Introduction to general distribution of electric power in urban areas, substations for small schemes in industrial units. Electrical installations in a building from the supply company mains to individual outlet points including meter board, distribution board, layout of points with load calculations. Electrical wiring systems for small and large installations including different materials involved Electrical control and safety devices – switches, fuse, circuit breakers earthing, lightning conductors etc. Introduction to general distribution of electric power in urban areas, substations for small schemes in industrial units. Electrical installations in a building from the supply company mains to individual outlet points including meter board, distribution board, layout of points with load calculations. Electrical wiring systems for small and large installations including different materials involved Electrical control and safety devices – switches, fuse, circuit breakers earthing, lightning conductors etc. Introduction to general distribution of electric power in urban areas, substations for small schemes in industrial units. Electrical installations in a building from the supply company mains to individual outlet points including meter board, distribution board, layout of points with load calculations. Electrical wiring systems for small and large installations including different materials involved Electrical control and safety devices – switches, fuse, circuit breakers earthing, lightning conductors etc. Introduction to general distribution of electric power in urban areas, substations for small schemes in industrial units. Electrical installations in a building from the supply company mains to individual outlet points including meter board, distribution board, layout of points with load calculations. Electrical wiring systems for small and large installations including different materials involved Electrical control and safety devices – switches, fuse, circuit breakers earthing, lightning conductors etc. Introduction to general distribution of electric power in urban areas, substations for small schemes in industrial units. Electrical installations in a building from the supply company mains to individual outlet points including meter board, distribution board, layout of points with load calculations. Electrical wiring systems for small and large installations including different materials involved Electrical control and safety devices – switches, fuse, circuit breakers earthing, lightning conductors etc. Introduction to general distribution of electric power in urban areas, substations for small schemes in industrial units. Electrical installations in a building from the supply company mains to individual outlet points including meter board, distribution board, layout of points with load calculations. Electrical wiring systems for small and large installations including different materials involve

1. S Y B Arch Building Services Term II
Unit 2 ELECTRIFICATION
• Introduction to general distribution of electric power
in urban areas, substations for small schemes in
industrial units.
• Electrical installations in a building from the supply
company mains to individual outlet points including
meter board, distribution board, layout of points with
load calculations.
• Electrical wiring systems for small and large
installations including different materials involved
• Electrical control and safety devices – switches, fuse,
circuit breakers earthing, lightning conductors etc.

2. Distribution of Electric Power

3. Distribution of Electric Power
1. Electricity leaves the power plant
2. its voltage is increased at a step up transformer
3. The electricity travels along high voltage
transmission lines to the area where power is
needed
4. There in substation voltage is decreased with
the help of step down transformer
5. Again the transmission lines carry the
electricity
6. Electricity reaches the final consumption point

4. Generation Sources of Electricity
• Electrical energy is generated at big power station
• Many types of power station: Named according to the
energy used to rotate the prime mover of alternator.
• These power stations are
1. Hydro Power station
2. Thermal Power station
3. Diesel Power station
4. Atomic Power station
5. Wind Farm
6. Solar Power

5. Hydro Power station
• In this system, the generator is driven
by water turbine. The water for the
turbine to rotate is brought down
from the high level reservoir through
a spiral pipe (Pen Stocks), and is
forced down to the turbine blades to
achieve motion to the generator.
• This system is adopted on such rivers
where sufficient water is available
round the year. Dams are constructed
on the rivers so as to gain head, to
generate sufficient energy in the
turbine. Best examples are Bhakara
Nangal, Koyana, Mulshi, etc

6. Thermal Power station
• Thermal power stations are run on the high pressure steam
produced in the Captive Boilers, which gets heat by burning natural
coal.
• The high pressure steam in induced in the steam turbine , which in
turn rotate the Generator. In India most of the power generation is
through Thermal plants.
• These Power plants requires enormous land and they cause
pollution hazard in terms of fly ash and air pollution.
• Initial running cost of these power stations is high
• As the reserves of coal in the earth are limited, the thermal power
stations will have limited future, and these will have to be replaced
by other types of plants using other resources.
• Examples are: Power plants at Koradi , Parali, Paras,
Chandrapur,Korba.

7. Diesel Power station
• These power stations, are established where there is no
availability of other sources of energy like Coal, and water
reservoirs.
• These are established for smaller capacity production as it
consumes Diesel to run the Diesel engines coupled with
Generators.
• In Hilly regions, and islands which are isolated, from the
main National Power grid , these are established.
• Application of these power plants is very common in
Industries, Ships, Town ships, Resorts, Hospitals, and
Commercial establishments like Shopping Malls, Cinemas,
Housing Societies, (for emergency supply). In Oil producing
Gulf Countries , Plants run on Petrol, natural gas .

