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,llJISI 3an0Ml1HaHltIR,8bl,lleJIeHbI xyPCU6OM. 06R3aTeJIbHbIti Ml1Hl1MYM,
KOTOPblH ,ZI;OJImeH yCBOJ1Tb Ka>K,Ilbill yqeHKK, Bbl,lleJIeH nepe,ll HaqaJIOM
Ka>K,Il;oro pa3,lleJIa - B xpoHOJIOmqeCKOH Ta6JJH~e (C. 16, 50, 122, 184) )KHp-
HbIM lllpltlq,TOM. IIpJ1 no,ltl'OTOBRe K YPOKY HY>KHO: 1-A war - CpaSHHTb 3TH
06R3aTeJlbHble,llJIJl Bcex cpaKTbI H nOH1ITI1JI C TeKCTOM naparpaQ>a; 2-M war-
BblJleJIJ1Tb rJIaBHble "'{aCTH TeKCTa, KOTOpble HeJIb3S1 nponycTHTb.
l13rm caMbie Ba>KHble YCJIOBHble 3H8KH H onpe,Zl;eJDi, KaKHe CBe,lleHJll8
MomHO nOJlY"'I}fTb, qHTaJI HCTOpJRecKHe cxeMbI H KaPTbl.
YCnoatiote lHaKH K(Ie"".""
rocYAapcTHHHOr° apo-
~ 1-':P'"aHbl rocyp,apcraeH-
.... onacno
ICOM'CT~I HerocyAalpc'BeHHble
opraHbl Bnacn..
I n..TP~: "I - 06w,ecTBeHHble
cnOI1, rpynnbl
---.~.. - Ha3Ha'"leHl1e, PYKOBOACTBO
___~.~ - COBeT
.•..••.••.....~ - cnY>K6a, ynnaTa HanorOB
---{[> - H36paHHe
Ycnou-.te 3KMCM KKIIP'.""
~~.>--- - ..,:
..• •
(PElCti"._._._._._._.'1
..... EJ1JIlET .._._.__._.-
r......
o ellMB...
......
Kalili", X 218
:::::::::>:--.
--.......-...-."""'"
-~
.......~,­
...-'-
""'''''''''~-"""""~
--M8CT8 M AIITW &mo
-.---
~rw::»CO.lII'"
7

7. BBeAeHHe 2: KaK 3arnliHYTio B npownoe!
- liTo Ii 3ayeM H3y...aeT HaYKa I1CTOPIo1S1l (CnOsapb)
- 06'bACHH 3Ha'"leHlo1e enos: 06LU,eCTBO, 3pa, aeK, ¢laKT, aprYMeHT.
(Cnosapb)
1. RaK Y3HaTb 0 npOmJIOM?
l.JTo6bI YSHaTb, KaK JIlO,ll;H »tHJIH B npOllIJIOM, HCTOPHKY Heo6-
XOAHMO HaHTH HCTOpUqeCKHe HCTOqHHKH - TO, tITQ COXpaHH-
JIOCb C .n;peBHJ1X BpeM€H.n;O HallniX ,D;He:ti if MOmeT paCCKaaaTb 0
.n;aBHHX C06bITHRX. BOraTbIM J.:tCTQ'IHHKQM 3HaHHH 0 npOIIIJIOM
HBJIHlOTCR .n;peSHHe aaID1CH:[KHI1:rH, nHCbMa, .n;eJIOBbIe ,nOKYMeH-
TbI, Ha,n;nJ1CI1 Ha npe.n;MeTax, 3.n;aHHRxj CHaqaJIa HX HymHo
pa3hICKaTh BrcTapbIX roPQ,lJ;ax, apXHBax, 6w6JD10TeKaX, KOJIJIe~­
.fiX JIlOfiJ.1TeJIe.i1: CTapl1HbI) IIoToM aTH 3aIlJ1CH HymHo nepeBeCTJi
C ,lJ;peBHJ1X R3hIKOB Ha COBpeMeHHhIe, Hat1:T11 CMbICJI HenOHRTHhIX
3a6hIThIX CJIOB, MHorl1e U3 KOTOPhIX 0603HaqalOT ,ll.aBHO J1CQe3-
HYBWJ1e Bern;J1 11 OfibIQaJ.1. CJIYQaeTCR, QTO pa3HhIe yqeHhIe
npe,ll.JIaralOT pa3HbIe BapJ1aHTht npO'LlTeHHH aTJ1X J.1CTOQHHKOB.
