Louis kahn

2. DESIGN STRATEGIES IN ARCHITECTURE

4. DESIGN STRATEGIES IN
ARCHITECTURE
an approach to the analysis of form
Geoffrey H. Baker
School of Architecture,
Tulane University, New Orleans
second edition
~ ~~~;~~n~~~up
LONDON AND NEW YORK

7. First published in 1989 by Van Nostrand Reinhold (International) Co. Ltd
Second edition 1996
© 1989 E & FN Spon
© 1996 Geoffrey Baker
This edition published 2006
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016
Rout/edge is an imprint of the Tay/or & Francis Group, an informa
business
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical,
or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book has been requested
ISBN10: 0-419-16130-9
ISBN13: 978-0-419-16130-1
Printed and bound in Great Britain by TJI Digital, Padstow, Cornwall

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I W~5 ~LAI"l?V'I?et>! ?Vlt1 delt5kret>! WMeV ~e.oHvej B?1ke.v'7 VlYI~~:;.i7 0+ ow,. de7~vt
fov rhe Nt1hoVlVli C;c-llev_~ t.Xkv;;IOV1 t'lrret-lV"eti iVi Avcl'li kck1vt11 De.7I~V1. (JVlVI~VlV~
CiWv. Fe-~V1AVI~ edihoV1?) 108(1), VIVId I t1W1 rie?1?ed ke Vlt1-? ilAcluded if IY1 r~i?
pu01tcVlIiOVI.
I feir ~e. kc-lo I LAvtdersroa&1 I ~o.7~ oj rke fOVW1V11 de~i5~ Move~ we. MVlde . iYl
e.volvll'1;? rke 5c~eWe - ivtdeed. ~e .1V1kvpreb:t ~evev?'11 de~i8V1 ~lAbHehe? .W~IC~ I
OV1~ reli 'vIUlhve~, c:lv1d lAVlhl ~16 e.XY'MihoVl ~?ld V10f ft..111~ perce/veti.
It ?ee#1? he l~ ~01e /0 clarif.~ t1vtvl de6cvikJe ?'1 wovk' of ModevV! Avc~il-eduye,
IVI W~7 r~t1r orke(~ ?lAch t1? Wlrrkower kt-lve beeY1 t'I~ie ~o do fov
~i?h:?Y-'tc:- k}["lldiv~7.
:7L-1veb hi? We.f0od ?lv~ ?kill iV eXrIVllvtlV1!J f0e db~v1 IvtreV1ho~:'J wklck
!eVlu 10 rhe U1r,ret-lV?'1Y1ce. of ?'1 VIew k?l,(ddiV!.0 i? of MOVe. vVll~e 10 rhe pLAbk
r~01V1 r~e.. ~VVlrvtiro(,j~ JO~hV~7 of r.~e Vln::kiredVlV01I jowV1all?f7, wk~ ?MWl
Vllw~? (IV! r~e U.I<) 10 '-'be hlri j,V!~ troWl pvede-reyW'IV1ed VlV1d )vY'e.levt:ll1r
VlewpoiV1t7. AV1 eXG:erhol1 (iVi rke 05)17 AdVl lOlAi?e Hl;1xrdale wko i? ~I?'e
ro VI,,'lf ?I 0IAidiV1~ wir~ol,jr c?V?'13jl~ be~lVld ~ev V1 5>VlC,.<tLt11 of preJlAd')ce7
Dv: BVlKev'7 c:qrhce 01 rhe N~hoV1V11 1t'1lle~ proJC'-e-f Wq7 like. til bveeZ8 Of r
fre7lA tir"!V.I~ I k?e,)"le,ve ~'I~ ~0ill ~ .ro Ulr1V1i.:::'!u V1V1~ e.xr1tllV! ~Vi CW'c-Vilec~7
fOYYr1c VlWlblhOl1'? el1 Y-OlAle ro VI k->Vildwl~ tOYl-t1 ?~t?l!ld ~e t1 b"'~lc crede.v1h~1
CW1~ ~ veofov17ikJiir~ tor tW"C~1redlAvO w(ileY?r U~d ?~oltlld fon~ ~ fOlAVld01hoV1
fov rke!V' GV'lhG~W.

16. 50 I ~ore. ~l-1t1r Dr Bt1kev'5 5kill will 0e tlppvecit1red b~?1 l1ew ~eV1ev"1hoVl
of ~(c.ki~edvlYt11 cvihc?/ r~qr rh~ will h~ve "1 deepev olVld Wlove ~ophi?hc~fe~
IAVldev.7r~V1diV1j of ~ke de5i~)V' PY'oce:?.? ve'~red fo CI r~vflcJ,1l~y blAiltii~, ClVld
~h"1r r~e" will be t:lvle /0 COWlW1!t1l1ict1fe rhi? ro rhelV1re-1li5e~f r~0ev who i7
%1ve-l~ ?hrivj~ fa IAVldey?r~Vlti ModevVl Aychi rechtlYe-_
Fo" "cdikcf",,,1 ,t"deHt. H,i. f'"HiU1h~H i" 01 CO"'&<, e&&e"h",) .,.hd') ",,,He,
xv

17. I '
li~----- -1

18. UV1IIK€. fCliV1bl~ fV1i.A5ic 01' lileV"OItwe, c;wcl-1llectvwe is Of ll-1e eOldv. Il laelof18:' to t~e 5VOIltV10 C1S a
cOV1lCllVlev fov tl-1e C1chvilies of mon1 CMd c:i1S SIIIC'-1 I~ pulYt Ot his vev,t) eXiSteV1ce. Wli5 IMtvll151C
liV1K i6 evideV1l iVl ~v,e. kJ0I51c V1eed fov sl-1eltev- 0111ildlV105 'jive 5V1dkv OIV1d IV! so dOi¥l5 eVl5c.l::)C
UI'c~i;edl!lVe iVl ~'v'a[; '5 SvIVv'IV01I ClO)Clil1SG lfit- ~os£i Ie fovces oJ V1ollllve.
, "
Avcl1itedvwe tl1e.vefove kJecoWles iV1volved iV1 ewtoboV1C11 ClV)J pVClcfi<Pl1 V1eec/5 t0~t .:/lve i?)vliL~
diHexeV1l t.o llle V1eeds tl.101l ove Wlet lay tec~V101o~L). A CCiV, Ul v.:/ldio, U iV, o.V'e V10l lIlecessavV)
iV1 t11e WUlL) tV,Cit kJ.I1i1dlV1~5 ove, :;0 UlvcVJitecttAVe ~~s Ci diffeveV1 [ vole ClVld ceM verV€SeVlt -:'!5.lIlifiCClV1L
C1V~5 of life· Alr~oVl3VJ COVlceVV1ed Witl1 5~U1ce, fOVW1 UV1d ~Me -:,Uh:'lf?lchoVl of flAV1ChoVlU t1eW101VoS.
UlV01A(Ab~ OIycl-1il;,e.GMve'5 pnmClV~ vole 15 sl)W1bokc. Alone- C:H''v'0f15 the cwb it CUlV1 expve-ss t~e idee!
of qpVeYVlW1eV1~, tMe C~V1VCl-1 OV ~V1e W1oV1Ulvcf1lj - i~ Ct1V CI!SO 5~W1l:Joliz.e ~IOW1e.
50 Oychi~u..b;V'e i;;, ~tAite dishvtd fV'o~ t~t olker' Ulvb, w!ttidl ~?l1 ?ll kJe. di-Sre.V1,e&1 wick ~ve c:aV
reWlOVe. 01 pOlIY1hl1C)J ctioo:'>e w~eY1 lo It?~€V1 to lt1V1siC, lec;:Jv~ &1 600k OVI U1 ?~e.f. Avcif,t.edlAve t?
~o~ like l:,0~t kJec~V15e it cveUl[e:; Mot o~~y rV1e fV?lW1eWoyk fov rev50Y1~1 01' tClW1il~ life, I~ cVeCites
the fYOl~eVovk fov llOitioVlOlI life OIIId t~exelo0 verve~e.Vrs tke jOvilMe ckOlvo.devisbc5 of 01 C:VllclAve.
A cvilizVltioVl CC1Y1 kiest kie VlVdev:stood la~ ib OIY'c-1itedlllve kJecau~e of rVJe ~~L-) t?Vil~M9s 6kow t~e.
Vtever,b of 01 socielL0, ib ov')C1YiZOiti°1 011 SKI!!?, UlfflllleVlce ov povevh=" ~V{. KWcf Ot cltW~fe QVd t.l1e
ClH.itLAde towOIvd-s lecvVlOlo51j C'old l'v1e OIVC6. 1V t.OWl~ ~V1d ~iTte~ l'vie ljeVleVOl ~tvudl;Y'e ~f 60Cletlj
CC1V kJe vMdevsrooa rl1voVl~1,.1 rVJe o1t1edillll';1 of cAvc~itectV1ve. ':;0 Ir ~ecoW1e:, ~l-1e Wlosr reVVOl 1>lve
V1'Iivvov of ~~Vlt., rVe.,e.Vlce.

19. XVIII
IlMpod?lVtl~) VllI1d a4V1iV1 l.;1i11!ike t~e.- oUlfev ~V'~~, avdtd.ecTwe exi?t~ iill velt.1hoVl ro two -5er?
Ot c.oV1cHioY?; 011' H-1e ovtel:1avtd k:JlAdd'V3? W11.;1~r V'e~rovtd to flAV1doWleVlfa i s~~e~ 5V!ck t-$
ll.1e, vteeJ fov ?l1e!rev VIVId fov idec1~ to 0e ?~1'1?olized, wki:,f 011 ~ke o~~ev ~e.~) ~LJ'Sr
reiafe.- to a ve~loV1) to tl ~recific- IOCVltiol1} to tor05varL1~) to -~e tJo.~~l of ~V1e 5t1V1., ro
VVvjOlbot1'7 Ot teW1pevOIfltwe, fO H'ie wtoveWlel1f of reope.
How tVe0. cal Cvcki~ed~we Ioe 1tVtevstood? How UWl il ae e.xVlW'liVled? To wVlar, rv,WicwH~
J.oes il vesrol1d? Bvot1dlL) ::.re.a(il1,)1 ~Meve Cve.- ~1vee keL.) fadoy~ w;)ic.h aHu arCMite.dvlve;
oltdd'i1~.)'~ VvA4 re:,povtd ~o .-;,ice.- c.o1f1cMiolA.oS, tVlV1dio~C1 ve.&jlAive-Ite.ltr'0 Cl""d 1:0 B"e cltllh/lYe iV1
w!"tcl1 rl.1e0 fiild .~t..1e.W~e!ve.5. ~e~cvvh~1?) rVle 100He.v, rt.-le Sft-fe of ttdVoV1aMeV1r Ot t~e. CV'MVe.
will Cf~ecl H1e k:IId of ?rV)C~VlVe OIvtc WlClkVit1? tA?ed. To lAV1de.v5~tlVd kJL,"i!dn/~s, <11 I! Hwee
Ot t~e:se fUldovs W'l1A7.>t be- rakevt ilro ClCWv1lr ClV1d ~l..1i~ ioecoWle? r07~ik?e. ~L:) c:llCl.13~t?
/1 ClVI~ ~V1tllj-$i? of Ovc'vitedlAve. il is c.o~ve0iei1~ :0 GOV1:.idev c~e vOvioVl-s f",dov? c:17 fovces,
ClV~ fo loe,l)iV1 wit!,." becalAse- kn11ldill1:)5 ewe ~et 01'1 l;ke. 0V0 I..1V',d, rke.. topo~y~py"l) -sl-lo!Ald be
e-xtWill1eJ. ~e.ve r'vte. foYc.e.~ ,we C.1e.ClViL) appc1YeVt.. - ~ y-ivev- i7 CI rOYce, t Y"OCld I;' CI rovce ,
Cl 11i11 i? C fovce.) rVe€..6 Cve- ~ fovc€., ~'V1e c.·bvtre Is C fovce.. - ~V1~ lVIeve. o.'fe WClv1~
-su6He 5VOtdrv')" of H'e"Je. fOVCR5.
S'MilOIvll)) rG1klV1CJ -'vte 5e..coll1J. kej fOtdov OlAHilv;{ Obove, iV ?o.h-51~.·~ fll11choV1~ V1eec15, t~e
OV0C1l'1iz~liovt or~ loV1i1chVl'j Mo.~ Clso be coV1t:>ideved 1/11 l'e-vms o{ v' tovce c.-~C1Y'OIdeY'i5hcs. rovWl
WiClL) be e.irVle.v /(Vletl.v 01(- Ct>V1rvoidClI) 0ftlhc.. ov dljl1tMiC. A rowev foy' exCWp)e Y11i~ be. r0oLA.0~r
Ot ~? 0 oI'jV~~i0 ve,ytic&ll fov'Ce.. ov C :)Yrol~t. M " -?~6hc. VlOViZOV1ftl tovce, CI cO'Sr/e Y1tH-j k>e
St..e.V1 C6 iii ceVlrvo;do.l defe+Hive foyee.