8. Atomic Power station
• A nuclear power plant is a thermal power station in which
the heat source is a nuclear reactor.
• As in a conventional thermal power station the heat is used
to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected
to a generator which produces electricity.
• Nuclear power plants are usually considered to be base
load stations, since fuel is a small part of the cost of
production.
• Some of the Power plants in operation are: Kaiga in
Karnataka (660 MW), Kalpakkam in Tamilnadu (440 MW),
Kakrapar in Gujrat ( 440 MW), Rawatbhata in Rajasthan
(1180 MW), Tarapur in Maharashtra ( 1400 MW),Narora in
UP (440MW

9. Alternative Sources of Energy
• Wind power is the conversion of wind energy
into a useful form of energy, such as using
wind turbines to make electrical power.
• Large wind farms consist of hundreds of
individual wind turbines which are connected
to the electric power transmission network.
• Wind power, as an alternative to fossil fuels, is
plentiful, renewable, widely distributed, clean,
produces no greenhouse gas emissions during
operation and uses little land.
• Although wind power is a popular form of
energy generation, the construction of wind
farms is not universally welcomed due to
aesthetics.
• India has the fifth largest installed wind power
capacity in the world.

10. Alternative Sources of Energy
Solar Power:
• Solar power is the conversion
of sunlight into electricity, either directly
using photovoltaic (PV), or indirectly
using concentrated solar power.
• Concentrated solar power systems
use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to
focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam.
• Photovoltaic cells convert light into an electric
current using the photovoltaic effect.

11. Solar Power
• The International Energy agency projected in 2014 that
under its "high renewable" scenario, by 2050, solar
photovoltaic and concentrated solar power would
contribute about 16 and 11 percent, respectively, of
the worldwide electricity consumption
• Photovoltaic were initially used as a source of electricity for
small and medium-sized applications e.g. calculators,
remote homes powered by an off-grid rooftop PV system.
• Solar PV is rapidly becoming an inexpensive, low-carbon
technology to harness renewable energy from the Sun.
• The current largest photovoltaic power station in the world
is the 850 MW Longyangxia Dam Solar Park, in Quinghai,
China.

12. CURRENT ,VOLTAGE AND WATTS

13. CURRENT ,VOLTAGE AND WATTS
• An electric current is a flow of electric charge
through an electrical conductor.
• In electric circuits this charge is often carried by
moving electrons in a wire.
• The unit for measuring an electric current is the
ampere, Electric current can be measured using
an AMETER.
Watts is also known as volt-amps and is typically
used in conjunction with AC power circuits
Watts = Amps x Volts
Amps = 1000Watts / 250Volts =50 Amp

14. Direct Current
Direct current (DC) is the unidirectional flow of electric
charge and possess a voltage with constant polarity.
Direct current is produced by sources such as Cells,
Batteries, thermo-couples, solar cells , and dynamo
machines (the static charge generated by rubbing certain
types of materials against each other.)
Direct current may flow in a conductor such as a wire, but
can also flow through semi conductor, insulators, or even
through a vacuum as in electrons or ion beams.

15. Alternating Current
Alternating current : the flow of electric charge
periodically reverses direction.
Sources of electricity ( rotary electro-mechanical
generators) produce voltages alternating in polarity,
reversing positive and negative over time.
Through Transformers the voltage of AC can be stepped up
for transmissions through cables to avoid losses, which is
not possible in case of a DC
Electrical resistance(R) is the opposition to the passage of
an electric current through that element.
The unit of electrical resistance is the ohm(Ω)

16. AC & DC
• Cells and Batteries generate Direct Current
• AC Generators generate Alternating Current
• Through Transformers the voltage of AC can be
stepped up for transmissions through cables to
avoid losses, which is not possible in case of a DC
• Captive Generations and Electric Transmissions
are in the form of AC
• Applications of DC include Cells and Batteries
• DC can be converted to AC through Invertors
• AC can be converted to DC through Rectifiers or
Convertor such as : Battery Chargers

17. Single and Three phase circuits
• There are two types of system available in electric
circuit:
• single phase -Normally for residential Use
• Three phase system -For Industrial Use
• In single phase circuit, there will be only one phase, i.e
the current will flow through only one wire and there
will be one return path called neutral line to complete
the circuit.
• The three phase system can be used as three single
phase line so it can act as three single phase system.
• 3-phase will have better and higher efficiency
compared to the single phase system.

