDGLWLRQDOKRPHPDGHIRRGVEHYHUDJHVDQG
HYHQ PHGLFLQH 7KH PDLQ DLP RI DQFLHQW IHUPHQWDWLRQ ZDV IRRG SUHVHUYDWLRQ +RZHYHU WKH
%DEORQLDQVDQGWKH6XPHULDQVXVHGHDVWWRPDNHZLQHDVHDUODV%DVVRFLDOOXEULFDWRUV
,WLVEHOLHYHGWKDWHYHQEHIRUHWKDWWLPHWKHKLQHVHSHRSOHXVHGDOFRKROLFEHYHUDJHVLQPHGLFLQH
7KHHLWKHUXVHGDOFRKROGLUHFWODVPHGLFLQHVRUXVHGLWWRGLVVROYHKHUEVVSLFHVRURWKHUPHGLFDOO
!# $%'()*+,*%-)'.+,'/*0-'.1+'(%+$22.-)'/-3(1
LPSRUWDQWVSHFLHV$OFRKROLFEHYHUDJHZDVDOVRXVHGDVDQHVWKHWLFDQWLPLFURELDODQGSVFKRWURSLF
PHGLFLQHLQ$QFLHQW(JSWIURP%(JSWLDQVDOVRXVHGVHYHUDODGGLWLYHVZLWKZLQHIRUWKH
WUHDWPHQWRIFDQFHUOLNHGLVHDVHVDQGSUHVHUYLQJGHDGERGLHVEPXPPLILFDWLRQ@
$OWKRXJK WUDGLWLRQDOO IHUPHQWDWLRQ SURGXFWV ZHUH PDLQO IRRG SURGXFWV WKH DUH QRZ KLJKO
YHUVDWLOH DQG GXULQJ WKH ODVW FHQWXU PDQ LQGXVWULHV KDYH HPHUJHG EDVHG RQ IHUPHQWDWLRQ WR
SURGXFH D ZLGH YDULHW RI PDWHULDOV WKDW KDYH EHFRPH HVVHQWLDO FRPSRQHQWV RI RXU GDLO OLYHV
)HUPHQWDWLRQ LQGXVWULHV QRZ PDQXIDFWXUHV IRRG DQG IRRG VXSSOHPHQWV HJ RJKXUW FKHHVH
SLFNOHV
DJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWVHJPLFURELDOSHVWLFLGHV
SKDUPDFHXWLFDOFKHPLFDOVHJHQ]PHV
YDFFLQHV
LQGXVWULDO FKHPLFDOV HJ DFHWRQH EXWDQRO
DOFRKROLF EHYHUDJHV HJ EHHU ZLQH
DQDOWLFDOSURGXFWVHJFLWULFDFLG
DQGELRIXHOV@$OWKRXJKLWLVGLIILFXOWWRHVWLPDWHWKHH[DFW
SHUFHQWDJHVRIIHUPHQWDWLRQSURGXFWVWKDWDUHXVHGLQPHGLFDODSSOLFDWLRQVWKLVLVDUDSLGOJURZLQJ
LQGXVWUDQGDODUJHQXPEHURISURGXFWVKDYHEHHQGHYHORSHGDQGPDUNHWHGLQUHFHQWHDUV