20. Me., t(,jlvd iW1ji1ovta!t1r f~dov w~icJ." aHecb ~vc'v1i~edvtVt- i~
l;~e fovce., e,xe-vre·d ~::l £? clAlh-1ve.. IVI AI1cieVlr C:;vee-ce. d
r<AYhc(,ll~v C-tA!h"we evolved ilt1 ve!~hoV fo ~ !>pecic:[ ~d of
~(VC"H~1?rG1VUS oJ- <A paVriCf;1Cv hWle. Mhh-1des ckve1opeo
iV r~e. o.veC? of rei5.ioV, r~i!osor~Lj, ~c:elt1c-e..) lMCthe-wtClhc'S
re.Gnl1olotj~ ~l-1d c:v~ INhicl-1 led fO ~(,f VlvGl-1ife.dllwe wkic-V1
verveseVlted. ri.-1e V1CiV ideC7t5 0+ rMe CMI~I!1Ve.
. '
AIH'101A0l-1we C~V 1.AV~ev:,rtV1d r~e C;veek c-iviliz.C7thoVl tlAvo~t"
t~e coltll:?ll1ed ¥.edi~ of 5CLj ~v~, pir1iO'5otoVll) dl1a iwarV1ve.,
avd1i~edllVe, k:l::; it? srecid1 vole- dvaws tlliese. to~dV1e.V'
so ~v,ar l-ir1ej kiecoMe e.W1loodled iVl k:J lAildIV1£)'> Me
ctAlr;wc::1! fOVGe.f> ave eV1c(.Ipsu!akd 11 rlAe.. av-dl.iredlAV"e ClVd
ir '., Vlor coil1cide(,l,rClI lh:,r t'Ai? avc.hite-dVlve c:(,I,d r've
cvt!h,-IVClI vVllue.s wlA.id'l. il- vervesel1r:<> YlCive eVdVlveJ to rk~
rVe.,eVlf dCl~.
This cVL)?h:;jliZahoV of (MhAVClI fovce5 iV1 bVllcl.IV~? ~as
Var¥J€.Ved rV1Volll~l1ou~ Vi?fOVL) tIId 1111 OlAV oWl/) rrMe ~e
0101$~ ~k::??cvt:!Oev. Veprfsel'l.t:.~ vih::~ feo.tlAve? o~ H-1~ rweVhdV1.
cenr1llV~, ?'jWbolizIVIj OlllV ruJ'l.11063iCtlI cOirOlcih:) ClVc1
ke-:::) coVcev~s Ifuc.k at? did f-ke PtOVOIMid6, rh~ C1veek
teW1tJle ov l1orh1c c.OIfhedvOl.
A~~ : TMt. AGI"o~li~
A yecolI:<>tYlAchol1 Vlcc.ovdll1~ 10 L:,.PSievet'?

21. xx
lvt rhe- rickl'lt:" ~vtd expuieVlce- "t 0( !"feh~e-, Id~~ GI~d rY"iVlcirle5."
loe~il! to loe b 70Lm:e of freedoM C-v0. f?ower-, .. Vow -,:?OL.. Me rL.let'~d
t?j Wtl3 or jlM~ C-Vd I-ke. ct'lVlhlevey ",,~d ~~ sew,e, of 5f'~ce w~iGk
~eco~es 0reYVlhve. Now .~OlA t1Ive yel~tuJ. 10 rl--e ftilV1t:l-sc-.::Ire.,. lOlA
vW'e V? W1lAC~ VI. r~d of ir .q~ [!-Ie Iree$, ~0.e f!owel"~) rV1e,~rolAVd;
.l:)0Vl c~ r'iGk lAr ~Me- etw'!i-1 .qVl~ r~e. ?k~. YOIA ""lye VOW 1Y'U,
f0 ~e('ol'fe- t't V~tlAV't-'l fe~rLAr'e. of ~~OLiY el1v"V"o'~eVr ~Vd r0.Ott I
kle.ieve, WQ5 [VkV1~ed ~ :J0UI" /Vft'l<ey. 1
Mj rY"e.-SGY"irhoV f':::W?l I¥,o~ey~ ~o~~e.; fiY?f ~ ~oo.q ?ite. Pict.<
oVe r~~r hV7 fet'tlt-ye~ MVkiV'') rov- C.Vt-'V"~cley'. .. r("eY k?Vid ~OV1r
kOlA~e ~o rVl?t ,l)0Vl W~ ;fjll look fvow. whe.v'~ ...:J0L! ?Ioo~
tA)!'oY'! ~ll r~v-'lr C::~VlY'~e.v ~OIA 0~ lose. lor~i~ or wh~}- 50.1
?tfW Ioe.fove hIe. ~OIA6e. WtH 0lAiif) 011r ?u- WOY~.
Avckirec hAVt1 i??5oe-i,:qhoV Vl,CUV! rVt1re~ rhe dv,w.?tcJev 0 f rVle
lo.v~7Ct'tre if fVle C:Y'C/ki rec.[VYe- i~ v-~kL 2
1 Fr..:'lY1k l,O~~ Wri"hr, ~ fo,k t')iV~V1 to r....e Fellow~~'f') 4Voktl ,', Ol~v~o~~
~I~A 'rv'Y;~rJ FYI'1V'1k [...l~.:3 wr0hf: His ~i1e, Hi", Work, Hi? wOY'.:3~J 1i~~V,
1970 , PF" 15~-'D
'2 Ft'"~Y1k L.o'1J Wrl"")hr, IV1 r~e Ret'liw. CIt itie~~ Sdi~ ,Io~ e1Y.1a ~r~ok~
PfeiHer "'M L1er<f'l~ NoY't:1IV1V1?, 50V~«n 11!1V101!> UVlrva~,~ Py~,~,
Co,Y'bo'~...,e. o.~.:>1 t:AWIiY~ ~viI1t ,19M) f' +1,

22. PART ONE
PRINCIPLES OF ANALYSIS

25. 4
IVI ~~11 7tV1v1V) t1f )Ollila, Ge-VliVl? loci, Towlllvd5 C1 PMeJ1oMeV1tio00
of Avckib,dlAve, C~vHi{H1 Novk!e,v:3- Sc:Hvdz. e,(JOLMvt~ tke lo~?iG
C1d of cwc:kitee-TvW€ ?1? lae-iHC) I to V1V1v1e-V7TIIII-C rl1e.- VCC-IIIhoYl t>{
t~t rlcKe.' 1. He- de,5cvi0es tM~ V1UJ' to coVcvehse.- tVlt tj~Vli;~
loci ... 10:) WlU1V1 S or l1V1ildli.1.~? whlcV! 0C1H1e-v, }l1e. r:7Vopevtle?
of tl1e r1t1ce C'lVv1 kwiV1C) b~eW1 close to VYlU'ill1. T-Y-L7V.5~o!l~
l~e- book NOV'kJ£v:3 - 0c.kvdz: dvtllw? OlAf r~t1?e fe-tIIrlA vet, of
roro5vVi<'~~~ OlV1d [CYdsc.tlf1e, w~ic:k 5ve t ?[OecAt1I, ckC1vtlldev
~o rit1C6;' U1V.J. ?~OIJS how t1V'Ghibuh;v~ C.{V vc:s[JOlttl. loll)
C-VetllhV1?) til W1~v1V10fvtl eV1viYOV1MeV~.
, ,
I~ l-1i~ di7GIoI7?i0-1 Nov0ev:)-6c.!t1lAlz c.oV1?b:Hri~ ve..fe-v-s to M"'IA,-
Vrttlde U1V1u1 tClbVlv?l1 ft1vcc:s ~? V-J~e1 Y1e descYi0e.s ~ke 6ihV1:)
Ot P'vdl~lte V1? C:OWl/i'Yi5iVlj '1111 rVle- YV{[V1. V1.?1tYlVdl fova,,>,
vV1~l;d?lrl~t) pl?Ii1, voc-k~ ~d7 ClI',q WVlfe-v,' 3 e.-)q:?VliV1iVlt) kow
lke {Vc.~i~ec.t!lve. Ivt ~~t citv Wlvl'I?I~t? ro elVtl10dVj ~(::i7.
,-"
IvI ~l-1e. S;!I.;1l-), NovkJe¥V)-Sc-~IA'l fiV5C id~V1hfltS b~t 0~tVCld~vishc-7
of H'0 v9ioVl, ?~.oWi~~ ko~ ~~e uit"') ~eu:tlte?'l Vcd~1 i1t>ilr
w~ev~ C Y-OClJ tVO'M Ucw.l'li,q ?Yd F2'1t1l'1d w~ic-~ 0VC5~d r~~
ViCVlVV'I iV1fO t:;evlVtvnll,) <e~ llAe 'fOCld rvCI!4 AvlS1vitl i~1 S~e 701;lvt to
7C)(O~tll) <Avo rh7~V'I. Hedes(vikJes kow PV'?10Ae IS ?ih".Vlted ~v
Vlv ex(eVdd ~ldl W~iC.A vIse5 ?'Il U,e ~IAVYe. of U~e VlVe..V; rht
~ill C1V1t1 r~e V'IVe-V kie-iY5' orposed kJlIt 0owqo!iWlevIClVv) tt?vu~.' 4-
:1 C. Novl?e.V'~-'C.'H:Z: e.l-i"1t, loe-i, TOo.JPlvds c:I Pke.Vo~eMoio 0 Arc.kil£c.flAve--
Ne.w Yovk 10M I" c3 Z Iloid< p. e~ 3 lk>id. r· 9~ 4 I iti. /0.63.