YTOQHJ1Th CMbICJI nOMOralOT CTapbIe BeI.IJ;H, KOTOpbIe TalOKe
CJIymaT J1CTOpHQeCRHMH lIfCTO'LlHHKaMH. tIarn;e BCerO 3TH Bern;lIf
COxpaHRIOTCR B 3eMJIe, TaM, r,n;e ROr,lJ;a-TO mHJIH JIIO,ll.lIf. ,lJ;oMa
MOrJIH ,ll.aBHO 06pYWHThCR, 3apaCTJ.1 TpaBoH. Ha.n; HI1MH ,ll.pyrl1e
JIIO,lJ;H nOCTpOHJIJ1 CBOH ,lJ;OMa, HO no,lJ; 3eMJleH npO,ll.OJlmalOT Jle-
maTh CTaphIe Opy,lJ;HR, YRpaweHlIfR, OfiJIOMKM nocy,lJ;bI lIf T.,n;. Bce
aTO Moryr ,lJ;o6blTb yqeHbIe-apxeOJwzu. OCTopomHO, CJlo.i1: 3a
CJlOeM, OHM CHI1MalOT HaKonHBwyroCR 3a CTOJleTJiR aeMJllO, J1 BOT
no,ll. JIOrraTOH 3BeHlIfT RaMeHb CTaporo cPYH,lJ;aMeHTa, 6J1eCTHT 30-
JIOTaH 3aROJIRa, 6eJIelOT KOCTH fiblBWJ.1X X03.f1eB. Ho MaJlO HaHTJ.1
lIfCTOpH'LleCRHJ1 lIfCTOqHHR, HymHo ern;e ero ,JJ;aTHpOBaTL - orrpe-
,ll;eJlJ.1Th, B KaKoe BpeMH OH 6blJl C03,lJ;aH, 0 RaKHX BeKax MomeT
HaM paCCKa3aTh. A aTO HerrpOCTO, ,n;ame eCJlJ.1 Ha BeI.QJ1 J.1J1U B
3anUClf yxa3aH ro.n; ee C03.n;aHHH. 3arrHCb MomeT fibITb TaRo:ti:
«IlHTbIH ro,ll. rrpaBJleHl1H CblHa COJIHIJ;a» l1J1J.f «535 ro,lJ; OT OCHO-
BaHl1.f1 PJ1Ma ». Bpa3HbIx cTpaHax B pa3HbIe BpeMeHa cYI.IJ;eCTBO-
BaJIH CBOH apM - TOQKJ1 OTc'tJeTa l1CTOpHQeCKOrO BpeMeHH, CBOH
KaJleH,ll;apH. TaK:~1e ,lJ;aTbI Ha,lJ;O eI.IJ;e rrepeBecTH Ha cOBpeMeHHoe
JleTOJ.1C1.IJ.1CJIeHl1e : BbIC'llHTaTb, KaKo:ti aTO ro,lJ; «,ll;O» J1JIJ.1 «IlOCJle»
8
;
ApxeonorH'IecKHe pacKonKH
K4H(AYIO HBXOAKY OnHCI>'BtUOT - B Ko!KOM coce If 8 KlJJ(OM KS4APBT8 OH" 61>ln4 HaH-
,.I:IaH". BepXHH8 cnON CHHMB/oT nOnaTlJMH, a HHJKHH8 - MI!neHbKHMj.f nOnaTKlJMH H
KHCTO'4K"MH. 8blHyry/O 113 paCKona 38MnlO npOCeHBi!lIOT.
ApxeoI10r~'leCK~e
Io1HcTpYMeHTbl
m06l>RCHI1 npaSl1I1a, KOTopble AOn>KHbl co6nlOAaTb apxeonorl1, 'lTo6bl
«AOKonaTbCA AO npowl1oro».
3eMenbHblH ,c,orOBOp.
BBBunoH. XVIII B. AO H.3.
,lJ,peBHlo1e CKa3aHI1R.
KUpOf3UJl. XXI B.
KaMeHHoe py611I10.
, MnH neT H"3"A
r"?l 06l>SlCHI1, Ha KaKI1X I1I1I1IOCTpau,HRX 11306pa>KeHb. n ....cbMeHHble I1CTO'l-
L..:..J HI1KI1, Ha KaKI1X - sew,eCTBeHHble, aHa KaKHX - yCTHble .
9

8. HOBOH 3pbl. TaR Ha3blBaeTCSI cOBpeMeHHaH TO'llKa OTCqeTa HCTO-
pHqeCRoro BpeMeHH, Ror,lta, COrJIaCHO u;epKoBHoH Tpa,ltHU;HH,
POII>lJICH MHCYC X P>lCTOC.
ECJlH )Ke ~aTa Ha HCTOq}{HRe He YKa3aHa, HCTOPJiKY He06xo-
,ll;J1M0 YCTaHOBHTb ee no KOCBeHHbIM npJ13HaKaM. ECJIH :lTO
TeKCT, TO BpeMH ero C03,ll;aHHR MO)KHO onpe,ll;eJIHTb no ynoMH-
HaHHlO B HeM yme H3BeCTHblX C06bITHH H JIlO,ll;eti. IIoMomeT H
MaTepHaJI, Ha KOTOPOM C~eJIaHa 3aIU1Cb. M3BecTHo, HanpHMep,
'ITO 6YMara B EBpone nOHBMJIaCb He paHee XII-XIII Be"". ECJIH
HCTOq}{HK - BeW;b H3 apxeoJIOrwteCKHX paCKonOK, TO BamRO, B
KaROM CJIoe 3eMJIl1 ee RalliJIH, RaKHe PH,ll;OM 6bIJrn BeW;H, BpeMH
C03p;aIDIH ROTOPbIX yme H3BeCTHO. HaROHeu;, ,ll;JIH Bew;eH, C,ll;e-
JIaHHbIX Ji3 «mHBOro» MaTepHaJIa (,ll;epeBa, paCTJiTeJIbHbIX TKa-
Heti H T.n.), npH,lJ;YMaHbI TeXHHqeCKHe cnoc06bl, n03BOJIHIOW;He
onpe,neJIHTb, CKOJIbRO BeROB HJIH ThICH1.:J:eJIenn1 Ha3a.n; om 6blJlH
C03p;aHbI. TOJIbRO nOCJIe TOro RaR Y,ltaJIOCb .n;aTHpOBaTb (onpep;e-
JU{Tb .n;aTY) CBe,ll;eHHH HCT01.:J:HHKOB, 3TH HCT01.:J:HHRH CTaHOBHTCH
HCTOpH'lJeCKHM 4»aKToM.