,QGXVWULDO)HUPHQWDWLRQ
,QGXVWULDOIHUPHQWDWLRQLVEXLOWRQWUDGLWLRQDOSULQFLSOHVEXWLQFRUSRUDWHVPRVWUHFHQWDGYDQFHPHQWV
RI ELRWHFKQRORJ DQG HQJLQHHULQJ LQ RUGHU WR PD[LPL]H LHOG DW D UHGXFHG FRVW ULWLFDO IDFWRUV
LQFOXGHWKHFKRLFHRIWKHRUJDQLVPVWKHPHGLXPXVHGWRJURZWKHRUJDQLVPDQGWKHILQDOSURGXFWV,Q
DGGLWLRQWKHWSHDQGVL]HRIWKHELRUHDFWRULQZKLFKWKHIHUPHQWDWLRQSURFHVVLVRSHUDWHGDUHDOVR
LPSRUWDQWIDFWRUV%LRUHDFWRUVDUHWSLFDOOPDGHRIVWDLQOHVVVWHHOYHVVHOVEXWRWKHUWSHVVXFKDV
WKRVHWKDWFRPELQHJODVVDQGVWDLQOHVVVWHHOVWUXFWXUHVDUHDOVRDYDLODEOHDQGWKHLUPHGLDKROGLQJ
FDSDFLWPLJKWYDUIURPIHZKXQGUHGOLWHUVWRWHQVRIWKRXVDQGVRIOLWHUV7KHELRUHDFWRUVPXVWEH
DEOH WR PDLQWDLQ L
KLJK FHOO FRQFHQWUDWLRQV IRU KLJK SURGXFW LHOG LL
FXOWXUH HQYLURQPHQW ZLWK
SURSHU WHPSHUDWXUH S+ GLVVROYHG R[JHQ UHGR[ SRWHQWLDO DQG WKH FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI QXWULHQWV LLL
VWHULOHFRQGLWLRQVDQGLY
DJLWDWLRQWRHQVXUHKRPRJHQHRXVGLVWULEXWLRQRIKHDWDLUVXEVWUDWHVDQG
FHOOV7KHDWWULEXWHVRIELRUHDFWRUVGLIIHUEDVHGRQWKHLUWSHVEXWLQJHQHUDOWKHDUHHTXLSSHGZLWK
LPSHOOHUVWRHQVXUHDHUDWLRQS+GHWHFWRUDQGDGMXVWRUWHPSHUDWXUHVHQVRUDQGFRQWUROOHUR[JHQ
VHQVRULQOHWWRDGGPHGLXPDQGLQRFXOXPVRXWOHWWRUHFRYHUSURGXFWVDQGDFRPSXWHUL]HGVVWHPWR
PRQLWRUDOOSDUDPHWHUVDQGJURZWKFRQGLWLRQRIWKHRUJDQLVPV@6WLUUHGWDQNUHDFWRUWSLFDOORI
FOLQGULFDOVKDSHDQGHTXLSSHGZLWKPXOWLSOHLPSHOOHUVPRXQWHGRQDVKDIWGULYHQEDPRWRULVRQH
RIWKHPRVWFRPPRQWSHRIUHDFWRUVXVHGLQIHUPHQWDWLRQLQGXVWULHV)LJ
,QGXVWULDOIHUPHQWDWLRQ
$%'()*%+,'/*0-'.1+4*1*'0)5+63.7+#!8 !9
LV FDUULHG RXW LQ ELRUHDFWRUV XVLQJ WKUHH GLIIHUHQW VFKHPHV EDWFK FRQWLQXRXV DQG IHGEDWFK
IHUPHQWDWLRQV7KHFKRLFHRIWKHVFKHPHGHSHQGVRQWKHWSHRIWKHRUJDQLVPUDZPDWHULDOVDQGWKH
SURGXFWRILQWHUHVW