18. Single and Three phase circuits

19. TRANSMISSION OF ELECRTICITY
• The production of electricity may be in the form of AC or
DC, depending on the generator used.
• At state and national level the generation is always in the
form of AC.
• The generator used are commonly three phase AC with a
capacity of 11 KV, in order to facilitate stepping up and
stepping down for the convenience of transmission.
• Energy generated at the generating station is transmitted
through transmission line to the sub stations from where it
is transmitted to the consumers, through distribution lines
(also called distributers) and supply mains.

20. TRANSMISSION OF ELECRTICITY
• The standard voltages for transmission lines in India are
220,132,110, and 66 Kilo Volts (KV).
• The transmission line of 220 or 132 KV is stepped down to 33
KV in Grid Stations.
• This 33 KV transmission line is further stepped down to 11 KV
for distribution and is further distributed to different main sub
stations in the pre decided areas/zones.
• From these main substations secondary distribution lines are
taken for different sub stations , where it is stepped down to
440 V in three phases for distribution to the consumers
premises.
• At the consumers premises depending upon the load, pole
mounted / pedestal mounted transformers are installed to
step down voltage from 440 to 240 V for the supply to the
consumers.

22. TRANSMISSION OF ELECRTICITY
• Feeder Mains: These are bare or insulated conductors
which are used to carry current from generating station
and supply to the transmission lines.
• Transmission Feeders: Supply line from generating
station to substation.
• Distribution Line: Distribution line is tapped to the
transmission feeder at the substation and supplies
energy to the service mains.
• Service Mains: These are smaller capacity overhead or
underground conductors conveying energy from
distribution line to the consumers premises.

23. Extra Low (ELV) —Voltage does not exceed 50 V.
Low (LV) — Voltage between 50 V to 250 V.
Medium (MV) —Voltage between 250 V to 650 V.
High (HT, HV) —Voltage between 650 V to 33 KV.
Extra High (EHT) —Voltage, exceeding 33 KV.
Categories of Voltage for transmission

25. APPLICATION OF TRANSFORMERS IN
TRANSMISSION

26. Types of transformers
A transformer can accept energy at one voltage and deliver it at
another voltage. This permits electrical energy to be generated
at relatively low voltages and transmitted at high voltages and
low currents, thus reducing line losses and voltage drop
Transformers are classified as two categories:
Power transformers and Distribution transformers.
Power transformers are used in transmission network of higher
voltages, deployed for step-up and step down transformer
application (400 kV, 200 kV, 110 kV, 66 kV, 33kV)
Distribution transformers are used for lower voltage distribution
networks as a means to end user connectivity. (11kV, 6.6 kV,3.3
kV, 440V, 230V)

27. STEP UP TRANSFORMER

28. STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

29. DISTRIBUTION OF SUPPLY
Distribution of Supply : There are two methods of distribution of
electrical energy.
Overhead Distribution system: In this, bare conductors are run on
pole or Towers, which are fastened to the insulators provided on
the cross arm. This system is economical and fast to install.
Branching out from these distribution line and augmentation of
capacity is easy .
Under ground Distribution System :
Armored cable are used which are buried
in trenches about 1 meter deep and 0.5
meter wide, along the roads. This is to
facilitate accessibility to the distribution
line, for maintenance and attending
problems.

30. Location and Requirement of Substation for Small
Schemes in Industrial Units
The substation should preferably be located in separate building
and could be adjacent to the generator room.
Location of substation in the basement floors should be avoided.
For a group of buildings it should be at the electrical load centre
on the ground floor.
The floor level of the substation or switch room to be above the
highest flood level of the locality.
The load centre should be between the geometrical centre and
the air conditioning plant room, as air conditioning plant room
would normally be the largest chunk of load.

31. Substations located within a multi-storeyed building shall not have oil filled
transformers, even if it is at the ground level.
Substations with very little combustible material, such as a Dry type
transformer, can be located in the basement as well as upper floors in a
building with high load density in the upper floors.
Buildings such as hospitals, air traffic control towers, computer centers are
likely to have high loading in a few upper floors and in such cases, it maybe
preferable to provide oil-free substations at upper levels. This measure will
decrease the current flow at various points, thereby reducing risk of fire.
Oil filled transformers may be used only in substations located in separate
single or two storeyed service buildings outside the main building structure
and there shall at least 6 meter clear distance between the adjoining
buildings and substation such that fire tender is able to pass between the
two structures.
Location and Requirement of Substation

32. Generating Sets should not be allowed to be installed
above ground floor or below first basement level of
building.
There shall be provision of separate direct escape and
entry into these areas from outside so that in case of
fire, electrical supplies can be disconnected to avoid
additional losses which may be caused due to electrical
supply, present at the time of fire.
Location and Requirement of Substation