7. Primary: Chlamydospores in soil
and propagules in infected
suckers used for planting
Secondary: Micro and macro
conidia through irrigation
water
**Infection by burrowing nematode, Radopholus similis
favours entry of the pathogen
8. Banana weevils such as corm borer (Cosmopolites sordidus) and pseudostem borer
(Odoiporus longicollis) also favours entry of the pathogen.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14. āĻŠāĻā§āĻˇāĻ¯āĻāĻŽ āĻ¯
āĻž:
īŊ āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ¯ āĻ¯āĻĒāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ā§āĨ¤
īŊ āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻĢāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻžāĻĢāĻžāĻ¯ āĻŗāĻāĻˇ āĻ¯āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻāĻ¯ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻĢāĻž āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻž āĻĢāĻ¯āĻĢāĻ´āĻžāĻ¯ āĻāĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¤ āĻ´āĻŦāĻĢāĨ¤āĨ¤
īŊ āĻšāĻŗā§āĻžāĻŠā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻˇ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻ¯āĻŽāĻāĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻ¯āĻžāĻĢāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻž āĻĢāĻž āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻˇāĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ¨ ā§
āĻ¯ āĻ āĻāĻžāĻĢā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¤āĻ¯ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ āĻāĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻšāĻāĻ¤āĨ¤
īŊ āĻ¯āĻĢāĻąā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻŦāĻ°āĻžāĻŦāĻāĻ¨ āĻŗāĻžāĻ¯ āĻŋāĻŦāĻˇāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ¯āĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻˇāĨ¤
īŊ āĻāĻ° āĻšāĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻąāĻ¯ āĻŗā§āĻĢāĻ¯āĻĢāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž āĻĻāĻ¯āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĨ¤
īŊ āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻĢāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨ ā§¨-ā§Š āĻĢāĻāĻ¯ āĻāĻžāĻžāĻāĻ āĻžāĻšāĻ° āĻ āĻāĻ¯āĻ¤āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¤āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻĢāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦāĻ¤ āĻ´āĻŦāĻĢāĨ¤
īŊ Flood fallowing for 6 to 24 months or crop rotation with puddle rice/Sugarcane.
īŊ Application of lime (1-2 kg/pit) to the infected pits after chopping of the plants
parts .
īŊ Intercropping with Onion *
21. īŊ āĻ¯āĻžāĻŗāĻžā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¨āĻ :
īŊ āĻāĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĻā§āĻāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻāĻāĻĢ ā§ā§Ģ % āĻĄāĻĢāĻ°ā§ āĻā§āĻˇāĻŠ @ ā§¨.ā§Ģ āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ/āĻšāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ¯
īŊ āĻāĻŠāĻžāĻ¯ āĻ´āĻžāĻāĻĄā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻāĻĄ ā§ā§ % āĻĄāĻĢāĻ°ā§ āĻā§āĻˇāĻŠ @ ā§¨ āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ/āĻšāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ¯ āĻĢāĻž āĻāĻŠāĻžāĻ¯ āĻ āĻļā§āĻāĻā§āĻ¸-
āĻ°āĻ˛āĻžāĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻĄ ā§Ģā§Ļ % āĻĄāĻĢāĻ°ā§ āĻā§āĻˇāĻŠ @ ā§Ē āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ/āĻšāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ¯
īŊ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻāĻĢ āĻ¯
āĻ¨āĻĄāĻžāĻļā§āĻāĻāĻ ā§Ģā§Ļ % āĻĄāĻĢāĻ°ā§. āĻā§āĻˇāĻŠ @ ā§§ āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ/āĻšāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ¯ āĻāĻŦāĻ° āĻā§āĻŦāĻ° āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯
āĻŗā§āĻŠāĻžāĻšāĻ¯āĻą āĻāĻ¯āĻž āĻ¯āĻŽāĻŦāĻ¤ āĻŠāĻžāĻŦāĻ¯āĨ¤
īŊ Tebuconazole 50%+ Trifloxystrobin 25% w/w WG (NATIVO) @
0.7gm/Lt of Water or Pyraclostrobin 133g/L + Epoxiconazole
50g/L SE @1.5gm/Lt of water (1st spray 3 to 5 month crop,
2nd spray 7 to 9 month crop)
22. īŊ Recommendation by AICRP on Fruits:
īŊ Three sprays of Propiconazole (0.5ml/l) + petroleum based mineral
oil (10ml/l) at 25 daysâ interval immediately after the onset of
disease for effectively control the leaf spot disease and increased
yield in different commercial cultivars of banana due to the control
of the disease (12.35%-15.13% as against the 58.04% in check)
īŊ Three sprays of Propiconazole (0.1%) at 30 days interval with
Bacillus subtilis or Pseudomonas fluorescens (0.5%) was also
effective.
ī Applying recommended dose of potassium fertilizer.
īSpraying Chlorothalonil 0.2% with non ionic adhesive in pre-
monsoon period and Propiconazole 0.1% interspersed with
Tridemorph 0.1% at 20 days interval in rainy period.