)LJ'LDJUDPRIDWSLFDOELRUHDFWRUDQGLWVGLIIHUHQWSDUWV



7SHVRI)HUPHQWDWLRQ%DWFKIHUPHQWDWLRQLQYROYHVJURZLQJDPLFURRUJDQLVPLQWKHSUHVHQFHRID
IL[HG DPRXQW RI VXEVWUDWH DQG QXWULHQWV DGGHG DW WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI WKH IHUPHQWDWLRQ SURFHVV
,QRFXOXPLVSUHSDUHGLQEDIIOHGIODVNVRU7WXEHVDQGEDWFKIHUPHQWDWLRQLVFDUULHGRXWLQELRUHDFWRUV
WKDW FDQ KROG VXEVWUDWHV LQ ODUJHU ZRUNLQJ YROXPHV HOO JURZWK LQ EDWFK IHUPHQWDWLRQ SURFHHGV
WKURXJKWSLFDOJURZWKFFOHVRIPLFURRUJDQLVPVWKHODJSKDVHH[SRQHQWLDOSKDVHHDUOVWDWLRQDU
SKDVH DQG WKH VWDWLRQDU SKDVH RI JURZWK %DWFK FXOWLYDWLRQ PD KDYH WKH GLVDGYDQWDJH RI ORZ
SURGXFWLYLWDQGORQJWXUQDURXQGWLPHVUHTXLUHGIRUFOHDQLQJDQGVWHULOL]DWLRQRIWKHELRUHDFWRUV
+RZHYHUEDWFKIHUPHQWDWLRQLVWKHEDVLFWHFKQLTXHWROHDUQDERXWWKHJURZWKFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIDQ
LQGXVWULDOOLPSRUWDQWRUJDQLVPZKLFKLQFOXGHVWKHVSHFLILFJURZWKUDWHVXEVWUDWHFRQVXPSWLRQUDWH
SURGXFW LHOG R[JHQ FRQVXPSWLRQ DQG FDUERQ GLR[LGH HYROXWLRQ UDWH DQG WKH WSHV RI SURGXFWV
!:8 $%'()*+,*%-)'.+,'/*0-'.1+'(%+$22.-)'/-3(1
SURGXFHG IURP WKH FRQVXPSWLRQ RI VSHFLILF VXEVWUDWHV $OVR VFLHQWLVWV XVH EDWFK IHUPHQWDWLRQ WR
GHWHUPLQH WKH RSHUDWLQJ FRQGLWLRQV RI WKH IHUPHQWDWLRQ SURFHVV E RSWLPL]LQJ WHPSHUDWXUH S+
PHGLDYROXPHDJLWDWLRQUDWHDHUDWLRQUDWHHWF@
RQWLQXRXVIHUPHQWDWLRQRQWKHRWKHUKDQGLQYROYHVRSHUDWLQJIHUPHQWDWLRQDWDVSHFLILFJURZWKUDWH
RIWKHRUJDQLVPEFRQWUROOLQJVXEVWUDWHLQSXWDQGSURGXFWRXWSXWUDWH7KHPDLQDGYDQWDJHRIWKLV
WSH RI IHUPHQWDWLRQ LV KLJK SURGXFWLYLW EXW FRQWLQXRXV IHUPHQWDWLRQ LV PRUH SURQH WR
FRQWDPLQDWLRQDQGSURGXFWUHFRYHUFRXOGEHH[SHQVLYHEHFDXVHRIWKHKLJKHUGLOXWLRQRIWKHSURGXFW
@ 7KH PDMRU GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ EDWFK DQG FRQWLQXRXV IHUPHQWDWLRQ LV WKDW GXULQJ EDWFK
IHUPHQWDWLRQWKHVXEVWUDWHLVDGGHGRQORQFHZKHUHDVGXULQJFRQWLQXRXVIHUPHQWDWLRQWKHVXEVWUDWH
LVDGGHGDWDQLQWHUPLWWHQWUDWHZLWKWKHZLWKGUDZDORIWKHSURGXFWDWWKHVDPHUDWH$QRWKHUPDMRU
GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ WKHVH WZR WHFKQLTXHV LV WKDW GXULQJ EDWFK IHUPHQWDWLRQ WKH PHGLD XVHG IRU
EDFWHULDO RU HDVW JURZWK PD EH FRPSOH[ RU XQGHILQHG PHGLD EXW FRQWLQXRXV IHUPHQWDWLRQ LV
FRQGXFWHGXVLQJGHILQHGPHGLXP@:KLOHERWKWKHVHWHFKQLTXHVDUHUREXVWWRROWROHDUQDERXWWKH
PHWDEROLF SDWKZDV RI RUJDQLVPV LQWHJUDWLQJ WKH WHFKQLTXHV RI JHQH H[SUHVVLRQ DQDOVLV
WUDQVFULSWRPLFV
DQG ELRFKHPLFDO DVVDV SURWHRPLFV
FRQWLQXRXV IHUPHQWDWLRQ DOORZV D PRUH
SUHFLVH HVWLPDWLRQ RI WKH VXEVWUDWHV XVHG DW GLIIHUHQW EUDQFKHV RI WKH PHWDEROLF SDWKZD LQ WKH
RUJDQLVPV,WLVSRVVLEOHWRGHWHUPLQHWKHPHWDEROLFIOX[RIDVSHFLILFVXEVWUDWHE1XFOHDU0DJQHWLF
5HVRQDQFH 105
WHFKQLTXHV DQG PDWKHPDWLFDO PRGHOLQJ ZKHQ WKH GHILQHG PHGLD FRQWDLQ 

ODEHOHGVXEVWUDWHVVXFKDVJOXFRVHRUDFHWLFDFLGRURWKHUODEHOHGVXEVWUDWHV@6WXGLHVRI
WKH PHWDEROLF SDWKZDV RI RUJDQLVPV LV NQRZQ DV PHWDERORPLFV 5HVHDUFKHUV XVH PHWDERORPLF
WUDQVFULSWRPLF DQG SURWHRPLF GDWD IRU JHQHWLF PRGLILFDWLRQ RI RUJDQLVPV LQ RUGHU WR GHYHORS
RUJDQLVPVRILQGXVWULDOLPSRUWDQFHZLWKKLJKSURGXFWLYLW*HQHWLFPRGLILFDWLRQLVSHUIRUPHGXVLQJ
WKH UHFRPELQDQW '1$ WHFKQRORJ DQG LQ UHFHQW HDUV VFLHQWLVWV KDYH GHYHORSHG JHQHWLFDOO
HQJLQHHUHGEDFWHULDHDVWYLUXVHVDQGHYHQPDPPDOLDQFHOOOLQHVVXFKDVKLQHVH+DPVWHU2YDULDQ
+2
FHOOVIRULQGXVWULDOIHUPHQWDWLRQSURFHVVHV