26. RoWe.. 16 ?CCv1 ~s kJel1l0 CI[ 1 c'0,e c.el1tve of C1 It!~1d.?t.;;1re
'N~ic.~ co~tt1iV15 evevLl)+V1io~,'5 wiLl.1 ~[,;e PiVl7.1.t1 N~/t7V1.71
~U1t7o-styt1hi;lC) t~?'t r1e. iofet11 eVJl1dd:7viWIrl tJe3wavr VI~Iv1Ve
~11.; t~e clAlb.we ~M louVl t/lC~ie'iev:
M Pit'lzzVl NIII'Iol-'lt'l we- Cve Ve-c:-l11~ 'j~$i~e-: dose 1;0
ll,t~ e£llvl~) d05e- to eke rV1ipt'lkJle t~iV1<3'> of evevjdVltj
e;x;'>fel'lGe) V1r H"e,. SV1It1C- tiI.~e VIS we fed ):?t'lvr of VI
00lt1rl'"e~el'1Sive '::-IAItlt1YVlr to~t11dVl· No wOl'dev i~ k",:'l
be.co~e r~~ ro~lt1ltW plt'lc:e or Ro~e iOV1V €-xc.elle"1ce..
Th~ ?:Jl'1the.5i? of V?I[rIYe. i? C.0l1ck~6e~ t11'1d vi$utllizetd
i~ E?evl'1iV1i ~ 0ye(il~ f01111r?"til- wke.ve. V1t'1rlllV'.;fI1 e.leW1eVl[5
%IC~ t'5 Wt1te,V t'll1d vocks ?'Ive C-c>W1loil1e&:l wil~
l1V1~tH1 fi::JlA(ej i/Hld ve.ii0iPIt1? ?ljl'Ak?oJ0) £15 well t1S
t~e Clxi? W1V1l'1di of eke obeliok 1V1 f~AOl1r of ~he
'::-~iI1vc.k of 5. At')"1e5e.) f'I-'lt1Il'), we fiV1d tll'1orke.v
CMt'lyt1c.kvi?hc. fOltlt'lVl e.ieltlel-'lf) £1 kwt?Vld fljt)~r oJ
?[VI{VO. 11/1 Ro~e) ?fVlI'vo .;five Vlor lAoe.d to Gtetlre VI
~i-srt'll-1a kJe.h..Jeel1 diffe.vel1r exi-srel1fit! vet'lllflS;
VV!f~1e.V H1e~ ve.rvesel1f ~~e twhc.",It1hOt1 d t~e
ijvolAl-ld il7e.1f. The. '3veVlt Ro~ti'l11 ?!t1IY6 k?ViVl0
;7 .::-105e. to CY1e ec1vtfi VIVId V1c.vet15e. OlAV se~?e
o~ 0elof15il'~ ro r~e p)c;1U.
5

27. 1111 en" t:-)~"'~ J.i~CU?5ilOj t~t- vt:-l",ho~sHir Iodwl-€1I wt VlI'J Kt'~IAYt, t'ly~ t'I~t! t~l.- WOyd.}
TokV1 BevOjiv &1V~;t-? ~v;ctr r N"'lv1Ve i~ e~ev3~ "'rtd !Jrv~~~l~. It i? wk",r e~i~r$ ~jrkolA~
Vll~ rY-OI1i~e ... 171$ 171~ Me~~) ,:: ~eJtiI'10, i~ ~? [0 be H'10L-10~r of c::I$ olle wkid
lOla? jr?~lf ~~ ~l-C~. to evil tIS [0 ~~J. I~s el1~<)~ is .fe6lvsol-1el,L) i~iffev~r.' 1 He
goe? 01' to t'lV?)V1e tl1",r we ?et1$t l1et'1ur~ klec.Vluse it IS ~~CL1 t Co~rvt:l~f to OlAV
?rvVi~~le ~5"'i~l;r I~rAye.
It I? wj~-1iV t'vli$ Gle.t'Ik Vth"vt co~ttc)(r l~~r loe"'l-1f.:J 1$ el'co~l1kveA, ~Hd
l~e tclllC.OM~revl$ 101:) it? lt1t1t1Yl'. t,lAd~el' l7I~d /;1l1pyeo!!cr0~le. "TI1e.. tile
Iolow$ iL...t..lf OlAr... Uldev l~e.. ft!ll1e.1 ~ouIJe,y of Ot'. I7I1VlVlvtC~tC ,::
'1VO~? '" k1e.t'lv~ i~ ~Iw?lj? ClV1 e-xc.e-rhol'1/ o>.l""?1.t:)? de? itt:- o.
ThiS 17 'rJ11,~ It Wove5 W>.
Bev:;ev i?lw"yb ti.1V1f rMe. kiVd of tlt'.sH1ehc. t:-IMOhOH we fee.! Ioe.fove ? V'OI-M?1ae.
olaJed deviyes tvoW1 ~~t- eW1oholll we feel Ioe.fove V1VlfVlve :
All l:hc !6).o01i1?>.0e." of OlVt l1~ve k1e~~ d~veored ~~ VlI' t:lH'e~jOr Co
~vCo1$fOt'M flAt.. il?rC~t",,€'oVS ilto flAe ret'W1"'~l.~L tY~ Sl-1l"rt7~t!s mOlt-
k1eVl~r~ i? l-1(1r ?lvt excerhoYl - is VlOt .?,espiCt. of - ~iIr is cl1t
k7c:115i? fot' c?1).o ot'dev.
Ayt i'J 0111 oY~t!lniz.ul veSroH~e. to wht!l~ V10~1IY'l- tlllow? ~S ~o
'3iIl'~~e- oac?1 ?iOMI~. Ad 'Jeh ol1r to ~v~l1~f0t'1t1 w.t. ror01ht"l
'('e.c.o,~y.iHo' iV1to ~V iVlCYl-OIsiY~ o~t. ?

28. IVI ~i~ di5C~?siol-1 ESev~U" yt,~~e~ hi~ t1v~A~el-1r to t1 wkite woedel1 Ioiv~,
~I~~ 10'::) pU'!1~~~$ iV S,je.-iv kik~w$ iY Uvf.>lil1 ve:)i0l15 of CZ;U-k(75!evt:lh~,
RIt1~~it:l ",-'d ~ke, 7?1lhG c,olA"rrie? ~e-7e l;,iV"d~ SOh1~"W WlCUI"'8e [-0 ?Id
~s t ~edit:l~ev!. I kJ~~w~ ~?I11 ?Il-1d vVlh,IV~.
A? Be¥~v e-xpltlil- $ , rl.1e.iv fi~!AYVlhve fOY~J H,'~~ of a dove, W1.t1kes a
dived Y'efev~ce (-0 r~~ wovld ef V?h·ve. BeiYl5 oc?lrd Il1.deOl"s (wheve
kJivd" VV~ Vof [;~u.::11~ fou~d) Velol.deY5 ~ke object ~~WlIo('lic. "ffieYt ~~e.ve
it;, vest"u-r fov rke Wtl~ r~l- W"'~evial, wood., k?l5 louVI f?l?kioMd. Theve
i? ellso lAloI.ih~ V.-d eco.'Owu~ iVl I-ke obJ'ed, ?I vickl1£s-5 vesulhVlt) fvC'W ih,
ce5i::JI', ri~",I!~ rkeve I? woVdu ~., b kow r~e t>bJur loS W?;qe, TIii?
-jel$e o~ WI~'Je-v~, LVlt fi~t GY",n5W1~I-1.?ttir, tJvevoke "'VI ?1.es~~ehG 'e~oho~.'
Thill? does WI"'II ~v"'t1?feyWl' Votrv1ye il-1.ro a woyk of ad,
11 t/1 disCL<'7?ioVl of flle c-<?Ve r(/iVlhV~s iVi 6y>VltM ~y~ ?DlIIrl,1evVI fVOlVa, Dr
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kiVo of ~e,Ie.SCOf1e- h,1k;ie- Ot r~e- 1W1VjIVl?1hoVl; i11~j ~vec-~ r~e WlIV4 fVOM
I-v'k~~ ~"'? ~eeY1 'SUVI ro N~V'lr [?1V1 0e /Vlfevved 01' CDVJu.rvweJ. t "i
H~ ~)(rl~l>1? ,~O"" vw-r, VIVId ~c.ieYa ~ve- k?oH'l ~VlWI~v, ~ChOI'7 devlvlVl:J
fVOW1 H1e- Ulbih~ ro VISlAt?lhz.e. f-ke. fV1rvlve, ra~II3 VI vlrVlI f'tlY-r VI
CIAIrVlY'"I evollAhoVJ N'kicV1 ~e- ~e:sGYi~e-5 "'7 I '" c.oMr~f1r ~vowilj UlVv!
widel1il'1j of r~e h!..1i.-?1V iW~iVthoV: 2.
'1

29. e
Tke liV1k IodweeVl t?ly~ t?lVd W~Y? e~oho~:, l1~s IoUVI )OVV'6lted b::? :)It6tlVlVe
K l.,,;1V10ev, who VIM '3ivtV1 hev OWV1 defiVllhol-l o{ ~vt: I Av[ 17 rke (veo.ht'V1 Of
fovVl-1? ?~Vvlooic Ot ~lIMV1'1 feelit~. I { She e><p1VlIVl7 fhe JW1pOVfV1V1ct of rke fen..,,!
c,veUlhoyt I becUll;se. if- i7 ~.1e cve.t.1lhve V'ld t~Vlr rvodlAce5> rKe work of V'ld.
Meve~ ro pvou{lAGe-. ~oVver.1iV0 1-:' V17r eV117v~v; fo evec.r V'I MOlAse 1'-:, U1
Mev~VlVic~1 Vc.r W~IGk I? 111171 rVle ;'V1W1e. ?"to? CVet:'lhVl~ t?I work of t?lvcMirecrwe.
[)i7c.v7$if1~ rke c.oVlreVr of fonM Lt?lV13ev t?lV5V1es ~hUlt WMt?lr Mt?lrrev? (? r~eiv
IWlf?0v[ /-;0 rhVlr rhe~ k?ec.oW1e I i00ic.o..ll~ expressive 01' ?i~l'1ific?lf1r fOVYv15.
ll1eL) t?lve ~~~k:>17I? for rv-e V1vhcVli"lhfY1 orfeel~ VlV1d COf1vej rhe e.1V16Ive t?lVd
ljet' fVlWl"i~v pvMevY1 of 6enheV1Ge. e The s~~loolic e-IeWleV1f IS of r~e ,0VeVlfe;,r
iMrOvrVlVlct 0UV1lAse LV1Y10tV M!JeV[? t~V1r V1d i? Vllwt?lj? VI ?~Wl0t'1. IV V1¥1
t?lvh(;V1)OIfe ~:?W0o, rke ?V)W1k?t'lic IWI/OOVf reVWletl!6 n"e wk."ie stVIAChAVe, 0UVllA6e
evev:!) t?lyfiCVllVlhoVl of r-r;?'Ir :,rvvtcflAYe I'? t'1 VlrhCVlIVlhef1 of rke id~ i~ co~ve.:J~' I 3
~?I~l1)e,v (V15i-srs r~£I1r iY OVdtev fo c.ve£l1re. 'Si5Vliflccmr fOVW1 wifM V1V1 'Vpvorn?lre
6lAl1A'b17liC COl1feJrf ?lV1 i~1.reledVl,;q1 ~(t'eV1?ioV1 j5 V1ece~.7V1V~. I Werks of ?lvr N€
v/.V1de of seYl5IAOl-S deWleV1f71 0V1f Vier VIii seV1SVfOW) ele~eV1t? will do. I 4 lT1ej
WlV $r k?e c.apVlk?le o{ ~?7el11!?IVl~e iV1 r~e vi~~r klV14 of c:oWlk7iYiVlh0V15 j VIS
'71jW1k?ols, works of t'Y'r ~V?r COWlWllAV1iC<::I[e ~veG.H~ VIVid iwW1ed~rel~. f AVl
OldlGVll~re fOVW1 WllAt) k?e- de?vl,'j 5iveV £IIVld ItV~evsroot:l kJeftJve If C:~V1 co~ve~
V1~ Jf.1p17vt I VlVlvl I r~e COI'1.':;YlAeVGe. of r~e 5~W0t'Hc- fovWl V1Jrd r~e form 17f
soWe- VI ~Vl1 e'>:yeVleV1ce IMvd -be Jivedl~ perceived ~'1 rke fovce of rhe
Lje::,t,;qir tlioV1e. HeJC€- r~e rVlYVlWl17LiVlr i~pc;;>vrt'lV1ce of V1k?srv?lc!-iVl6 rh~_~ 0?1r1V1i~
£1111 iyYelev?1~c.ie7 rM~r Y'vi~hr obCLive i~7 1170ic, UlV1J e?~eG'"'II~ dlve7h~ ir of irs
l;1<SlAV11 Y'e~Yli'~" ?o 'I~ WI" :?e 0rel'1 r17 Vew OV1es.' 5
1. j. K. l~V1:)ev, Fee'il Cll-d FOYWl, Ameovj of Avr. Lo'aOV, 1953, p. 4-" zlk1it1.] r 52 :3 J0id.) P 52
4- Ibid.) f' 5& 5' 1101 .) r' 5~.