2. KaK nORHTb npolUJloe?
HaH60JIee 60raTbI ct>aKTaMH TaRHe HCT01.:J:HHRH, RaK ,ll;peBHHe
HCTOpHqeCKHe COqHHeHHH. RaR TOJIbKO JIIO,ll;H npHP;YMaJIH nHCb-
MeHHOCTb, OHH CTaJIH onHChIBaTb ,ll;JUI nOTOMKOB caMble aamHble
Co6bITHJl CBoen mJ1SHH: CTpOHTeJIbCTBO roPO,ll;OB, CMeHY npaBH-
TeJIeH, n06e,nbI B BOHHax H T•.n;. O.n;HaKO HCTOpH1.:J:eCKHe CO'llHHe-
HHH, cos.n;aHHble B paSHblX MeCTax pa3HbIMH JIIO,ll;bMH, MorYT
CJ1JIbHO OTJIWlaTbCH H .n;ame npOTlmOpe1.:J:HTb .n;pyr ,ll;pyry. Be,z:tb
Ramp;blti qeJIOBeK nO-CBoeMY BJ1)l;HT MJ1p. nepemHBaeT sa CBOHX
6JIHSKmc, 3a caolO CTpaHY H MomeT (COSHaTeJIbHO HJIH HeT) npH-
YKpallIHBaTb C06b1THH, nHcaTb 0 TOM, qero Ha caMOM ,z:teJIe He
6hIJIO J1J1H 0 'IeM eMY HeTO'IHO paCCKa3aJIH. yqeHOMY-HCTOPHKY
npmcO,lJ;J1TCH, CJIOBHO CJIe,ll;OBaTeJIIO-p;eTeRTHBY, pacnyTbIBaTb
KJIy60R npOTHBOpetIHBbIX CBep;eHHH, 'IT06bI TOQHO I1JIH XOTJl 6bI
npH6JIHSHTeJIbHO BOCCTaHOBHTb HCTHHHbI:H: XO,ll; p;aJIeIrnX Co6bI-
THH. Co6paB H H3~HB caMble pa3HbIe ct>aKTbl H3 pa3J1J1QHhIX
HCTOQHHKOB, YQeHbti1:-HcToPHK co6HpaeT H3 HHX u;eJIOCTHYIO
KaPTHHY H cosp;aeT CBOIO HaY'lHYIO peKOHCTpYKD;HIO - BOCCTa-
HOBJIeHHe H 06'ORCHenue xo.n;a C06bITH:H:, KOTopbIe OH H3yqaJI.
10
Bce JKHIIl>,e opraHH3MI>' (pacTaHHIf, JKI1110T_
HI>,a, nIOAI1) II Ta"aHI1a JKH3HI1 IInHTI>IBalOT
"aCTI141>1 oco6oro XHMH'I8CKOrO anaMaHT18-
yrnepOAfJ-'4. nocne cMepTH opraHH3M18
3TH '1c!CTH4I>' nOCTana~HO PfJ3PYW18IOTCIf.
4eM 6onl>we BpeMeHH npowno nocna ero
CMepTH, TeM MeHI>We '1aCTHl.I yrnepOAit-'4 B
HaM OCTaerCR. C nOMOU4t>1O cna~"nt.Horo
npH60p18 - YCKopHTenlf "aCTHl.I - MOJKHO
H3MepHTI>, CKOnl>KO yrnepoAa-'4 OCTfJnOCI>
a OCTaHKax HeKorAa JoKHBOrO opraHH3MfJ.
6narOAapIf 3TOMy JlaneHHIO MOJKHO
onpeAenHTI>, CKonbKO neT Ha3a,q 61>1nH
"aCTI>IO JKHBOrO opraHH3Ma H18HAeHHI>'e ap-
xeonOr18MH KOCTI> 'IenOaeKa, AapeallHHalf
PilAHoyrnepOAHb'H MeTOA AClTltpOBKH MHCKfJ, KyCOK TKaHH H3 BonOKOH paCTaHHH
HCTO"lHHKOB HnH wepCTH JKHIIOTHI>'X H T.n.
XpaM nOCeHAOHa.
rpel.lHR. VB. 140 H.3.
CBWTOK penl1rH03HOH
06lL11Hbl KYMpaHa. I II.
raA,aTenbHble KOCTH.
KHTaH. II TI>'C.,qO H.3.
PI1MCKaR MOHeTa.
/I B.
Morltf1a AeBO"lKI1. 6pacneT.
naneCTHHa. OK. 1000 r. 140 H.3.
~pecl(a H3 3TpyccKorO
norpe6eHHR. VB. 140 H.3.
[1] AnSI Ka>t<AOrO HCTO"lHHKa npeAnono)tOl: 1. K aK y-.eHble cMornH ero ACtTH-
POBaTb? 2. 0 KaKHX CTopOHax )KH3HH HaWHX npep,K08 MO)t(HO Y3Han.l
11

9. xv Xll
Xl
neHTa ipeMettH
8ceMHpHOM
HcropHH
Xl
IIpaBHJIa opHeHTHpOBKH B HCTOpH"lJeCKOM BpeMeBH
L C nepBoro MrHOBeHHH ro,n;a, B KOTOPbIH PO,n;J1JICH MHCYC
XPHCTOC, HallHHaeTCSI I-H ro,n; HOBOH 3pbI, 3a HHM H,n;eT 2-H ro,n;
HOBOH 3pbI H TaR: ,n;aJIee ,n;o KOHu;a 100-ro ro,n;a, Kor,n;a I1CTeKalOT
nepBbIe 100 JIeT nOCJIe HOBOH 3pbI - I BeR. HOMepa BeROB 060-
3HalJalOT PHMCKJ1MH U;HcPpaMI1.
2. CJIe.n;YIOI.I.J;m1:, II BeR, Hat.{HHaeTC.fI C 1 .fIHBap.fl 101 ro,n;a 11 TaR
,n;aJIee. CJIe,n;OBaTeJIbHO, ,lVI.fI Taro t.{To6bI onpe,ll;eJIHTb, R KaKOMY
BeRY OTHOCI1TC.fI TOT I1JIH liIHO!1 ro,n;, MomHo nOJIb30BaTbC.fI CJIe-
,n;yroI.I.J;MM npaBMJIOM:
- eCJlM 1.JMCJIO ro,n;a 3aKaHt.{HBaeTC.fI ,D;BYM.fI HYJI.f.IMJ1, TO rrepBa.fl
I1H<ppa - 3TO HOMep BeKa (100-;' roll: I BeK);
- eCJIH 1.JHCJIO ro.n;a 3aKaHlJHBaeTC.fI He ,ll;BYM.fI HYJI.fIMH, TO K
nepBO;, I1I<<ppe HallO npH6aBHTb eIlHHHI1Y H nOJIyqHTb HOMep
BeKa (101-;' roll: 1 + 1 = II BeK).