7KHWKLUGWSHRIIHUPHQWDWLRQSURFHVVZKLFKLVFDOOHGIHGEDWFKIHUPHQWDWLRQLVDFRPELQDWLRQRI
EDWFKDQGFRQWLQXRXVIHUPHQWDWLRQDQGWKLVWHFKQLTXHLVPRVWZLGHOXVHGIRULQGXVWULDOSXUSRVHV
'XULQJWKHODUJHVFDOHIHUPHQWDWLRQSURFHVVWKHRUJDQLVPPDEHVWUHVVHGWRWKHDJLWDWLRQVSHHGRI
WKHLPSHOOHUVS+DQGVXEVWUDWHVDQGHYHQEWKHESURGXFWVIRUPHGIURPWKHELRORJLFDOFRQYHUVLRQ
RIUDZPDWHULDOV)HGEDWFKIHUPHQWDWLRQDOORZVWKHUHPRYDORIWKHESURGXFWDWVWDJHVZKHQWKH
$%'()*%+,'/*0-'.1+4*1*'0)5+63.7+#!8 !:!
ESURGXFWVPLJKWEH KDUPIXO IRUWKHEDFWHULD DQGWKLV LVGRQH DW LQWHUPLWWHQWOHYHOV  )HGEDWFK
IHUPHQWDWLRQLVGLYLGHGLQWRWZRWSHVVROLGVWDWHIHUPHQWDWLRQ66)
DQGVXEPHUJHGIHUPHQWDWLRQ
6P)
%RWK 66) DQG 6P) KDYHEHHQ IXUWKHU UHILQHGEDVHG RQWKHWSH RI WKHVXEVWUDWHV RU UDZ
PDWHULDOVXVHGWRUHGXFHWKHFRVWRIWKHSURGXFWUHFRYHUVWDJH@
6ROLG6WDWH )HUPHQWDWLRQ 66)
LV EDVHG RQ WKH SULQFLSOH WKDW WKH VXEVWUDWHV XVHG DUH VROLG
FRPSRXQGV VXFK DV EUDQ EDJDVVH SDSHU SXOS ZKHDW EUDQ ULFH DQG ULFH VWUDZ KD IUXLW DQG
YHJHWDEOHZDVWHFRFRQXWFRLUDQGVQWKHWLFPHGLDWKDWDUHXWLOL]HGYHUVORZOEEDFWHULDRUIXQJL
DWDVWHDGVWDWHUDWHOHDGLQJWRWKHFRQWUROOHGUHOHDVHRIQXWULHQWV$GYDQWDJHRIWKHWHFKQLTXHLVWKDW
WKH VDPH VXEVWUDWH FDQ EH XVHG IRU ORQJHU WLPH SHULRG DQG QXWULHQW ULFK ZDVWH PDWHULDOV FDQ EH
UHFFOHGDVVXEVWUDWHIRUIHUPHQWDWLRQ+RZHYHUGLVDGYDQWDJHRIWKLVWHFKQLTXHLVWKDWEDFWHULDWKDW
UHTXLUHKLJKZDWHUDFWLYLWFDQQRWEHXVHGDQGLQPRVWFDVHVSXULILFDWLRQRIWKHILQDOSURGXFWLVFRVWO
@