31. /
I
10
TV1I'7 ,dI70U??I0f1 of ~vt WiC1L) kit ('OMf'?C1Yed to. Novl1ey~ - :;t~UIZ.',~5?e:vho~
t;'Clr ~he rMV1dVlM&Vibql ftAlIC.tioV1 of i/wt 17 to 5V1tVlev the COl'1tV~dlctloM
c:wtd COW1r!exltie-s of t~e- life wovld.' Q~ohV0 Helde-05e.v ~e tj0e:, 011 to
eXrIVlIV~OlA/ V'vi/W VvlV?t dwell OVi C~i5 e?ld~ foefic:~II:J" 'OVIl)
poetvlj 11 Clil i~? fon",? (Vllso M IVi t~e ~Vr of IIVIV1U)) Wlt?ikt5 ~UI'r1V1V1
eXltJfeVlce- W&;IjV1110fV1) VIVId Wle?ll-1IV1B i? ~~e fIlVld?ll-1e~r~1 ~lt1V1vH1
J • 1.
vtUI/l.
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~rrc-1Iv'7 ?I foe-hc dlW1eV1~loVf wkeY' kJlAddiVl85 5?1fi1ev ~he r,vopevhe-s
0t U1e /01~ce. ?lVd Iov'V1~ tkel'r1 {.I05e To W1~V1.'.3 {J. '7 ? V1C~ ?lVd11 tedtIWe
IS Vllso &lV't, veS~0Y1dlV10, M l?e.v0e.v 1V$ISr?, To 1M~lt'~ de?ive to
fvoloV10 ~l.1e 1V1'j~VlVIVfVeOIA~ iVl~ r~e rev~VI1eV1~ ?lld ro c:.ve.t>lfe ovde:v
OL-1r of c~e {.k?1o~ of V1V1fV¥"e.
I~ Wt?,S iV1 Al1cief1r L1veece, wkae rke i?l1d?c:.~pe is ?V1C~ t~?I~ it
kJec&lW1& r06silole to ideV1hf0 ~~0 cMfevef1r d1?1V?1cren5hc5 of pitlces,
l~af VVi/Wl !<,e-V50vll fied pClvhCMI?lV pi?lce~ a, ~od~. Ope.f1 ?iv ?1lrav,
wexe fOVW1e-d 50 rhUlf W1~~ COlAid {'Or1feW1pi?lre ?l 0?laed 1~l-1d?ct/re.
''ewtpIe-:, i?1re.v. 0V1ve- fOVW1 to ~~i5 01j e-xkYldiV10 tke pev,of1if'CVlbol'1
Ot it1e 0od,,; IVlTo OJV'. C1ppVOpn?1fe ~~~k101,c di~eY1?lo~.
Dorl, DrAu {'''MMt ,...A ...,••"'.t....~ Tkt. 1Ht~ M.....s. ++0- 4++ B.C:
.i Novbe-v:3- S0MVh Or;. (if I r '2"). 2. llr1id., <', c.'j. ?> l~i~1 ". '23,

32. The- P?lvrl-le-V10Vl cvlj~rt1.hu s ~l-Ie,
cV1ltl!vVlI lV1reV1hoV1? of rhe ~veek~ kJlj
Ihl ShV1~, its pVe5tf1a, II? rcw
ez::-isic?f1
tIIV1d ode-v: The fVle-ze VlVld f-JediV'AeV1fS
f'0VfVi/lj Imrovr?'~r Vlsf;Jez;(5 t>f ~veek
life
A? ?l1' VlV-r ~ovk the ~vr~ef'tOV1
de~ofl?IVt1re) Bev~ev'5 W1~$tevj &lV1d
peVfV1~V1eV1C6, veVlbiV1~ Novloevg-
jt~f1It:-'7 I VOCtlhOK I of pltlce Wl1i/?f
V1i?0 W1t1ritesh~ Heid~jeY7 poehc
dn'Vle~SioVl. LiI<e- ~l1e £5~f1hv1V1
p~v?lmld Vl~d {jorklc ctltkedVt11 ir
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The Pwtke~" A......~ 44~-44+ 17.[
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w~k U1t MMCLA!11-110 of r>oVjC tlllAd te~If1ll',e t175001t1rIO~$ WI~~ 10'>11e... Moveovev, fhe L1veek te#1ple iV1 irs V1vh(uitlhoVi f'vesev1r~
til lAVlfled wnolt. 11 wkl c;~ evev~ r~Y+ vel?lie., to til CD1fVVl! Id~, k;e,~ liViked [0 ead1 o~ev 0~ t1 rvOpOVhOV1c:1l ?<~?Iew..
The. ~veek re~~!~ r~eve.f0Y'e klv1Yl3' to~er~ev Wtilf1, V1V1hJ1ve tIIV1~ rhe.- 3oj) IVI VI {-ol1~yekeVl51ve vepveseV1rVlh'oV of r~e
VCI[W;,? of VI colrlJ1Ye..
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33. 12.
The" itvt&k le~~k exe~ririe? rh~ 1V}1f1CVr?l~r dI7[rV1ChoV1 0erweeV ill wtlvk of UlVf
fov if;) OWn ?V!k~ :SVlCH t1? ?1 pt'livlhV15 tiV CI riue of VCVIPfv1Ve-, t'l~~ CI
wovk of lA'(c~iru,hAve,1 W~I'C~ W'v7r ?tVve- Clt j<JiI1V)O06&,
Coll~ ~r. Jo~t1 Wil~oVl "1V10rt6 Alloevh ro eW1r~t1?iu rVlClr ~v'c:~ireCrV1Vt Ii? bt?VV1
of V1{ct771 rj I l.~~d &'x'r 1.:q1Y'~ ~~{ V1f'i~lIe, V~rllvt Df Clvc~irecrl/)re Clt? kJe:IYIj t~V1~
ir i?
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lr i7, ~OWe,v'e.v, 0, COl1dihoY1 of r~i? h'"t'f'7TovWVhoV1 mt1r it, ovi~iV1~
he. IV! 117&, o.ve ~1r1~0kJ ?llw.::q'j' :SOWle. Vle.u! ro :sh~lr~v 0'( evYj;Vmlle
?oWe ",c.floVl OV OkJJed ?rUIVI! ro II? cV11rv1ve, t1V1~ r~Cir If Ir
'Io,e, ir? '(ooh, jill r!-1t1f Vece?'ir~ ir 061% ir; ;.rt1fvt' til? 0.
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7e.Vl/e6. ir I? the eW0odi~eVr 0+ Vt'lIIAe., r~Cltr h",ve kJe:e~ wovkd olAr
kJefove h:i '" c-lIilh,we !Vi ?'tIl Ir~' !eveJ.s .of OIWVlveYlt5? (velijiolA?, rolihcUl),
e.c..ol'1t7W1ic,j. The. c~rhet1v?'t did ViOr IItVeVlf V
elljloir1! :3
1. L.. I), AHoe.rh : Te", Sook? O~ Arc..hirtcJIAYt' lak 1 G~ 1,)(.
e Cohi-l ~r Tol1V1 Wil~DV 'Tke.. PI~':J of U5t c;lt,jJ tV;e Use of PII1~' Aymiredlolv",1 Review, JVI~ t')86, P' 1'1. 3 :Ji~. r. 18

34. Wi?o~ roi~b O,~ ~k~r UlvchikdV1ve Vv1['1?1 ?evv~ r~t V1eed., of ?00ie~ iV1 h,vo
W~j~7 f,v,r
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w.VVtifO'~ 0reY.?thOt1? 11' (.If') e-Htc:-hve W(.IX). 1111? i5 rke. bse. Of
COWlW10V1 VI-st-.
?UOV1~ I lokm~ ro life (.11 odev of repve?e~rUlhOv1 H1"'1f eVr1btldit)
Tt10se oc~ ?IOyg -50 rM~t rl1tj c~V k?e VuojV1J,ed IVI ~Y1 /V1 rel!'8ible
Wt?I:). 1..
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.dvJ0111Y10~' we W~j velUlrt r~eVr1 ro Wi)70Wi M?tvho~ r~tilr V1vc~iruh/1Ve
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Vlv5111W1tv1r bl) tjVloh~~ wir~e.l1sreIVt ; py'od~lt1Vholl:
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35. VI c.iff de9vis- r:ji"e vil?:)t'- of th~ V050V1
AfvIC0
1 AI4lt's R"'~"pt?r~, HOIA~£' toY'1I'1 ~'Id LIAhAve,
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at 1?iJlldiYlC) hi? ~IJ~ aweliA.~) wiS~ rhe. ~ve.Vt"l~e. f£/lMii~
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lAVldev?roV'c1 rufe.,JILf) Wlt~ cevh:'1iV WV'lLf)" of t1oin,5 ov
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c.edt'llV foY'l'A? Vlve ro.kel'l fov '3(pVre.t1 VIVId
?koi'51~ vesi?r cKVlY15e, ~iyce ?oci0he~ like ~hes~
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r~e 6V1tr.~Ve. iVl N'kiC-k r~el) c;>,V0 elVloedded, o.VI?!
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11-1 AY'd-ite.qw'e. edired 0~ {.kMies Te-l1cb t:'.l-1a t;eov:r- [??1ird, C dOM
1%0 p_p I.", 1'13.

36. IVl Ve.vV1cclAIVlV t7vcMlredlAve lkt:. jOV'ocess 0+ evolVhoVi
li".>iYl0 ?1 mode.l c..ol1hVVe-? wi~~ Cldjll7t~eVt? ClVd vt1ivl",hcf17
ie. dweliV15 is t'o~ ::J1A!ir ::J~ rVt1ide.sW1tn, VevV1V1c~lCv
?1vC~lre.dl!1Ve doe? V10r h?1ve ~Meovehct1i1 ov ,;1est~ehc
pvetel1?IOV1? ~Vd ~ode./5 delle-lor IVI t1CLOvdiAV1Ce wiLk
V'€.0ioMi, c,bltpr(c V1Vd ecOfiOWlIC fVlc,rov5
Clr~ovt0~ iVl ,OWll'. 1N00ljS II~irtd, VevV1tCV1lu!V ~odel? Ctll'1 0e
&i5il'j Wlodlfied, Thj; VldCl?rVlkJilir0 <1Y1d me VJ'del'j VlVdev'food
We</1V1/¥lO)-? Ih).,eveY1f IV :5V1ck 7re.veOfjres e"SVlves t~elv . '
O1l11thovtrV'lhve vole:. 11' 70cle-r.::'), 1V1 Bnr?1'V1 t'lVld orhev tjevlvblhw
CV1lrwes fVle JOorlAl~vit~ <1Y1t:1 ?'icce.pr~Vce, -3iV6V to }he
l'eo-Cjeov0iblV t'I<~ 1')1'.0- Melov "",ode!:, iV1di~re t ?fVc:?Vl0
pvefeve.r1Ge for fv""di hoVl, '7V1C.~ ,.,.,de.l" h~ve. ?food rMe
ret,~ Of nWle tvd ~ve effechve "1 'oAk t'I ~m;~chc~l ou,"~
7:')WkJolic t,e1-1~e.J TblV ~ove ?o rhblV1 rhe Novk oi lVIc:1"v'idVl?11
dtt,i~MV~,
The. folk rv~djhol1", I'" ~~e v1il'ed "'''~ 1AV1?elko~sc.io~s
rvaV1,IClhoV1 iV1fo rn~?ict1 fOYWl t1~ a C-Vlh..,re, it? Veed7 ~Vd
W11Ve.s - VIS Neil c-IS fhe- "eed~ ?1veUWs C'1V1c1 rt1?5ioV1? Of ?1
re.ofOle, " The. folk ~vV1dihoV1 17 Move e-IMe.11j velt1~ed ro
r.-1e cV)lrVlYe.. of r~e. Wt1jovir:2 ClV1d life. ?1, ir I? veClll1j
lived H1?1V1 I'; rf1e C)vt'lVd aesi:')V1 t...",dihoV" wklcl1
vervese,Vlr? r'vle (;,lAlrvlYl'. t't fV1e e.Ite, i
15