3. .u;o HOBOH 3pbI rO,ll;bI, BeRa H TbIC.f.IlJeJIeTJ1.R: C1.{HTaIOTC..f.I B
06paTHoM nOpSI,D;Ke 11 3anHCbIBalOTC.fI C YKa3aHMeM: « I ro,n; ,ll;0
H.a.» (HOBOH apbI), «II Belt,n;o H.3.» (HOBOH 3pbI) J1 T.,n;.
12
to
no cxeMe Ha c . 12:
[IJ 1. Ha30BH, Ha KaKHe 3nOXH TPa,D.HL.J,MOHHO AenHTCS! BceMlo1pHaSi HCTOPI1S!?
KaKaSi H3 3THX 3nox caMaSi npOAOI1)KIo1TenbHaSi, a KaKaJl - caMaS! KopoTKaSi?
2. O npeAenH, B KaKYto Io1CTOplo1"4eCKYto 3noxy, B KaKOM BeKe I1nH TbICSi"le-
neTl1101 np0l130WnH cneAytoUJ,He C06bITHSi: C03AaHlo1e nepBoro Tonopa,
101306peTeHHe Koneca, nepBble Onl1Mnl1i1cKHe Hrpbl, o6pa30BaHHe ro-
CYAapCTBa PYCb, nYTeweCTBlo1e nepsoro naCCa>KHpCKOro noe3Aa, nep-
Bbli1 noneT 4enoseKa B KOCMOC:.
3. n o Ha3BaHIo1to y"te6HHKa onpeAenl1, KaKo~ OTpe30K BCeMl1pHoi1 I1CTo-
pHIo1 Tbl 6YAewb H3y"taTb B 310M roAY.
Ho t.{eM MeHbIlIe 6bIJIO I1CTOt.{HHKOB, qeM 60JIbilie B HI1X llPOTI1-
Bopet:mH, TeM lJaw;e HCTOPI1KH ,n;alOT pa3HbIe 06'bRCHeHJ1JI,
TPaKTOBKM. B Cllopax ,n;pyr C ,n;pyroM yqeHble CTapaFOTCR ,n;o-
Ka3aTb CBOIO llpaBOTY, H3JIaraR CBOH apzyMeUmht B HayqHblX
CTaTbRX H KHHrax.
M3 3THX Tpy,n;OB CKJIa,n;bIBaeTCH 'H..ay'liuus/' Kapmuua ucmopu-
'lieCKOZO npoUt..ltozo. STa KapTHHa JII1IlIb t.{aCTHt.{HO BOCCTaHaB-
JIHBaeT peaJIbHbrn: XO,n; npOlliJIblX C06bITI1H Ha OCHOBaHl111 Toro,
t.{TO OT HHX coxpaHYlJlOCb B I1CTOt.IID1Kax. HaXO,ll,H HOBble I1CTOlJ-
JrnKH, yqeHhIe nOCTOSIHHO ,ll;OnOJIHSIIDT M YTOt.{HHlOT 3TY KaPTMHY.
Ha ee OCHOBe nHIlIYTCH nonYJIHpHble KHl1rH ,n;JIH Bcex JIl06MTe-
JIeH .J1CTOPHM, yqe6HJ1RI1 ,n;JIH IlIKOJIbHI1KOB M cTy,n;eHTOB. O,n;Ha-
KO, nOMHMO q,aKTOB H apryMeHToB, y JI1060ro, KTO paccKa3bIBaeT
06 HCTopHt.{ecKHX C06hITI1RX, B03HHKaeT CBoe OTHOIlIeHMe K HMM -
CBOH JIWIHble ou;eBKH 3TMX C06bITHH. KTO-TO ClJl1TaeT npaBJIe-
Hl1e HeKoero u;apH y.n;at.{HbIM, a KTO-
TO - npecTynHhlM, HayqHoe 11306-
peTeHMe - XOpOIlIMM MJII1 nJIOXHM 11
T..n;. B cnopax 06 ou;eHKax C06bITHH
y Kam.n;oro lJeJIOBeKa MomeT 6bITb
CBOH npaB,n;a H CBOI1 .n;OKa3aTeJIb-
CTBa. rJIaBHOe, lJTo6bI OHM 6bIJIH oc-
HOBaHbI Ha HayqHo YCTaHOBJIeHHbIX
cPaKTax, t.{To6bI B yro.n;y cBoeMY
MHeHHlO 1.:JeJIOBeK He 3aKpbISaJI rJIa-
3a Ha Hey.n;o6HbIe ,n;JIH Hero CBe,n;e-
HI1H M He BbI,n;YMbIBaJI Taro, lJero HeT
B HCTopHt.{eCKHX MCTOlJHHKax. Hay"tHaSi Io1CTOpH"IeCKaR KOHq,epeH4"'f
13

10. TaK ..enoae'lecTao npH6nH)l(aeTCR K HCTHHHOMY 3HaHHIO H nottH-
MaHHIO CBoero npownoro.
[i] 1. n epe'4l1cl1I't TPYAHOCTI1, KOTopble Hy>KHO npeoAonen. y~eHoMy-MCTo­
PI1KY, ~To6bl Y3HaTb, ~TO 6blnO B npownOM.
2. n peAf1ono)t("" npl1 KaKI1X ycnoBHflX MO>KHO Y3HaTb npaBAY 0 Tex Hnl1
HHblX C06bITHfiX npownorol M O>KeM m1 Mbl y3HaTb BCtO npaBAY 0
npownoM?