6XEPHUJHG )HUPHQWDWLRQ 6P)
/LTXLG )HUPHQWDWLRQ /)
XVHV IUHH IORZLQJ OLTXLGV VXFK DV
PRODVVHVDQGEURWKDQGLVVXLWDEOHIRUEDFWHULDWKDWUHTXLUHKLJKZDWHUDFWLYLW,QWKLVSURFHVVWKH
SURGXFWVRILQWHUHVWDUHVHFUHWHGLQWRWKHIHUPHQWDWLRQEURWKDQGSXULILFDWLRQRIWKHSURGXFWLVHDVLHU
+RZHYHU LW UHTXLUHV FRQVWDQW VXSSO RI VXEVWUDWHV 7KLV WHFKQLTXH LV PRVWO XVHG WR H[WUDFW
VHFRQGDUPHWDEROLWHVWKDWQHHGWREHXVHGLQOLTXLGIRUP6RPHFRPPRQOXVHGVXEVWUDWHVIRU6P)
RU/)DUHVROXEOHVXJDUVPRODVVHVOLTXLGPHGLDIUXLWDQGYHJHWDEOHMXLFHVDQGVHZDJHRUZDVWH
ZDWHU6P)LVDOVRXVHGEPDQELRWHFKQRORJFRPSDQLHVWKDWPDQXIDFWXUHLQGXVWULDOOLPSRUWDQW
SODVPLG '1$ XVLQJ (FROL VWUDLQV DQG WKH KDYH GHYHORSHG SURSULHWDU PLQLPDO PHGLD IRU WKLV
SXUSRVH@

6WDJHV RI )HUPHQWDWLRQ %LRWHFKQRORJ FRPSDQLHV XVH WZR WHUPV WR GHILQH WKH VWDJHV RI WKH
SURGXFWLRQ SURFHVV XSVWUHDP SURFHVVHV DQG GRZQVWUHDP SURFHVVHV 8SVWUHDP SURFHVV LQYROYHV
JURZLQJ PLFURRUJDQLVPV LQ WKH IHUPHQWHU IRU SURGXFW IRUPDWLRQ 2SWLPL]DWLRQ RI WKH XSVWUHDP
SURFHVVHVWKURXJK5HVHDUFKDQG'HYHORSPHQW5	'
LVFULWLFDOWRUHGXFHEDWFKWREDWFKYDULDWLRQRI
WKHSURGXFWLHOG7KLVLVSHUIRUPHGEVHOHFWLQJWKHULJKWRUJDQLVPVWKDWSURYLGHVWKHPD[LPXP
SURGXFWLHOGDQGERSWLPL]LQJWKHLUJURZWKFRQGLWLRQVLQWKHIHUPHQWHU%DFWHULDDQGIXQJLDUHWKH
PRVW FRPPRQO XVHG PLFURRUJDQLVPV LQ IHUPHQWDWLRQ LQGXVWULHV  7KH DUH DOVR UHIHUUHG WR DV
µELRFDWDOVWV¶ VLQFH WKH IHUPHQWDWLRQ SURFHVV LV VROHO GHSHQGHQW RQ WKH ELRFKHPLFDO UHDFWLRQV
!: $%'()*+,*%-)'.+,'/*0-'.1+'(%+$22.-)'/-3(1
FRQGXFWHG E WKHVH PLFURRUJDQLVPV )RU LQGXVWULDO SXUSRVHV WKH RUJDQLVP PXVW EH DEOH WR JURZ
UDSLGO DQG YLJRURXVO EH QRQSDWKRJHQLF DQG PXVW KDYH VWDEOH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV WR SURGXFH
DSSUHFLDEOHDPRXQWRIWKHSURGXFWIURPDSDUWLFXODUUDZPDWHULDO@5HFRPELQDQW'1$WHFKQRORJ
LV XVHG QRZ D GDV IRU WKH HIILFLHQW SURGXFWLRQ RI GHVLUHG SURGXFWV ,Q DGGLWLRQ WR WKH
PLFURRUJDQLVPV PDPPDOLDQ FHOOV DUH DOVR JHQHWLFDOO HQJLQHHUHG IRU UHFRPELQDQW SURWHLQ
SURGXFWLRQ@:KHQXVLQJJHQHWLFDOOHQJLQHHUHGRUJDQLVPVRUFHOOVWKHILUVWVWHSLVWKHVHOHFWLRQ
RIWKHDSSURSULDWHH[SUHVVLRQVVWHPVZLWKWKHSXUSRVHRIUHGXFLQJEDWFKWREDWFKYDULDWLRQRIWKH
SURGXFW LHOG ,Q DGGLWLRQ WR WKH RUJDQLVP WKH WSH RI VXEVWUDWH LV DQRWKHU LPSRUWDQW IDFWRU LQ
LQGXVWULDO IHUPHQWDWLRQ SURFHVV 7KH VXEVWUDWH DOVR NQRZQ DV WKH UDZ PDWHULDO PXVW EH HDVLO
GHJUDGDEOH E WKH PLFURRUJDQLVP FKHDS UHDGLO DYDLODEOH DQG FRVWHIIHFWLYH $ VLPSOH VXEVWUDWH
PDNHVSURGXFWUHFRYHUOHVVH[SHQVLYHDWWKHGRZQVWUHDPVWDJH