37. /
~
h
~1'>rbvit:-~lVj) WlOI1I1WeY1rVl Vlvc.kibee-h",ye VIM :jivcl1 ft7VM to
cke. collec-five lt1e:,;;b t7f tl ?VI.h-ve" t'lVd "'t~ de~i~Mt~~
HIe- ~ie:Vt1Y'c.kil~ ?rnc.h.we. of ?cc.iaj- I3YtiIth16' 7t,-C.VI
M rVle. p:;lvliIl'l1id ov be-Mj?e aL4",ivt-d ~l.1e,j1" ~~Ioolic.
vole- C1Vd. c-ctvlc.hol'1 t'lS t' ye?I-1~ cf ~ OVl,:) r&-vit7d
cf eVt>I~k?f1.
ml'>
wi~~
VV~
~k~11
~M
I'tIOI1VWelrt't cYC.hi~e-c{V1Ye W?'7 c.oV1c-e.V'I'e.d T?lV WOl'C
ir? $~Wloolic. wVlfel1r H't'l11 wit~ Vlhlib::wc:t' fV1l'vho~,
itA .dV~W'i"''0 1Af".:'I-I ~ve-?lrev ve:SOIAVCe:5 o.l'd. ~kib
OVdll/t'lV~ 1>Vi~lVl5; I~? c.oyw!>e- of de-vdt7plM.el-1r
lou11 WI~re.vi41~ .4iHe.veVr.
Me. t3~r:'h~vl Tewtj?k t'1'.A fjY'tltid, vle.t'vt~ d~el'~jYt'lr&
~I-e rViVlc.iJ01(, wkicJ-I 50VeY'V1, r~e.. ?eve!c~e.t1r of
~olWVeI1~V11 ~y.d.'ti-e.C.MVe.. Slic..1 ~Ii l~iVD; rel1~ rc l?e.-
wVl?re.f~1 t' kl-'W~V1 Ve:5owrc;e" veqVlivil-'j ~ V6-V :?
c.t'Y-$i~e.vt'I:?Ie. il-'"V1r cf It'll?o(,lV. The:; weVt:- b~il~ ro
iM!Ove$~ Vt'lrVlW rl-1~1' b Vk.,.,l1ir t'lVd C;'::M~ il1~O k?l-il'j
6~ t V'e.1>ltIH- t?f rke. OV36Viz?fhor-61) ?k,s f"VI6Ir t<'vt
vV~ be.. ~Vpr!ieJ Io~ t ?jOec;iVi$r, rl--le- tlt.:5i31-1e.v ev
6Vd1iree-t.

38. t)e:GtilVl2~ rhe-- vole- of Yl-tOVlvwGIrVl tilvcl-i redVlv-'"
~M kJuV fViw.cwi ~ -0 CO~W1V1rICCr~ w.evr1i~?
of til VeVj :,rec::iric kiYd r~e- fOVW15 V1.v~
t1.VVClY3e:d IV! kJVI~? H,Mr '3ivt''? l-ti,0Y1
rvic>vir~ rG? Cles ~k&hc &He,,:Js,
W~eveC1.? ~vCdifioVCILl) dwelli,10? TC>v' rV0
VI1M) of r~"- rOf?1-l10l1ia}1 v.?611Hv(', Wl~VivC) bl)
fl!llfil11V10 fVVcholC1 ve4Vlivew.elr, .velV1.(ed ro
f:JvorecfloVl VlVd -6V1VVIYVlI, [r hM louM. rMe
flAIch'ol1 of WolVWel1rt't1 t'tY'.::::.l1ite-dVlVe. to
c.owe~ MeClVlI"'?)' CoVCe.vV1~ with iclMI'7
VlY1d?fArV1? Amps RArVOt7vovr h&1s e.xrit1lvwut
r~e- rMe.~O»le.VlCl1 M:
~t?"'IAM€'lts - lolt1ildiV~? of t~e. ~vVVd. de.SljVl
lVtilt!ihoV - t'.ve k?LAiit to iWlrve.?,c, elllev'
llAe. r0t"I;CGt wit;) ft.1e. ro~e.~' of r;Je..
fCl~V0V11 or ~he,reev IjVOIAf" of deSljMVS
VlVd cO~Io~ce.l'1h wirh lke. c.levevVe?, Ot
~~e desi~I1lW VlV~ '30od rMI-& c>f [:.v,e.
rArvoV1 . i
'ESl;lidiv')? ?Iuk vo., ~ke. VdlPl CVlt"VOI WlClj kJe V'e~"'vded VI? Hijk
Avr. SIAc:.1- ~ilti"'.0? de-w'OI'?rV,;;ll. COw.rO?irlof'~1 rv ilc.ir1e.<, IoMd
t'V t~U'veh c.t1 rY".ort?~ihoM, A ~ljl'lll'lavic.?ll ~vy'~"'5e.~evi-
e.v?AV!.~ ov.::1e.v, 0 ?:)?kw. of rWopovhoV? vet'.hoV:>l1lr? el1!SlAvt-"
l-tVlvWldf1j. tlv.1I rhe der1oj!l,1eVf- of ~he. c.1?$7·lc?l1 l~l-1jlA~e.
CO W1,""ul'1ic.Ulre.S Wle.Vl-1iv,C)'" M!>oc.i~re.d wi~k e~~t1c.e. ~l-1d el1dlAVIl'I0
1V1allrj. Theye 17 t't 11i,:)- d,ejvee. of ?k7?rvOIdioY1 IVI[,.,ev'eVlr IV! $Vc,~
wavks cOWl!OOIved wi r0 r~~ WoVe. pVP'lc.h<::o c.O'UV1'5 or I-he
OvdiMVj ~wel"~.
"

39. 18
IVI ?1 d!?cl-1?~iot1 V'f r~e- yel~ht7~?.'It<' b~~wU:1- ~.1e iVl~jvi~t.i~l
~V1d 7V'?lerj, L Novbevj - -Sd'HiZ. e.xplVlilis ltIt>w 7~h4:1,dovCj
c:.lAIh,wt?l1 iVlre.jvVhV'~ de;o~Vdo 0111 ~~e- ex!t>rellu Of C-OIt1ItOVl
?~Wloo1- ?~7rew.? :
Fv-oW l?iY"~t.1 we. rv~ ro one.~rt1re olAv6elve5 11 ~l.1e
~VlviVV'I'1W1eVlr t?IId esr~01t:>11 ~ cedt.111 ovdey. D.
COWlWlOI1 ovJev ;'" c.otlled ('V1lh..1ve. 111e.- deve-!0I'::HtleVlr
of clAirwe- i? k::>Med OVl iVlfoVWlt?lhoVl t1Vlt:/
edV1CVlhoVl "IVlo1 ~~e-vefove der,e.-I1?b 011 rVle
eXI<s~eV1ce- of C-OWIWI011 ~'jlM0ol- ?.:J?reW1?. 1r1e.
C-lAlrlAve liIlfe':)V?lte5. l-Y1e ?iVl~Ie rev?ov,;:1ir~ 'liI1rO
t1V ovdeve.d wovld IoMe:?l 011 IMMVliVljf111
jlAfe.vVlchoVl f>. 1.
FVOW1 rMe. e?lvIte.?r h~e.'S W~VI ~M (Ailed 1~V5V1~je VIS ltIi~
k?o.sie- fon'>'! of C-OWlWlvVlic.VlflOVl, "" s~?re.W! w[",e.-veb~ wovd s
~tNe. VI 1Me.VV1iV1~ uVdevf>[ood 10-'1 ?III wit1ivl ~V ovdeved
t)vPlt,wVlhctll fvp~ewovk. The. IVtM~LAtlC.j of wovdo ro e)(rve~s
c.evftliV lMePlVliVlt)s ~""? led ro ~ke d~velorWlel'r of Vloli-vev17?1
cOWlwlAYliC;tlhoV -~~sre~? whose jOwpo.se (5 ro Msi 'Jr tlI'J, e'lJe.V1d
GOI-t"'jOve..hel1$iol1 Of Mrec..r? of expevie1ce-. ?cie..",ce, rVle t/lvr?
~Vd WlLA?ic etlc~ e::ifeYld OlAV lt1~devfJrpiIIJ.iY15 of /tie woY/d
~:) 1MetI1~ of COVlSfVI.oIc.hoM VOr Oo'$lkJle wir~iYl 1?I13IAQje.
odoVle, tlVl~ Vlvc~iredlAve, ~ive6 W'etlY1iVlj ro ~?recJ? of life
rl-l?'ir CtH1V1or Vlt1eq"'c?lre...l~ Ioe coYve~d laj wovt-k
1. L Nod?ev~- 5d/Mlz 'Me.~1i~ IVI Avz:.l1ireGh,V·e: Me~yti"'~ IVi Aye-hi re.c.tw~
(edited 10') G Je.vc..<7 tMa L1. B"Ild) LoVld011 , !%0. /7. ~'2.0

40. Av.d11 redlve. VI",~ ?lIN~j ~ rIVl:)e.J VI leU1clIVl~ vole
1V1 rf1e Welj U1Y '>1dIVitflll~ Wlel:) 0e. IdeV1hfied
wll~iY1 ~ ClAtrlAVe, ~V~ ad.;ll~ ?r~e7 evolved dw,VIj
fke IVlfU lNlicldle Vl3l-? WVlIC0. wa.ve. c.ovtavVed wir;j
-SrOlfll) wirV1iVl the. ~ocl?l1 l1iev?vcv.~.
-:7IOlrVl,) W~~ dereV~ 01" ~lffeveVr H11V1j7 ,1'1'1 r~e
VU1Yiow' 7~V~r~ of ?oc.ie!j 0IAt fov ~Ve !tw'.d00I1eyS
(ilVd V1Yi?~oc:;v""c-L) of jeveV1~c.ef1H (:ei1rlAVl1 t'~) lCV1~
i W.?l:' IWI~)ov-f~Vr 10 dtVVOVl-Srvo.t6 VI 'S~brle- ,-
- 1- ' I ' I-- -
~0W1~)iV1u1,!~Vl oi weVl1fV1, jUuwev Clv1t1 jOod iC:>le.
1f:,1? Ve.e~ WUl7 Met revfedl~ wi/-i1 t~e Il1tvod1llchoY
of JrUlli,;111, ReVt1I~)6V1Ce t1vchil-e-ch,-!ve. IVlro ~he LOIAY1~r-0
b~) 11111')0 JOM? me ~hj1e IN""'? bOIse&! 01 ~he.
wovk of AVoIve~ P~lloJlO iV ~'d VletllV VI LeV1 Zt'I,
CIIJ ri1e. ciV1?7iCCli rv~cip!t".7 eM bedIcd In ki7
vdiM Neve iVl~eVryeJed In 0., 1I1~"'Vev ti)o'rvorYi~r~
ro !-kt tV~i?l1 1?ll1dscCA.re o.Id C) IH.,Ofe.
0iM$ic,q rvopOV-riOM, ?l:J~W~rv'0 ,?,Vd Hie. lAse oj
uvrV'I'V kIl1~~ 01 oVVl",It£nf e:t'd 'SwlphAve. led ro t'IVl
~(GhlreGh,,,v~ 'Sr:jk Nkl?se Wet'll'Y~ wOs ShMed 00
t', ?o(it'll '3voVlr. 70 e-ffuhve We? t~[s f1~Vh"HtV
5ljl11b.7I-~:0?leWt I-k~r rf- ?hll revvCldes ~he.. tY511'tJ~­
?r~kiVO) a"ltiAVc-'J VI? rl-e l1eo-C;eov~'ye:' .;.r')ie.
19

41. IV! ~17 S~W1vIVlI wovk, C:OWlr1e-x1h? ~Y1ol c:oV1tvL1dlchoVi 11;1 UTvc~/recfV1Ve, Ro0ey~ Ve¥1fwi e.><fJU1lr;:, •,elf Ulvc~/tedVlve occ.lAV5 UTI' tltle
WleehV1i) of /Vkviov ~Vd t'l<teVit?V ft?vus t?f VISe. Vl'r'd -srC1Ce.. ]1i, iV1te,Yt'cht?~ b OV1e t?f ~~e 0Mic :?e.V!ev,qtov, of
vv6kiburltlv~1 fovltl C?, de~.:7lt1~rv~red jV1 JOVf1 UrZOI1~ S:Jd)1~ 0r~Vt'1 UOltlse if1 whick r~~ f1V1dlL:lA!C1V ft.1l1c:hol1 VlIo1?
OCtlUtiVl iV1Sf?iV'ed V1V1 extvC?vV1jti1Y1rl~ f7ichwe5~Vle 50)VlhCI1. Two -ser:, d {ovas dde-vl'v1iYlt: rh~ Ct'~c.qr, rlAo?e of ~~e
rV00VC1111 C1V1d ~~05e .:7f ~~e $itl) V$i~ ~ CO~$kVcho~~I tec~'olo~~ pWtil~~lt- 10 t?Io1V tW'e~ht~~ a~~y'~ clA!rVlrt.