3. n O'4eMY HeKoTopble C06blTHfi y~eHble-HcTopHKI1 06'bflCHflIOT no-pa3-
HOMY (YKa>K11 HeCKonbKO I03MO>KHbIX npl1'4HH)l
Ha cJIe,I~YK>ll.Udf ,lJ;eHh A HTOW Ka CHOBa npJ1ID.en K KOCTpy apxeOJIoros.
• - MHe MaJIb<t{}1UIKH co CnapTaKoBcKoti YJrnI.J;bl CKaaaJIH, "ITO ynH~y 3Ty
HaaBaJIH He B "IeCTb KaKoro-TO ,lJ;peBHero repoH, a B "IeCTb q,y-rOOJIbHOit
KOMaH,lJ;bI (1( CnapTaK».
- Hy "ITO TbI! - YCMexHyJICfl Apxeo.nor. - OHH npOCTO He aHalOT, 'ITO B
1935 ro.n.y, KOr,lJ;a 6paTbJI CTaPOCTHHbl C03,lJ;aBaJIH cnopTHBHoe 06lll;ecTBO,
OHH BbI6paJIH ,lJ;JIfl Hero HMff Bo)K,lJ;ff BOCCTaHHff paOOB, KOTOpoe npm130-
WJI0 B 74 ro.n.y ,lJ;0 HOBOH 3pbI. CnyCTff nO'ITH ,[J,Be TbICH"IH JleT B Hawen
CTpaHe TOme 6blJ1o BOCCTaHHe, CMeHa BJlaCTJII, if Cpe,lJ;H HapO,lJ;a CTaJUf
O"leHb nonyJlHpHhI BC»K.lUi BOCCTaHIDf npoWJIbIX BpeMeH. II03TOMY cnop-
TKBHoe 06lll;ecTBO H 6b1J1o Ha3BaHO ..CnapTaK». C eH"IaC me :no HM.H 1'13-
BeCTHO 6o.n:blllHHCTBY yme npocTQ KaK KMH cnopnlBHOH KOMaH,lJ;bI. •
- Ho, B03MomHO, 3TH MaJ1b'iltWKH H npaBbI! - BMeWaJICH I1CTO"IHHKO-
Be,lJ;. - CnapTaKOBCKaH yJlH~a nOCTpoeHa H Ha3BaHa He,lJ;aBHO. Ha O,lJ;HOM
ee ,lJ;OMe H BH,lJ;eJl Ta6JIHl.fKY ..Kny6 6oJIeJIblll;HKOB "CnapTaK8" lIJ , n03TOMY
He HCKJIlO"leHO, "ITO mHTeID1 nonpoCHJIH ,D;aTb TaKoe Ha3BaHHe HMeHHO B
"IecTb cpyT6o.nbHO~ KOMaH,Abl.
- COBceM BbI MeHJI 3an)'T8J1H, - paCCTpoJ1JICff AHTOWK8, - TO JIH MaJIb-
'iJIIunut HenpaBbI, TO JlH BbI... IIOJIy-"I8eTCH, ID1"1ero npo n poWJIoe y3HaTb
HeJIb3fl.
14
• KaK 06ltflCHHTb nocneAHHe cnoaa AHTOUJKHl CornaceH nH Tbl C ero MHe-
HHeMl KaKOH B03HHKaeT Ionpod
MO>KHO nH Y3HaTb npaBAY 0 npoUJnoM1
Pa3Aen I.
nEPBASI HCTOPHL4ECKASI 3nOXA
(rJIaBa 1)
r..IOBUOC. "1e"'ty Hco6xo,tf.IIMO u3y"lIlTbCH,
C TO"lKH 3peHHH 8aTOpoa:
- )"IHTbCIi onpe'z{eJIHTb npH"IHHbI H CJIe,I{CTBHH H3MeHeHHH, npoHcxoAR-
JJ.J;HX B 06lll;ecTBe C HaqaJIa H.CTOPJ.1." qeJlOBeqeCTBa;
- nOJlb3YHcb ,Z{ocTH.meHHHMH cOBpeMeHHoro 06JJ.J;ecTBB, BH,AeTb HX HCTO-
KH. B nepBbIx OTKPbITID'IX, H306peTeHHHX, npaBJ1JIaX HalIDfX nepBQ-
6NTHbiX npe,llKOB.
npoBepb. rOTOD Jill Tbl OBJl3,tJ,CB3Tb Y"'lCJ1II1IMIf 3 TOI'O pa3J1,ena
B csoeA TeTpa,lU1 HapHcyit cxeMY cMCTOPHH 06JJ.J;ecTB8», HCnOJlb3Yft
06pa3e~ H CJIOBa H3 cnHCKa:
06pa3e~:
®
CnHCOK:
BJIaCTb. X03at:i:cTBo.
06JJ.J;ecTBo. rpynnbl.
l1CTOpH8. KYJIbTypa.
!!! B.IIIMOIIIIC. IIpe)K.I{e qeM BbIllOJlHIlTb aa,naHHe, 03HaKOMbCH C yc.nOBM-
RMH ero SbIIIOJIHeHHft Ha pa3HbIX YPOBHIlX ycneWHOCTH. BbI6ePM yposeHb.
IIpu:nwKU ycnetU'H.OZO 6"b1.nQII.'H.e'H.tLJt 3ai)a'H.tLJt
lW pa3'H.bt.X ypoe"HJIX
Heo6xoAHMbIH ypoaem. (xopowo): npaBMJIbHO pa3MeJJ.J;eHbl Ha cxeMe
ace He nO.ll."lepKHYTble CJIOBa J113 CIlliCKa.
nporpaMMRLdi ypoaeRL (OTJIH"lHO): npaBHJIbHO pa3MeJJ.J;eHbI Ha cxeMe
ace CJIOBa H3 CDJIICKa, a.I{JIH nO,Z{"lepKHYTOI'O CJloaa Ha cxeMe ,Z{OPJIICOB8H co-
OTBeTCTBYIOJJ.J;JIIH 3J1eMeHT.