8QOLNH XSVWUHDP SURFHVVHV ZKLFK IRFXVHV RQ WKH JURZWK RI WKH RUJDQLVP DQG WKH SURGXFW
IRUPDWLRQ GRZQVWUHDP SURFHVV PDLQO LQYROYHV SURGXFW UHFRYHU DQG SXULILFDWLRQ SURGXFW
FRQFHQWUDWLRQ DQG SUHSDULQJ SURGXFWV IRU FRPPHUFLDOL]DWLRQ )LJ
@ 'RZQVWUHDP SURFHVV
LQLWLDWHVZLWKWKHUXSWXUHRUOVLVRIFHOOVEJULQGLQJKRPRJHQL]LQJRUWKURXJKWKHXVHRIGHQDWXULQJ
RUHQ]PDWLFVXEVWDQFHVLQSDUWLFXODUZKHQWKHSURGXFWLVQRWVHFUHWHGLQWRWKHPHGLXP7HFKQLTXHV
WKDWDUHRIJHQHUDOXVHIRUSXULILFDWLRQLQFOXGHSUHFLSLWDWLRQILOWUDWLRQFHQWULIXJDWLRQVHGLPHQWDWLRQ
DQG D YDULHW RI FKURPDWRJUDSKLF VHSDUDWLRQ SURFHGXUHV VXFK DV DIILQLW FKURPDWRJUDSK LRQ
H[FKDQJHFKURPDWRJUDSKKGURSKRELFFKURPDWRJUDSKKLJKSHUIRUPDQFHOLTXLGFKURPDWRJUDSK
+3/

More Related Content

What's hot

Remedies lecture 1
Remedies lecture 1Remedies lecture 1
Remedies lecture 1FAROUQ
 
Terms of contract
Terms of contractTerms of contract
Terms of contractFAROUQ
 
Privity lecture & cases
Privity lecture & casesPrivity lecture & cases
Privity lecture & casesFAROUQ
 
Remedies lecture 2
Remedies lecture 2Remedies lecture 2
Remedies lecture 2FAROUQ
 
Discharge lecture
Discharge lectureDischarge lecture
Discharge lectureFAROUQ
 
Emergency thoracotomy for cardiac or great vessel injuries: a report of 5 cases.
Emergency thoracotomy for cardiac or great vessel injuries: a report of 5 cases.Emergency thoracotomy for cardiac or great vessel injuries: a report of 5 cases.
Emergency thoracotomy for cardiac or great vessel injuries: a report of 5 cases.Abdulsalam Taha
 
Private label content solutions
Private label content solutionsPrivate label content solutions
Private label content solutionsMichael Mayhew
 
Fishers Of Men
Fishers Of MenFishers Of Men
Fishers Of MenJLangston
 
Balzac et la petite tailleuse chinoise
Balzac et la petite tailleuse chinoiseBalzac et la petite tailleuse chinoise
Balzac et la petite tailleuse chinoisedreamytang
 
Excel vba course notes 1 macro basics
Excel vba course notes 1   macro basicsExcel vba course notes 1   macro basics
Excel vba course notes 1 macro basicsnecromen
 

What's hot (17)

Remedies lecture 1
Remedies lecture 1Remedies lecture 1
Remedies lecture 1
 
Terms of contract
Terms of contractTerms of contract
Terms of contract
 
Privity lecture & cases
Privity lecture & casesPrivity lecture & cases
Privity lecture & cases
 
Remedies lecture 2
Remedies lecture 2Remedies lecture 2
Remedies lecture 2
 
Discharge lecture
Discharge lectureDischarge lecture
Discharge lecture
 
Islam Perfectly Complete
Islam Perfectly CompleteIslam Perfectly Complete
Islam Perfectly Complete
 
9146art9
9146art99146art9
9146art9
 
Emergency thoracotomy for cardiac or great vessel injuries: a report of 5 cases.
Emergency thoracotomy for cardiac or great vessel injuries: a report of 5 cases.Emergency thoracotomy for cardiac or great vessel injuries: a report of 5 cases.
Emergency thoracotomy for cardiac or great vessel injuries: a report of 5 cases.
 