42. A~ l<eviVi L~I<1c-~ ~M t?t'iY1feo. oVlt, it I?
Y1.ec.e77~vt-j t~'V" ~t-111 to 10ct-1~e ~iW17e-lf I~
ve.?'Ih?'~ 10 ~7 e~VIY"?7f1meV1r. He k7V1iJ7 IAr
,q Yv1ef1fcl ric.h,we of Ve.:::O:)l1iz~l?e fetiltwe5
~~t't ~e-vn1 '~o~t'; '.
A ~c>od ei'1vivol1lw~..I1~?'I1 iIM.0e. :JIve? if?
P0$5t7.70Y ?'I se.115e of eltlo1iol1?ll 5UIAVi~~.i
~e eX)1I?1ill? ~k~r ir I'? l?~ MUI115 oJ 1odes,
f1,qrh7 ,q~d, cli?rrk~r? tk~r kt C-?lVi oViel1rVlk
~111?e..lf . . .. The. wovld W1?10 be oV~?ll1i?d
C1vo~Y1d VI sd of foe-till pcilb or kJe. 0v&>keVl
iV1CO V1ti1Y1ed Ve010115 or be.. liVked 08
ve.W1e..W1laeved vOl;res.' '2
l::)v01 cJ0 I ide4'1hf0, r~e.. ?pt..1htll! c.of1kxr t..1~d
I'rMV1iV1-" M ~'v1e.. f~ve.e. UJYv1PC'i1&f1f7 of ClV1
e-Y1YiVt?f1~e.l1rt..1 t'~tilt)t. ~e.. e.xr!ClW:' how t1 dMV
~M V1 dUlv i~el1ri~ 111 ~~V1r ir C-P111 0e VeiO:)l1iZu1
t1~ ?Vv~} hol-o} II' 17 p.;lVr of VI je.f1ev,i11 -s~w::e
rVlrte.VH wkic..h &tt?~Ie.? rke. ?7bevye.v f&> !oUlre.. if
(1' velUho~ ro e.ve~rhi~ bl~t I P1l1d t1bo k.q5 'So1t1e
W1e.t1~il~ ft7V rke. t?bevvev wke.rke.v pVtilC.hUf ov
eML7h?7~pI: 3
To:' iIlVl?tvt1k t~iJ t?V ~ c.oY'l1plete..~ diffeveVlf levd)
me. C?1H/l£t:ivClI ?If Flc/retla ~.q:7 '" c.ieo.v ide.Vhfj'
c.~Y e.v1?i~ 0e. loc.akd i'r1 ~he. sTvee.t ~~HevY
?ll-'d ~M VY~Wl?i~l1ol-'lS h'l,e.~l1iV) VI? tl vd~ioYl5
c.el'tye..
i K~Nl L~c.k, l'i1e- i~",~e- of r~(.. c..it1), (.."'IMoJVi~e MM;'. %0 p·4 2. Ibid, r'1· ) Il7it'l. t e
21

43. 'The tMoloilir~ of ~?V ~AS lea ro rke cve?lhc?v ,;If rO[,1~es Th~se
!-tW~ t~e.iv .?'wVt e-I1e.V~lj ~VA tl7 ?v.c.~ c.OVl.shrlAfe fovces.
A~ wi~ difft.!/t.1CtS (VI YI~hlr<l ft'V'~, (?l VIVe.( I':> Y1.o~ r~e ,C!It!,
VI.., t ~rV&lW1) 70 roo VI(e r~tve ~IHeve,l'c:es iY1 r~e fevu
ckcwPlcre-vi7hc? of VO~re? A Wttlljov' hi~~w<ll-) diffe.v~ fVJM VI
?~~VlV?~V1 ,Jvur, ~ rtillV~V} ~VI? t1 rNhc.VtI~v klVld ,1f (IWli ~ed
""Vld coVlceVlrvt/1.red fAovett.WItIY r,1lel'1li~1. I
Vi?0l<d? <lVlv1 bVid~{J tlve 71W1ltllf~ wVcel'1rvVlruj vec1ev5 .ef
V'AoveweI'J 011'4 V? Nlrh VI) V'eVres rGtej e7~bli')~ t' ?)?et:( <11
ktVlC C'L velU1hov?~,p NiH'! rke ItlV1?l?Ulre. ~ei4e~)'3eV e'irl~I"'? ~O~
bvi?,:y?) do lor We.(e-~ co"Mc..f tVv'o 0c.V<., bl!1r '~VI~5? ?rve.t11t1 ?lVJ
bVlY1k <lVJ. (,ll'd il1ro ejl&~ o~heys' MirJ.;OI)Y'hood. lie brid5e 5'?'r~ev6
~e ~rft1 V1So 100VP~Uj:?e <lV'olVd rl-~ ?rVeOlm.1
'.I.
i Ue.it~~tV. Po<!-1~~~~~~, "fvIOII.~, N~w Yovk, 10'11.
p. 152
~ br'i~"e. ~c:;...,,~ ~t T~~u~. AIc:."I'tMA 5rllil'.
A·[7 105- lb.

44. Movt-ltI€Mr t:.tM be- OI~ i~jOoyr~l'Ir oIt$i~V ~el'ey~tov
t?V4 5rVliv?, YVlMf'?J esc"'?1roV5 VlYd e.levVlrov? ~j50 m?l:::;
k7t ve3~v~e~ M fcvce.s Of diffeveVlr iVreV1sii-~.
AI; wif~ Heide.j5ev', hVid0e, e.&ch KiVld Of VroveWeVr
V~J if? OWV1 c:k&VUlc,fevI5hcs ,qf'd VI rtlvhcvdvtv
ve1~hoY$kq() potef"1h,qi -Jir~ irs iwtWediUre SVlYVi?t-1VdiY155.
tt;~ of r~et,e device, ~VS k7eeV1 fV1l1.':) £xroved
~c~iledv1V~II~ tlr diHeve.V1r revioJ6. iVl ~i?rov~1 fvoVVl
c~e VOIr'r1ped Vlr'rvotl1ck TO Bc,jb~kV1I01V1 Zj0~'VOlt5 ro
[-V£ rN'e~he.rh cel1tYV~ uek:1Vtlhof'l of €.5?Vlll7lfoVS tVd
litb>
The ,U6Ve- ?rOltic 4~Vlihj Ot r~e ,qvc,v,e.a Rotv~V
Iori~Oje. ir1 -sr,:7V1e cov~vOl?r? wifl--l r0e- '7t?~viV", dvtl1Wit'1
o{ r~e lit!"1; iVl t-ke.- H!jt'rf- Ree>e~c::) HA~! 1V1
t/.qM. The. vevricOl ~~Yl?~ is lV1teV15ifie.d ?~ WUklf'~
r~e.. 1ilh vi7i0le 0IVc k>~ jlA'Xrl7l/?o5iV.0 rMeiv 7V£'IH"7
70 r~~r r~e.~ c-Vlr rkV0L.13Y1 ~~e ~oYiz.o~r~1 IVI~ev? Ot
ki,qGOl'lit? W11ic~ look oYro ~te, tlrv·'~1V ~f101ce.
Thi? C-O~reMri?YM~ eX')?ioirUfioY1 of Wlt?veMeYr M ?l
6iiy'flfictlVf tkSI5Vl 0Wt?vh-1Vir~ k?eo~07 rO?l rvOidihoVl
wVlic.k iV{iV1de5 :,VcVt fiVt ~,)(VlWf'11e.5 tl5 r~e ')Ct,q Rejitl
iV tVte VOlhc~I tlI'Id Mic.Vte.-ltYI~l.o" ?biY'c~?t, to r~e
?Ik?iorull L",,~ve~ZitYlOI i~ FIt?veVlct, ~ R~~~, H,kl D4IlLt~ T
..IC"~ 1'37b-1d
",nl-1i[ec.b We-to", Beckel ~IJ. M?ol/i~re7.

46. If VI VOlArt i~ 0 fova vC5VhVl3. fvo~ W01t'5 Wio0i1i.t~, ?I Ve,IJ
£/150 ~~5 foY'ce.. C.h;;V~urevlshe? IV ru~? of ki? Pll1dTtj [0 ?U.
V(~c.e,Vt -SG['~ Ve-fev7 ro r~e il'rl.rovrOlVc.t of viewt. VI rke-
ue-~ho~ of ?reci?ll pl?lce~ j", tl11C-eVlr C;vua, H~ e.xpl?liI15
kow 1vuk rke~rre~ Weve- I rl1e.. pVlWlMj device. fov
?~kW1I',fi~ fO bviVl~ c.ir~ OIVd 100~d~cOrt- ro:yd~ev I b'j
roiY1hY1~ o~f ~olv' ~ rkeMreb ?lr MejOlIopoli5 I fp~es~?, 'Sd-<joYl
t?iVd r~€.- PivOIelAJ iVl e..Vluh c.<?I?e locked rowVlvds 01 oli?bllY1t
vie..v Vv' ir~ COI1 c,VlI ~ ill?, i
At Me..~OlorO!i? All rhe.. ~olie5r .ri.?tGe''J of rh.e. t-ir~ 'Neve
iV1id 0[;11 ?oI15 fMe 5&l1evOIl .?tXI? cf rhe- VIe..fV k?eh'Je~V rke
rheOlke ?Vd WOIAY1rVjY1 c:.oV1e.., -)wl)j vel11llt1d? V:;, r~OI~ The..
iW1rOvrOll1a .of tMe fheOltY'e iV1 CVC?hV10 SWleriV:J vie,.~? rcv
Hel1eV11
7hc che-s C-?11 r~e.vetore Mr k1e oveve7hW?led.
He ?llso W1eY1hoV7 kow ?oWe Hellelt1i'5ric. cihe::. I we.ve Ijk~
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tV"'~ihol't?r ?I??ocit'1h"J.I? ~V.::1 i'I-1",vke~ fane5.