MaKcHMaJlbubIA ypoaeab (cBepXOTJU1"1HO): 3a,D;aHl1e BblnOJIHeHO Ha
rrporpaMMHoM ypoBHe, HO npH 3TOM K cxeMe ,Z{o6aBJIeHhI HOBbie 3J1eMeHTbI
c Hcn0Jlb30BaHJileM nOHJITJdf, KOTOpble e JJ.J;e He H3)"1aJIMCb a KJI8Cce.
IIpoBepb Ce6H no Y"'e6HHKY HID1 C nOMOlUblO Y"lHTeJIJI. Ec.mt aoaKKK8KY1'
3aTpY,Z{HeHID'I, TO Hammrn, KaKHX YMeHJilH 1'1 3HaHIDi re6e He xeaTaeT.
KBK 113y"1BTb 3TOT pa3,D;CJi
IIo orJIaBJIeHH.lO H8 c. 3-4 onpe,I{eJIH, KaKoe co,nepmaHHe Te6e Heo6xo)J.H-
MO OCBOHTb. Ma)"lan naparpaq, 3a naparpar;poM, onpe,ll.eJIfUl OCHOBHOt:i:
aonpoc (npo6JIeMY) TeNbI, nO.ll6J11paH AJIIi peweID1H 3TOro Bonpoca Y>Ke
J113BecTHbie 3HaHJIIR (noHRTMH, 3aKoHoMepHOCTH) JII OTKpblBaH HOBbIe, KaK
06 3TOM nO,I{p06Hee CRa3aHO Ha c. 6-7.
15

11. BblAeneHH~le cpmm..1 MnOHRTMR tte06xoAHMO noMHHT~ H YMen. H(nOn~l08aT~.
40 MnH n.H. - B TpOm1yeCKHX necax nOJlBmllOTCJI «ApeBeCHble 06e3bJlHbl» -
06w,l1e npeAKH cOBpeMeHHblx nlOAeH 11 "'IenOBeKo06pa3Hblx 06e3bJlH .
5 MnH n.H. - B acppl1KaHCKlo1x cyxl1x CTenJlX nOJlBnJlIOTCJI npJlMOXoAAUJ,lo1e
)
06e3bJlHOnOA06Hble npeAKI1 ntoAeH - aBcTpanOnl1TeKI1.
~nee 1 MnH n.H. - yaCTb aBCTpanomfTeKOB 113MeHJleTCJI 11 nOJlBnJleTCA
nepBblH BIo1A, ntoAeH - '1eno.eK YMenblH. rpynnbl 3TI1X 06e3bAHono-
A06HbiX nlOAeH 3aHI1Manlo1Cb OXOToH, co6HpaTelltCDOM, 1013rOTaBlll1Banlo1
npocTeHwlo1e AepeBJIHHble 11 KaMeHHble OPYAHA.
1,5 MnH n . H. - nOJlBnJleTCJI HOBblH BHA - «ApeBHeHwlo1e ntoAl1lt. OHI1
paCCenJilOTCJlI13 ACPPI1KH B A31110 11 EBpony, I1cnonb3YlOT orOHb.
300 TbIC. n.H. (no APyrlo1M Aan-1pOBKaM - 150 TbIC. n.H.) - nOJlBnHeTCJlI1 pacce-
nJleTCJI no nnaHeTe HOBblH BHA - «ApeBHlo1e nlOAI1», HeaHAepTanblJ,bl.
OHI1 CTanl1113rOTaBnlo1BaTb KaMeHHbie Tonopbl, MexoBYto oAe>t<p,y: OHIo1
COBepLlJanl1 nepBble 3axOpOHeHI1H - TaK 3apoAHnacb npocTeHwaH
pe"HrMA.
l100 TbIC. n.H. (no caMblM paHHI1M AaTl1pOBKaM) - nOJlBnJleTCH BHA cOBpeMeH-
HblX ntoAeH - '1ena.eK palYMHltiH. JltoAl1 HOBoro Blo1Aa Ha"'lIo1HatoT 3ace-
nJlTb BCto nnaHeTY.
~bIC. n.H. - po,Ao.ltle 06111"HIo' «"'IenOBeKa pa3YMHOrOlt paccenHIOTcH no
A3HI111 EBpone (nepBble apxeonOrl1"'1eCKl1e HaXOAKI1).
35 TbIC. n .H. - nepBble HaCKanbHble PHCYHKH - nepB06blTHoe MCKyCCT.O.
12 TbIC. n.H . - H306peTeHI1e nyKa, npl1py"'leHHe c06aKH.
10 TIo.C. n .H. (VIII TbIC. AO H.3.) - nOJlBneHlo1e nepBblx 3eMl1eAenblJ,eB (Bblpaw,l1-
Banl1 nWeHI1u,y, JI"'IMeHb) 11 eKOTOBOAOB (pa3BoAlo1nH K03, oBeu,) ,
H306peTeHHe TKa"'leeTBa 11 rnI1HOAenI1H.
9-8 Tble . n .H. - paCTYUJ,lo1e nneMeHI 3eMneAenblJ,eB-CKOTOBOAOB
- paeeenJiIOTCH 1013 3anaAHOH A310111. 06pa30BaHHe H3blKOBbiX eeMeH.
7 Tble. n.H. - Ha"'lanO MeTannoo6pa60TKH B 3anaAHOH A310111 - KaMeHHblH BeK
- - eMeHJleTeH MeAHblM 101 6POH30BbIM . Itbo6peTeHHe nnyra, nOHBneHHe
coce,AclOtx 06tQHH, Ha"'lanO BOHH 3a Ao6blYY, YCHneHHe BnaeTH Bo>t<p,eH,
paeenoeHlo1e 06UJ,HH.