Planificacion.pdf
Planificacion.pdfPlanificacion.pdf
Planificacion.pdf
 
Private label content solutions
Private label content solutionsPrivate label content solutions
Private label content solutions
 
Fishers Of Men
Fishers Of MenFishers Of Men
Fishers Of Men
 
IEC 2014_Wera Supa
IEC 2014_Wera  SupaIEC 2014_Wera  Supa
IEC 2014_Wera Supa
 
Balzac et la petite tailleuse chinoise
Balzac et la petite tailleuse chinoiseBalzac et la petite tailleuse chinoise
Balzac et la petite tailleuse chinoise
 
teco12
teco12teco12
teco12
 
1st book dr rahul & heena tiwari- periooral soft tissue & orthognathic surgery
1st book  dr rahul & heena tiwari- periooral soft tissue & orthognathic surgery1st book  dr rahul & heena tiwari- periooral soft tissue & orthognathic surgery
1st book dr rahul & heena tiwari- periooral soft tissue & orthognathic surgery
 
2nd book dr rahul & heena tiwari- how to write an article and publish it - c...
2nd book  dr rahul & heena tiwari- how to write an article and publish it - c...2nd book  dr rahul & heena tiwari- how to write an article and publish it - c...
2nd book dr rahul & heena tiwari- how to write an article and publish it - c...
 
Excel vba course notes 1 macro basics
Excel vba course notes 1   macro basicsExcel vba course notes 1   macro basics
Excel vba course notes 1 macro basics
 

Similar to Amr.810.127

1st Book- Dr Rahul & Heena Tiwari- Periooral Soft Tissue & Orthognathic Surge...
1st Book- Dr Rahul & Heena Tiwari- Periooral Soft Tissue & Orthognathic Surge...1st Book- Dr Rahul & Heena Tiwari- Periooral Soft Tissue & Orthognathic Surge...
1st Book- Dr Rahul & Heena Tiwari- Periooral Soft Tissue & Orthognathic Surge...CLOVE Dental OMNI Hospitals Andhra Hospital
 
1st book dr rahul & heena tiwari- periooral soft tissue & orthognath...
1st book  dr rahul & heena tiwari- periooral soft tissue & orthognath...1st book  dr rahul & heena tiwari- periooral soft tissue & orthognath...
1st book dr rahul & heena tiwari- periooral soft tissue & orthognath...DrHeena tiwari
 
Nanajsnshsjsjsjjshgvysfvsyfvsygwbwuhnwishbwugb
NanajsnshsjsjsjjshgvysfvsyfvsygwbwuhnwishbwugbNanajsnshsjsjsjjshgvysfvsyfvsygwbwuhnwishbwugb
Nanajsnshsjsjsjjshgvysfvsyfvsygwbwuhnwishbwugbsjfk1416
 
En islam the perfectly complete religion
En islam the perfectly complete religionEn islam the perfectly complete religion
En islam the perfectly complete religionHappiness keys
 
Configuration of Meter_Data_Management_Systems.pdf
Configuration of Meter_Data_Management_Systems.pdfConfiguration of Meter_Data_Management_Systems.pdf
Configuration of Meter_Data_Management_Systems.pdfBhekumuzi Xaba
 
personality develope
personality developepersonality develope
personality developesethuilan
 
CareClarity Pitch Deck
CareClarity Pitch DeckCareClarity Pitch Deck
CareClarity Pitch DeckBen Yoskovitz
 
1984 YB Love Letter To America.pdf
1984 YB Love Letter To America.pdf1984 YB Love Letter To America.pdf
1984 YB Love Letter To America.pdfssuserb8b1281
 
Remax single family home market reports for team Paris911 focused cities
Remax single family home market reports for team Paris911 focused citiesRemax single family home market reports for team Paris911 focused cities
Remax single family home market reports for team Paris911 focused citiesConnor T. MacIVOR
 
Conditions and System of Government/Official Information in some NATO Countries
Conditions and System of Government/Official Information in some NATO Countries Conditions and System of Government/Official Information in some NATO Countries
Conditions and System of Government/Official Information in some NATO Countries Ivan Zary
 
GFI LanGuard SDK - Technical DataSheet
GFI LanGuard SDK - Technical DataSheetGFI LanGuard SDK - Technical DataSheet
GFI LanGuard SDK - Technical DataSheetAndre Muscat
 
Expense Reduction Categories
Expense Reduction CategoriesExpense Reduction Categories
Expense Reduction CategoriesNaushad Moolla
 