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U,.,like- r'l"i~jhve- a1d ve.V~Vlc-~IM ~VCV1ire.crL-ve, wo~IAY'Ie.'rt'll "'Y"C-~ile&rllvel':> (avlI<r fo iMPV(5S
al1~ 'I? l;:;!v0el~ LO'UV"'e.d iNirf-l M?I-~e.hc e.ffUT5< MO,vMeVlIt1 t?lvGMarw& vepYI%eVlfs U1?~rvotd
~lt1eoVie7 OIf'1d ideO/lshc pW[Vlcirle~ vVlfhe,v rktlV1 rv~chGtll iS7lAe", k?iI1r loe{tlVse of r~e. f"eed [0
tOMW1lAlAiL~re M&tVliV~s 5~Vvd Ioj ?'III, ,vlOd&is evolve OI? r~e~ do IVI /,?ViW1ihve OIV1d
vevMG.vdVlV Vlvckl ru-,rl/lve. ~lft.ck WOde-/5 VIS f~e- C;veek re.Wlpkr I-~e MedievVlI L~H''tdvtll ov
Pt'.IIVlv11tlV1 CClIAVlrVj hOl-lSt eM6V3& VIS WIe-h fvOWl '" de.$i(e ro COHilW1Uillc:~te ?~",ved W1et1l1iY~'"
a~ fvOl'.1 t'I COI'AItIOI' rec;h0:7lo,~'j< MOl'liAl'Ael'lr",1 Vlvc-hileu[vlVe. Mtlj be. vC3t'1vdecl a, Hi3Vt Avr
"'r'd w,~j Vlbo 6e. fevVA.t:d ''?IjWlrkor'ic' if1 ~V1t'1r ir II$A.:III~ COf1rtllV? t1V1 elVlf:?ovtlrt coWlf1oSlhOV1
o{ ?tvevt'll cOl'lfvMfed k?V1f veltlfetl rtl't+'.
t:U~TIJIt& ANP ~tANIMt;
Fov U1 Gv,lhAY'e. ro e)(15f ir I~ Vlece,5U1v.'j fov r~e iVdivli;IAG11 fO kJUOI'VC iV1le~vOltd IV)
'&'.VI ovclerul wovld k?VlSeJ 011 fte.t:lV1iv15fVl I iVl teVt?cfrOM ~ '1 N0Jt1-vev!o"",1 fovwl'> of c.o~I1U"'iCU1ho~
?lv'€- l;j,ed ro ul?'tvirlj e-evf?'tlV1. iY1rtlV1~)ibl€.. p~e.l'1oWel1.q OIV1d ~yukireG-rlAve tjive~ Wt~"'iVi~ ro
t?r/?,(;.r~ of lite rV141r C4l1'1110r "'d4V1?'trel~ kJe, C-Ol'1ve.jd bj NoVJ,< IVI p?lvhC-IlI41V
?'tl'ckife.cfv1ve C.t:VI i~eVhb rlt1e, Vt>,vioVI 6 5r{tihfl'G",ho!~ wi~~iV 6ocierl)1 fVtlWl c.-klAvch t>,Vol
~ove.vKl"rlel'1~) the, e..Y~Ve..jSIOV1 .of rhe.. vole .of r~e. tlVr5} ?port .ov fu VtV1oiOjtjr ro r~e. pOSlho!
of r~e, In~ivJ~VI?i1 10 5oG-idj<
~~O"~A"'M& AND ~ITt
Avcl-tireG-hAre, Y'e.'roV~s ro ~Vvee ~e-r~ of TorCt<): thost t:7f r~e ?ire. rhe. rVO~vtllW1l'Ae CII10
Me, r'reVt:lilll1j c,lAlh/ty"t< The re.&l1vlOlo~j lA,ed wi 11 be fYlt'lf t1v~iI~:?lt witkiV1 tVle. GLArvl{e.
35

57. O~If,HT~TIOf.l AIoIP IP&NTITY
1V1 odeI' [0 toW~~JVe-V1e'+ld VIi:> t':-11V'IYtlVlMev1T VVltW Ved; VI t.k~v IWI"'jG t4 hi'S ~AYvo!AI'Ji~~
w..tse, c.~1'1 Qe, lAVJM?r~oJ 0~ "'it'lVl v0OhVlUj MIMSe-lf ~o Vlode5, ~t<Jh) ?11'~ di?fVie-f;.:l.. kevfVl
k~"'c~ I()r, r~e, ~~yee, U1Mr~I'1?v1r, ot AA £,I1VIYoVlW1cnlVl) (M~~t ~~ 1CIVl:'j I ide{llh ~ I ? rt1h(1)
U?l1fe--)J OV~ MUlv1i~,.1
W&OV~MtNT
A? t:: ?oWl?c:?Iel1t of .,;qye-hlt-c.flAYe. WlMeWle,V1r W!tI~ 0e, HlolAj~r of .t"I'S t'. fora k~YiVJ
4ifte.v-i-Vlr KIYlth of lV1re~?lrj. A .;r.:?Vl-J ~rA~IvM. ov Vll.Atlir.ovlulIA I., cOVGe,vyd 01 ml-
.o~C/ h.:V~ wir~ rv.ovitlll'"j r~e.. kJe.SlPP,Mibk VIe.W fov -fJpec.r-.:'1rOV5 ?1Vd. oV1 r~e orhe.v
wlrh eVl?IAV'lV1j ~V1e.IV 7wiH U1V~ c.OMvet'leV1r ~C(e,55 UlI'~ ~ve?", AVl ~rle.vICl! VO?1d II:> t'I
W1P,J~V fova iY H·"& lo.Vd,s~re. or e-i~"), C1 fora.. cO~JOOvt'lbl~ wirM ft.t?1J Df C .?Wift floIVil5
viva The. YOlAre· rt?vJt:lvd?, iVl,r.o OId t:lyo!vd t'I ~l;il~iVj I~ fv~VetHj ~ ?rt'lyhV~ iOoll1f
fG7Y PI. d~sj6Y"' J
V I r. w s
6iMilVlv'::)
ffe-5a.f'1ct
view? c:.&lV,;>hhAe. tV1 iW'lpovrC1Y1t fovce. to r~e. .?iYt.krecr/ w~o W?~ e.xploir r~eiv
Ii-- l1i., O~"'Y1iwhav t?t e.a~e.v ktvfddiV1~~ t?V' cihe?
~TItUGtu~, AND C,;O/lotT"i
7rVlAdtAYe. I''tiI~ 0e. VlV1de.vsrood e.irv.e.v iVl re-vWls of t~e, c:.lAlhAVo.l Meo.l'1IV1jS il- eXrr€7~e?
(M wi~11 ~iHue.V1r 'Yre,yprert:ht?~? .ot rhe COUItIY ki?rovic~IICj) ov 01, VI, Wetm~ of
c..ve.tlhVl5 V ,e.V6e. of r~e. Sft1hc .oy d,V)t-~Y'IC. 11 VI kn-tidiYtj. A., V1.V ?)(rve?~i.oVl of d:5Y1CiwI,M
?ivl.~·h·1/e. M~ '5~jje.sr rtlVlrVl€.'? t?V e!.~~l-ic-i~ ClVd i-Vill t?tre.VI howe. t1 Y-h~~hWc cOW1/<,oY1eV[-
?? pCilvr or Ih .:yooWervj'. t,eolY.eh'j i~ iVle.virtlbe. iVl "Y'vkife.aw·o.l .:?Vjt'lVlizc:1hot1 t:~ r~e:
Wle.IU'5 0t ovden~ IJ. ~l~'jY owd rel~hv1~ r.1e. pavl6 10 .o1Ae. t1l1ofkev:
'i K L'1"c,h, of', Gi ~., r· '1
v

59. t4 CLAlh/lVe. I~. W1~de VIr, fVldV~II~} ofrk~ ~chvihe) ot ~lAIM~
k?elV13; Ir loS ~ ~j~reWl of iv1Yevlocklll".') ~VJ iVllevsect'110
(').ch0'"?, ~ C0 l1hV1UOlk5 fVlV1ChoV~1 r~HevV1. A-s ?VC~ Ir I,;>,
of COIAV5e) iil1l?1V15i0IeClV1d ivM610ie. Ir hl?i":> f.h~~i(~ iV1~vd'er1r5-
Clvlef~d? j VI!50 p~~?c~1 ?~W1~fovM - rv,e- erMvtic effects rh~r,
Uve :>rPlWlped OV1 t!A)~ 0lAw?lY1 1?1C-t) kVi{lWVl ?IS Ih 'l2.xpVe55 fOVl.,
1/IVc:l me iVif!LAel1c( of ~oclUlI coV'dih0l15 0 VI tt1e deveiq:?Mef1r,
P05fvtVe Ulv1?1 WoveWeVi~ of r0e, ~LAw?lv bod.:). BlI1t ~II ?vtC~
IreW, uwe: fV~5w1eVltt; ~0t1r Wle('lV1 (he. for~! /:)tl rreV'V1 0t hfe.
011,::) ro ~~05t VJ~{I Vlyt ('c4tA~il'1hd WM1 i~' Ci1Y1,;j M1C{j 0e
~ewivded Of I~. Thej Vlve 1V15vd,eVlfs 111 U clI1lrlAV'e.] Vlof
/' {J IVYiCl,5e.
lr:1e. Vlvu~i~ec~ CV'e~re? ir5 ilMVlOje: Cl pl1£1siCVIIIV) p,v-£5eVlr
hvtW1?1vt eVlviVOVlWeVl[ ~VVlr eyrV€.Z5,e, [VIe.. d:1t:lvt>tc.feVi5hc. vl1:1rMWlic
fLAV1ChOVlt1I /JVlHevvt5 w~lck cOV1shhAe ~ cVlirwe. 6vtcl1 po.HerYis
V're r~e. ?I!revV1V1hoV1 of .,Ieep i/lVld Wt:lk,/ll9, veV'TVlve ~lI1d
6~fe"r~, eMoTiOV'l t:lVl~ C?1!w, ~LA5reV',rj ?l1I1,;j t?~t:lVlc:lOV'l; tMe
reWlpo, t-1V1d rke. 7tA.11oo-t-1V1e,>5 01'" ~0V'Vfplv1e~5 of life; tVte
~iWple fOVW15 of c.J1i1dhood Vlv~ rhe cOW1flexihe~ of flAil
~V'?'I ?t~rlAn~, r~e stllcvtllW1eY1f£7t1 ~V1~ rl--ie ~rvlciow) vl1ood,
th~r W1?1rk 01 ?ociVll ovdev; VI/Ild r~Vlr t/1(e repet?fedf rhou8~
VJir0 CkMttvle-{15hc 5ele.c.hoV'l, 0~ eVev~ pev6oVlV11 lire
6pVlV151111j fV'OW1 ~V1V1r ovdev.

60. L-M 6u c;O~hVVe-5 . ~l.1i., ~V~~~e.V1 kJ-:1 U?~evhV1.'1 r~Vlr ClV ;VVVOVVI'I£If, r~£.. CV£Vlted ":71tlct:-
of ,qvc.hir-urIAVt, 15 Oi 5~iN10o) .of TIAVchoV1U1/ e'iISreV1CC'. 50e eXplVlIYb rMtlf !-MI, 11M
I!vfk'~~ rO,;;O w'lr~ COl1V£vtieVir tJ,VVt1VljeVv1GVf OV f?VO'/lde.V1r rL;JvVI'~5' To LtiII5eV, t~-e,
wovk Oi t-ycl1irec,h,,,ve.
does vlOr 7~~?r rk.VIj~ [-0 0~ 1?Vf £1tk?06li.e, ~~e. feeli~, ~~e vk-':)I-~It,
~e j:?~?~lO~ ov ,oloYefjl fVhlohlj o'{ feav W(~11 W~C,~ rhiV~5 tlr toll! Vlve
~I'e.. -n;t-r 17 ~~e iVr~e of life which i7 cVe<:Ire.d iV k?V rdiVj~; Jr I~
~14('. vi?i01e. ?el11Hal'lct pf al' 'dhnic, do~iV: I-he ?~Itl?t'l ,of klAW~Vil'1
0 be fOlAl1d 11' I'ke 5!-Ve.l'j~V ~Vd ivlevpltlj £If ft1YW1$. 2
L6Y~Q.Y ~oe,? OV1 [-0 e)(rl~iV kt'w, 1?UtlVse- we Vlre t7V~~~i5W.S, ,olAV tlChml, cwd
feeliVl3' tlve o~toIVic OlAV lives I.1Me "" ~eJtoIk1tJHc f1~r~evV C0I1?i5h~ of ''S:Jsrole,
dlt?r,ok; wta?kli/lt } VlVlWtki~; cve~c.eVldo, dlVV
liVllAel1do. 1t1evels, t17 /"'~v:je.v rOlVlf7
Oillrl t1 dove- p~vt1!1e kJefweeV1 rke.. OV,,0IV'.10 p?1!-revV of olAV live;, VlVd [he: V?I~Vt
df Vvr 'II- i? f?~VCt:rhOV1 Vv10lAlded ~~ '-IY1~~iy?lht?V1 r~?It 0ives vb rke t?!A~wVlvd
wovd we- k'v1ow. +Thi5 i, kow we ve?1cr ro r~e. wovd ?lVd il W!:,£tjV1eV1ce.
lb.:) vivf0,e of t?1A~ ~ho~~hr tM.:;1 iY'1c:~iVl~h,oV1 we. kMe. Vor oV1~ feel,V1,~t" ~}V1~
VI. life.. of feebf1j 5 -
L~Vo.,e.v e':XrlC'1i¥l'5 kow ow· life.. of re.e.1iV18 IS t:{ '..,rVe.AWl of reV1?I0l15 VlYld ve,o)Vhvt1t,'. to
~V f~d, Olltr'. lives ?lVe. ?lV1 i'V1reVr!~~ of reV1?i,;'VI,-, I Vlc,h,-1V'1I V1eVV~V15 ?lVd VI1A?c,lAi?lV
1e.l'i~IO~t, rt'lklY1j rl~ce. iVl rve. VlillWVlV1 OVjvY1I-;'W. Ir i? kJe.c.VItSe.. ""vr I? ~ 'i>:YY1bohc
pveseV1;V1hoV1 p,Yd Vor t1I 001<','1 of feehV13 rhVlf r~eyt CtVI 1?e V'I'? W!Ac,k kV1t'w~5e ofl
fee.tI1~ pvojeded IVlro r~e, hWlC'.e" tyrlci?lkt1 ronY1 or 0. p?lVhVC), OY VI ~r~IYle.J tji?1;;
WiV;;w, OV t '1A0H~ pVort1Yh0V18~ tlve€-k reMrlt, ?-s {Yro rke fiovvivl9 fOYW16 of
WlI.1?I(', d~Vla. ov vUir.:7ihol1. I "
:I. Ibitl,) r. ~Il. ' Ibid., r. 90. :5 Ibid.) P09. 4- Ibid.) r 3'12. Ii lbiJ., f? '3'12. & Ibid., p. 3'12. '1 Ibid) /0. 3'1~. II Ii?it( /'" '3'1'3.
39