6-5 Tble. n .H. - B 3anilAHOH A3HH pa3AeneHHe 3eMneAenb"'leCKIo1X H naCTYLlJe-
CKHX nneMeH - 11306peTeHHe Koneca, opowaeMoro 3eMneAenHA.
OK. 5 lble. n.H. - B03HHKHOBeHI1e nepBblx ropoAoB, rocY,AapCTIl - nepexoA
~ OT nepll06IoI1HOrO 06111eCTIII K eTyneHIo1 qHIIH"H3aI4HH.
16
fJlaBa 1
IIepBo6bJTHbTH limp
(2 "JI.i - 5 TbICH'I JleT H831lid
A¢lpHKa. Eopona H AaHIl
2 MJlK - 12 TloIC. neT
If}lllR(,,
0"'£4
~ PacceJllIHI'IIi IIM,IIII "'OIIIIOBIIK pB3YMHbOl'
---1"" OK. 100 TbIC. IIIIl HII3iI,D. ~
nPMMIIPHbIII paAOHbO 06pa3OllaHI'IA 30Ha 1IIHIJWItIItl.....
H pacc&IlIIttHIl pac '~ IIIIOB8Kl1 IJ83YM!lDro' 40-12 ThIC. neT t<933.I1
-"":=:::::>-!t :=:::::>~_
~

12. -,
MHnnHOHbl
t
J
TItIC~'leneTH~
§ 1. nepBble nlOAH
- BcnOMHH, ~eM "IenOBeK OTnM"IaeTCJI OT )t01BOTHbIX. (Y...e6HHK
.OKpy>+<atol.lJ,lo1i1 MHP», 3-4-+:1 KtlaCcbl)
>p'
- flepe...HcnH HeCKonbKO SHAOB I1CTOpH"4eCKHX Io1CTOI.tHIo1KOB, CBHAeTenb-
CTBytoW,HX 0 AeSlTenbHOCTH nepBblx nlOAei1, KOTopble Moryl HaHTI1 apxe-
onorH. KaK MO)KHO HX p,aTJolpOBaTb? (BBeAeHHe, c. 8-11)
1. OT o6e3bHHbI K qeJlOBeKY.
t{To6hI HaHTH HCTOKH qeJIOBeqeCKoro pO.ll;a, Ha,IJ;D oTrrpaBHTbcH
Ha 40 MJIH JIeT Ha3a,ll;. Tor.n;a 3Ha'LIHTeJIbHaH qaCTb A4>PHKH H
EBpa3ID1 6hIJIa IIoKpbITa TpOITHqeCKHMH JIeCaMH, B KOTOPbIX BO-
,1:tHJU1Cb pa3Hoo6pa3HbIe o6e3bHHhI. Ha MeCTe 3THX JIeeDB cOBpe-
MeHHhIM yqeHhIM y.ltaJIOCb HaHTH mcaMeHeBIIIHe 4>parMeHTbI
CKeJIeTQB cy~ecTB, KOTOPbIX Ha3BaJU1 APHoDHTeKaMH (<<,n;pe-
BeCHbIMH 06e3b.flHaMH»): qeTbIpe «PYKH», npHcnoc06JIeHHbIe
,lVIH nepe,n;BHmeHHH no BeTKaM .lI;epeBbeB, He6oJIbIIIoi1: qepen co
CKOIIIeHHbIM JI60M, 60JIbIIIHe qeJIIOCT11 C ay6aM11, npHrop;HbIM11
,lVISI noep;aHHSI paCT11TeJIbHoi1: Il11II.J;11, MeJIKHX m11BOTHbIX 11 Ha-
ceKOMbIX. PSIP;OM C OCTaHKaM11 STJ1X CYII.J;eCTB He Hai1:,n;eHO H11Ka-
KJ1X CJIep;OB 11aroTOBJIeHHbIX HM11 BeII.J;ei1:.
BOJIee 5 MJIH JIeT Haaap; JIeca CTaJrn oCBo6omp;aTb MeCTO CTe-
IlSIM. OKaaaBIIIHMcSI Ha paBHHHe «p;peBecHbIM o6eabSIHaM»
IlPHIIIJIOCb IlpHCIlOCa6JI11BaTbCSI R m11aH11 Ha OTKPbITOM IlpO-
cTpaHcTBe, rp;e 6PO.ll;11JI11 JIbBbI 11 JIeOIlapp;bI, OqeHb pe,n;Ko nona-
p;aJI11Cb ITJIOp;OBble p;epeBbSI, a MeJIK11e ml1BOTHble IlpHTaJIHCb B
BbICOROi1: TpaBe H 6bICTPO y6eraJIH. BepORTHO, B Kam,n;oM HOBOM
IlOKOJIeHHH BbImHBaJIH Te cyw;ecTBa, KOTopbIe .lI;Orap;bIBaJIHCb
6paTb B pyKH naJIKH H KaMHH, qTo6bI coo6II.J;a OXOmUmbC.R. Ha
MeJIKHX >KHBOTHbIX, oT6HBaTbcSI OT BparoB HJIH aaHHMaTbCSI CO-
6UpameJlbCmBOM C'bep;06HbIx KopeIIIKoB H IlJIO,n;OB. 06e3bSIHbI
BbIXOP;J1JIH Ha OXOTY p;HeM, Kor,n;a KpynHble XHI..D;HHKH CrraJIH.