Law Questions compliments of Asif tufal law
Law Questions compliments of Asif tufal lawLaw Questions compliments of Asif tufal law
Law Questions compliments of Asif tufal lawJubilanté Cutting
 
devops-2-1-toolkit-deploying-monitoring (1).pdf
devops-2-1-toolkit-deploying-monitoring (1).pdfdevops-2-1-toolkit-deploying-monitoring (1).pdf
devops-2-1-toolkit-deploying-monitoring (1).pdfMohsinNaushad1
 
The rarionale behind gender mainstreaming
The rarionale behind gender mainstreamingThe rarionale behind gender mainstreaming
The rarionale behind gender mainstreamingsheila cesario
 
Basic Port Statistics 2021.pdf
Basic Port Statistics 2021.pdfBasic Port Statistics 2021.pdf
Basic Port Statistics 2021.pdfssuser78d0a4
 

Similar to Amr.810.127 (18)

Agricultura resiliente
Agricultura resilienteAgricultura resiliente
Agricultura resiliente
 
1st Book- Dr Rahul & Heena Tiwari- Periooral Soft Tissue & Orthognathic Surge...
1st Book- Dr Rahul & Heena Tiwari- Periooral Soft Tissue & Orthognathic Surge...1st Book- Dr Rahul & Heena Tiwari- Periooral Soft Tissue & Orthognathic Surge...
1st Book- Dr Rahul & Heena Tiwari- Periooral Soft Tissue & Orthognathic Surge...
 
1st book dr rahul & heena tiwari- periooral soft tissue & orthognath...
1st book  dr rahul & heena tiwari- periooral soft tissue & orthognath...1st book  dr rahul & heena tiwari- periooral soft tissue & orthognath...
1st book dr rahul & heena tiwari- periooral soft tissue & orthognath...
 
Islam: The perfectly complete religion
Islam: The perfectly complete religionIslam: The perfectly complete religion
Islam: The perfectly complete religion
 
Nanajsnshsjsjsjjshgvysfvsyfvsygwbwuhnwishbwugb
NanajsnshsjsjsjjshgvysfvsyfvsygwbwuhnwishbwugbNanajsnshsjsjsjjshgvysfvsyfvsygwbwuhnwishbwugb
Nanajsnshsjsjsjjshgvysfvsyfvsygwbwuhnwishbwugb
 
En islam the perfectly complete religion
En islam the perfectly complete religionEn islam the perfectly complete religion
En islam the perfectly complete religion
 
Configuration of Meter_Data_Management_Systems.pdf
Configuration of Meter_Data_Management_Systems.pdfConfiguration of Meter_Data_Management_Systems.pdf
Configuration of Meter_Data_Management_Systems.pdf
 
personality develope
personality developepersonality develope
personality develope
 
CareClarity Pitch Deck
CareClarity Pitch DeckCareClarity Pitch Deck
CareClarity Pitch Deck
 
1984 YB Love Letter To America.pdf
1984 YB Love Letter To America.pdf1984 YB Love Letter To America.pdf
1984 YB Love Letter To America.pdf
 
Remax single family home market reports for team Paris911 focused cities
Remax single family home market reports for team Paris911 focused citiesRemax single family home market reports for team Paris911 focused cities
Remax single family home market reports for team Paris911 focused cities
 
Conditions and System of Government/Official Information in some NATO Countries
Conditions and System of Government/Official Information in some NATO Countries Conditions and System of Government/Official Information in some NATO Countries
Conditions and System of Government/Official Information in some NATO Countries
 
GFI LanGuard SDK - Technical DataSheet
GFI LanGuard SDK - Technical DataSheetGFI LanGuard SDK - Technical DataSheet
GFI LanGuard SDK - Technical DataSheet
 
Expense Reduction Categories
Expense Reduction CategoriesExpense Reduction Categories
Expense Reduction Categories
 
Law Questions compliments of Asif tufal law
Law Questions compliments of Asif tufal lawLaw Questions compliments of Asif tufal law
Law Questions compliments of Asif tufal law
 
devops-2-1-toolkit-deploying-monitoring (1).pdf
devops-2-1-toolkit-deploying-monitoring (1).pdfdevops-2-1-toolkit-deploying-monitoring (1).pdf
devops-2-1-toolkit-deploying-monitoring (1).pdf
 
The rarionale behind gender mainstreaming
The rarionale behind gender mainstreamingThe rarionale behind gender mainstreaming
The rarionale behind gender mainstreaming
 
Basic Port Statistics 2021.pdf
Basic Port Statistics 2021.pdfBasic Port Statistics 2021.pdf
Basic Port Statistics 2021.pdf
 

Amr.810.127