61. ]1e, IZMdio~? we ex~evieVla rhYOIA~V10Iir t?w 'Iife. of fediV1~' Me-
rv~V~""red k7~ r~e ~vh,r ti7 hVvVe~, r~e e11eVjlj of r~e life,
~ir!AVh'ovL t1, ?Vlck, r~t d~~t1~ic t/15)Oed, of life I ir, dVvflV111l vU1d
excireMeVl[ coW10iVle wir~ rhot>t oH"IU e,x~evieVlce, of pe~ct,
~VldV1~~~, 7V1ffe-ViVlj 01" e)<~ilM~h"oY1 fo k?eC;OW1e /?V1rt t?f H-e,
~rh?r? ~)(rV'l,~i"e, ~Vlle~re.
~~ tVlc.r rk"'r lit£, doe~ i~J,eeJ wl1siSf ItIlV"~&!~ of l~V:)eY~
'1ev?ii7Y}? t::lvv Ve~i7llAhoY., I We~l'? tVlPlr ~~i? is ceV1fv",l To e)(i~re'r1c.e.
The ~~rrevl'1 of life "'~Sf1.'c.k [17 do wir~ 5[viviV1tj fo ?~h?d'V ~041?
ov ()cw~~Ii?k r~7b ve~Vlh f1j 1I1.tiI fee,IiVj of ?t~'h :7f~CrIOV1 ~V1d
fI.1!tdWleV1f. The de51ie Vl1~ COl'lvl!rIOYI? w~ick tl{e c.Vet:lred IVI ovder
[0 vetilc.h ?I1ck ~oUlb rVOdV1a PI cevf6liV1 reI'7it'¥1. Oi1ce: ~chieved
r~eve is ?1 fee.hi'1j t?f cOf1leVlfW1eV1l.
~e?e, eVe.v0ie5 'fu..eiYe Vlvflshc expY€-?6ioVl iVl r~e W1t1ljOY rheW1e?
i7f leVl"~ioV1 VV~ ~~YW10~j. If b',?ioVl tMd ~?Wr';OV1~ ~ye MtlJI7Y
fovus IVI life ?l.Vld Vlrt .~~~ tlVe. ?Vlr'povjed 0!:) <JuoVld?lYtj
fOVcl? ~?o eve.vpre,eY[ 11 ~u~) rhe Y'k~~~s of Vi~~r aY~ dtlVj,
hie.. vk~r~Wic. flt?w of kllood VI., ir (1;7 pV1W1ped c:1YOl,il1d rhe 00~,
rhe. d1~H1W1 of rne. ~~SOI1? ?V1ch vk;1l'1W17 tlve 611,0 iVlky'p(e.re~
~:J rh-e. tvti~,r ov c.oW1rt?6eY iVl YJVlj~ tlf1):?vo)Ovi6l(e. (0 INMVlrevev
WlU1Jvlwl (';7 lWlrlo3ed,

62. •••••• I
~ l:cr:::: ~.1 ""
• • • • L-L_ ~
If r~t ovevV1l! ?ri?1kMe-Vr of r~e- C1vuk r~Wlplt IS
00.e:- 0+ hVVVv10V1~ VV1~ l-iV11 f::), r~J 7 i5 ~c~Je;yd
fnW1vVJi~ iV', rhe- b~IV1V1a 1V1~aveV1r iYl r~e. t>i- iC1revVlII.:;l
7tj~W1ervicV11 pl?1V1.
Thl7 lAVlifj k?1~ wir~IYl ir rh~ 0f1rO~IV1j :eV1?i?'V1 k7erwuV!
fhe. vevhw! wilt1lt1Yl VIVid M?'VI U'Vitq! eV1rt/lhlt'1~lJve.. Th~
COWlP05ihoYl ve-!fe,~ OVi t7I poweviV1! vh~ftH11IC c:o~roV1eMt
wl~h ~~1e ~?lIOV u:>IVllt1v~&iV v~~r~lm SVlrrOvreA 0~ ~~e
becOf1~C~j rr1~thW1~ of rViCj~p~7 ,;Md YVletofes.
lfle iVlCiJV1e.d rlVlVles of fhe roof COVlc.!lI1de ?Ir et7Ic.h
e,Vld wi~(" fV1e red1i11e.V1b, ~~ose o01lqV1e rIVlV1e,s ClV1t?J
Ivi?'tl'1t'jiII!VlV ft7VYVIVlhoVl ~V~9e,?r ?w1orhev kiVid of eYleVj:->
A":J MVllAV'iGe. de. St'lV16W1"'Y&Z. !.ttl? e..xriVliY1ed] :di~joVtb
IYlrvodV1ce f?owevfVlI divec.hoV1?'tl IW1)OV1I?e.,:>, C1 d':)V1t71It1I~W1
whicli i? TMe, tllI1rCOW1e oi l!1Y1Yeso)ve.~ rev1dellCie.7
low~vd~ VevhCUlI ~v1d hoviz.oVlf<?11 .VMich Vlr~ ~e!.d IV!
kJUlI?1V1ced .,1A'ipeHsiovL' -i tllrholl15~ 50We,whk1f ~I/Ired IVl
rMe .,h",))ow VlV~le of rMe reVYlrie pdiVl-1eVlf, r~i? ft7VWl
I~ Cb V1eU?5~Vj 10 re.vW1IY1.>(e K-e. WWiposihcYl ~r ih;
Vlrr~v exrvemir5 <?17 j'J rMe ?reJOJOu1 0t15e. ?1~ ~volAV1d
level .
"i M~l-Yice. tAe... 5~L.?~;fe;z:, BMic- De~i5V1: ThE<: Dt)V~V1ic; of Vi7A~1 {;YtI,
["oVld"n, 10&t, rr- 2.0-22..
4'

63. TtllolpttH" ~t s. P'.et..." il M"Mtorio, R"...e.. 1502-10.
tV'e-ftire·cf BVClWVVlIe...
Wifl, '1['> CI"'CVOlIf i7tlV1 fke. TtW1r,idro Is ? ce.v~vOld?11
.:::oil1fi'3l.WVlhtlV, )A,1'aIVl1t'liVl'Vl"j CI kJ",lth1Le ct tt?(C0?
CeV1tvoidCl Ioo~ieS ~lAj3e?f ve.p05e O11J '7rCll?ilrII)
IN'~tye.::S !tVleay tov~" IM~~ (c,hvl~.
The. revWtlrel-lce, of ~rcMevhA(e.. 5;ve5 ir tI ~~wtll role.~? rk€-
0Wlbodl~eV1r of I ~f1e.. vh~rkl'l c fVl1c.horl.::11 ptlrri,V1oS wkiuk c.or$h~I1k t.
t-V1Ih,-IVe. I ]1i., rev~V~ev1u Vrtlke., VI fJfu,itl! dtlt1li1Y1d 01t1 the,
tW'c~irtGr fo e1'~lAVe fhPlr r~!- wovk ~~I'rIk?oliU? fke e.?$et1ce of
if" ptlvhcIo.v role i1 ?VCf1 0. Wtlj rko.r r~i? C,:;V1 ~!- !1L-1?ftliVld
ovev 0. ruiotl of h~!.
The. fkewe 0t ~VvWoY:J' vvir~ ir~ IMflicVhof'1~ of odeV' ~V1J uVlit~ J
i:. c>f ~~rhcV1b1V lWljOoyrV1ce fo tlvcl1iredV1ve, fVlY'flj beC:ollo15e rhe.6!-
i??IM.~ ?'lye. rve.fevre~ ?~W0ol~ CV11~vo.lI~ kJ/I1r .::iJo bUPlVl5e rk~
peV'Mt'.'ttI'C( of MCMire.chtln J,eYlie.? U J?(.Ovd~lt1t $fVlfeWleV1f. 11 mi?,
Vvc-kire,e-rlAve 10. 5e¥evo. ~e.ft?lvAe~ ir~elf fyOWl ~V1e ofi1ev O,vJ-"'J iVl
W~IC~.':: ~v~lev ~~(i'I of IWI?'IjiVVlhve frudoW1 i'7 pO~;ibk
(lV1~ IVl Wf1ick rVe. ;rridtVlf 0,'1d. J,1;covdVlVl[ Vtore W1,:;j loe
Clcur(Vlble.
me.- ~tWwOV1tC. tke-W!e. ~M k-Jeeo1 e.xr:'ve?,d iVi diHeveV1r w~~"
c1lAV'lY10 rh~ VVlVi0V16 r«i~d'5 ;V diHeref1T pVlvb of r~e WOyJ
me.. ff",IIClY1 R'eV?1?5,::yCl dl~rl.::~'> ~ COVC£(V1 fov hVlYl'Vo~V) IV
? bvoO,c1 rhi1o;,opnict'll ?e'{>~, V1~d rVle coltlpo~ihoVl~ or i3(o'l'V~rlk
Oll'1d RClrk",el :)M~ ~.L)Wll?O)iC eX~,JYe?,ioV1 ro kJelet iVi tl.
~?1Vf1?,1iOIA' UVlivtyst 'The. Ul-trO,)ized r10.'1, lI1?ec;/ 0j ~eol1t1ydo
t:lYid Mlche?v1..~l"-loJ tjMe. O!vu~iredwV1 U'V1vic.hoVl roO rhi:, ideO!,
wMil?)- r~e 5el'1He vIt1jthWl of TV1e tlv{.?d~ be(A~e dltorMev
MU1itt~h~~hoV o{ rh{. ?evell€~ fVol'qlA'!liB Of l-ke.. raiod.

64. AIrYoLl~~ ~~e clV"t:~Ic.lY rl&1l-1 i7 rke- wt'?~ ok:>vit>1A5 Jvcl-'1iret:h,w",I
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rhe v~YiolA? Mi., C~I- be ~r~ced, rke- r:'yojOerries of
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