32. Pseudomonas solanacearum
āĻĢāĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻā§āĻ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¯ā§āĻžm āĻāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ hÂĄ -jÂĄ-LÂĄ -lÂĄN:
īŊ First recorded in Guyana in 1840 in Moko plantain
īŊ Reductions in yield due to Moko of up to 74% have
been reported in Guyana.
īŊ Moko is endemic to Central and South America
īŊ Not prevalent in India
īŊ Ralstonia solanacearum race 2, biovar 1
īŊ Greyish brown bacterial ooze is seen when the
pseudostem of affected plant is cut transversely.
īŊ A firm brown dry rot is found within fruits of infected
plants .
īŊ Death of whole plant occurs under severe infection.
33.
34. īŊ This disease is under domestic quarantine in India.
īŊ The movement of planting suckers from Gujarat and Maharashtra to
other parts of the country is banned
īŊ CMV causes great losses in vegetables, ornamentals and fruit crops
īŊ Primary: Virus particles through diseased suckers used for planting
īŊ Secondary: Virus particles transmitted by banana black aphids,
Aphis gossypii, A. maydis.
īŊ Cucumis sativus (Cucumber) serves as a latent reservoir host.
35. īTypical mosaic-like or
discontinuous linear streaking
in bands extending from
(Mosaic) margin to midrib
running parallel to veins
īChlorosis of newly emerged
leaves (Infectious chlorosis)
īOccasionally rotting of
central youngest leaf and leaf
sheaths in severe cases (Heart
rot) which progress into the
pseudostem leading to death
of plants
īDiseased plants do not reach
maturity and may fail to
produce bunch
36. īŊ In India, the incidence is upto 70% in Karnataka
īŊ The disease has been reported on Nendran and Dwarf
Cavendish banana in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Gujarat
īŊ Erwinia caratovora sub.sp. caratovora and Erwinia chrysanthemii
īŊ Primary: Bacterial cells in soil and through diseased plant
suckers used for planting
īŊ Secondary: Bacterial cells through irrigation water
37. īIn newly planted young sprouting
sucker the rhizome is infected and
infection progresses into pseudostem
leading to toppling or tipover of the
germinating sucker.
īIn established plants water soaked
spots develop on outer leaf sheaths
on base of pseudostem near the soil
line.
īIn many cases, the pseudostem tips
over because of breaking caused by
rotting at the ground level.
āĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻ¯ āĻ°āĻŋāĻŖ
38. īA black necrosis spread from the
perianth into the tip of immature fingers.
The rotted portion of the banana finger
is dry and tends to adhere to fruits
(appears similar to the ash of a cigar).
āĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻ¯ āĻ°āĻŋāĻŖ
âĸSpraying the bunch with Dithane M -45
(0.2%) or Topsin M (0.1%) controls the
disease effectively.
āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ¨
51. Fig.: Most common symptoms of scab disease of guava seen in the field. A, Immature fruit with small,
brown, slightly raised lesions. Stem also had reddish-brown lesions. B, Discrete dark brown lesions. C,
Coalescing lesions giving rise to scabby appearance. D, Symptoms on mature fruit and leaves.
77. īŊ Two sprays of Carbendazim (12%) + Mancozeb (63%)
@0.2% (2g/l) starting at flowering stage at an interval of
10 days are effective against blossom blight of mango.
īŊ Three alternate sprays of Carbendazim 50WP (0.1%),
Propineb 70WP (0.2%) and Thiophanate- methyl 80WP
(0.1%) at an interval of 10 days given at young
vegetative flush stage was effective for the management
of mango anthracnose.
81. ** Badly infested trees can be treated with copper containing fungicides like COC @ 0.4%
82. Symptoms:
īŊ The leaves, twigs, inflorescence
and fruits are covered with shiny
black and sticky growth of fungal
mycelium.
īŊ The sootymold won't cause any
direct infection to plants, but it
may effect the photosynthetic
process which may cause
premature aging and death of
leaves. Also plants may show
stunted growth.
83. īŊ Sooty mold mainly
develops on honey dew
secreted by sap sucking
insects like white flies,
aphids, leaf hoppers,
scale insects, mealybugs
and psyllids. Also this
insects are always
associated with ants.
Management
1. If plants are small wash
mold with strong stream
of water
2. Spraying starch also
removes sooty mold
3. Control sap sucking
insects
4. Also keep the trees free
from ants by applying a
sticky compound around
the trunk .
98. Symptoms:
Initially perceptible on injured
portion of the fruits. The decayed
areas get depressed and rot
gradually penetrates deep into the
pulp. Fruits emit an odour of
fermentation.
Management:
One spray of Carbendazim
(0.1%) 15-20 days before
harvest. Prevent from physical
injuries during harvesting.
Prompt precooling and
maintenance of the optimum
temperature and relative
humidity during storage and
transport of fruits.
99. īŊ www.matirkatha.net (Department of Agriculture,
Govt. Of West Bengal)
īŊ https://www.nrclitchi.org (ICAR-National
Research Centre on Litchi)
īŊ http://nrcb.res.in/ (ICAR-National Research
Centre on Banana)
īŊ https://aicrp.icar.gov.in/fruits/ ( ICAR-All India
Coordinated Research Project on Fruits)
īŊ https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/mango/infos
īŊ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3181
37131 (Lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.): Pre- and
Post-harvest Disease)
īŊ Google Search