JIyqIIIe aTO nOJIyqaJIOCb Y Tex, KTO qaIIJ;e XOP;HJI Ha p;ByX Horax
(qTO YMeHbIIIaJIO IlJIOII.J;ap;b TeJIa, nOp;CTaBJISIeMOrO IlaJISII..D;eMY
COJIH~Y) H Y Rora 6bIJI MeHbIIIe TenJIbIi1: BOJIOCSIHOti: nOKpOB. OT
18
•
COBpeMeHHaJl ropHnna - nOTOMOK
ApHonHTeKa, )+(HByU4H~ B TponHKax
ABCTpaIlOnHTeKI1 (o6"beM M03ra -
500 CM3). 9-2 MllH n.M. PeKoHcTpYK4HR
nOKOJIeHHSI K IlOKOJIeHHIO nOJIe3HbIe npH3HaKH y STHX 06eabSIH
CTaHOBHJIJ1Cb Bce 60JIee OTqeTJlHBbIMH - TaR nORBHJIOCb HOBoe
ceMeticTBO. CKeJIeTbl STHX CYI..D;eCTB BnepBble HaIIIJIH B IOro-
3ana,I{HOJ1: A4>PHKe, IlOSTOMY Ha3BaJll1 HX aBCTpaJlOIDfTeKaMH
(<<lOmHbIMH 06e3bSIHaMH»). PSI,n;OM C HHMH Hai1:p;eHbI 06rJIo,n;aH-
Hble KOCTH MaJIeHbKHX mHBOTHbIX, qepena ROTOPbIX npo6HTbI
KaKHMH-TO npe,n;MeTaMH (KaMHSIMJ1 HJIH naJIRaMJ1).
CnYCTH MHJIJIHOHbI JIeT - 60JIee 2 MJIH JIeT Haaap; - cpep;H
aBCTpaJIOIl11TeKoB IOro-3aIla,n;Hofl A4>PHKH IlOHBHJlCH HOBbli1:
BH.lI;. Moar 3THX cyw;ecTB 6bIJI HeCKOJIbKO 60JIbllIe H nOaBOJIRJI
HM.P;YMaTb He TOJIbKO 0 HeMe,n;JIeHHOM ,n;o6bIBaHHH nHII.J;H, HO H 0
TOM, qTO JIyqIIIe CHaqaJIa no,n;rOTOBHTb Heo6xo,n;I1Mble ,ll;JIH SToro
opyaUR. PSI,IJ;OM C HX KOCTSIMH yq:eHbIe Haxo,n;HT RaMHH, 06KOJIO-
Tble TaR, t:lTo6bI IIOJIyttaJICR O,n;HH OCTpbIi1: Kpati, KOTOPblM
MomHO 6bIJIO 3aTaq~1BaTb naJIKH, pe3aTb MHCO. BH,n; 3T}1X
cYI..D;eCTB yq:eHble Ha3BaJU1 «"IeJJOBeK YMeJlLIH».
2. OT yMeJloro K paayMHoMy.
BepoHTHo, H B ,ll.aJIbHetiweM JIyqwe BblmHBaJIJf H ,ll.aBaJIH no-
TOMCTBO Te cYI..D;eCTBa, Y KOTOPbIX 6bIJI 60JIbWe M03r, IlOMoraB-
19

13. 'ienoBeK YMenbl11 (Mo3r 600-800 CM3).
1 MIlH n.H. PeKoHcTPYK4HJI
,iJ,peBHeI1WHe nlOAH (Mo3r 800-1500 CM3).
1,5-0,5 MIlH n.H. PeKoHcTpYK4HJI
WJ.1J1 HaH60JIee YMeJIO H3rOTOBJIRTb Opy.nliU1: H ,ll;OrOBapHBaTbcII
,ll;pyr C .n;pyroM 06 J.1X HcnOJIb30BaHHH Ha OXOTe. B pe3YJIbTaTe
OKOJIO 1,5 MJIH JIeT Haaa,ll; B Aq:,pHKe OT caMblX pa3BHTbIX rpynn
«mo,ll;eti: YMeJlblx» npOHaOmeJI HOBbIM BH,lJ; - «ApeBBeHwlfe JIIO-
AM). 3TH HeBbICOKHe c~ecTBa, JJJ1WeHHble KOI'Teti, 60JIhWJ.1X
KJIblKOB H BOJIOCSlHoro nOKpOBa, CYMeJIH WHPOKO paCCeJIHTbCH,
I1X KOCTH HaxO,ll;R.T B Aq:,pHKe, EBpone H A3HH. MHomeCTBO CRe-
JIeTOB HaH,n;eHO B new;epax, r,ll;e O,AHOBpeMeHHO 06HTaJIH ,n;o 40
oco6eH. 3,n;ecb me cOXpaHHJIHCb OCTaTKH KOCTPOB, B 0 21ie KOTO-
pbIX n06bIBaJIH o6ommeHHbie H 06rJIO,lJ;aHHble KOCTH OJIeHeH,
,nHKHX JIowa,n;en, 6bIKOB, 6ereMoToB H ,lJ;ame CJIOHOB, orpoMHblX
ne~epHblx Me,n;Be,neH J1 JlhBOB. PJl,lOM C OCTaHKaMH 3TJilX cy-
I4ecTB Hai1,n;eHo MHoro pa3JlJ11.J:HhlX KaMHe:ei, 06KOJIOTblX TaR, t.{TO
no Blit,n;y OHlit HanOMlitHalOT COBpeMeHHble Hom HJIH py6HJIO. lIo
CTpoeHHIO 1.{epenOB «,npeBHetimHx JIlO,n;eH» MomHO CKaaaTb, t.{TO
y Hl1X XopOWO paaBJilTbl Te OT,AeJIbl roJIOBHOro M03ra, KOTopble y
COBpeMeHHbIx JIlO,ne:ei 06eCrre1.{HBalOT rrOHHMaHKe 3ByttOBOH pe-
ttu. BepOSITHO, «,ll;peBHeHwHe JIJO,lJ;H» MOrJIJiI nepe,n;aBaTb roJIO-
COM He TOJIbKO CTpax, y,n;OBOJIbCTBHe, CHrHaJI onaCHOCTH, HO 11
20
60JIee CJIOmHble CBe,ll;eHHH: r,ll;e H KaKall nOHBHJIaCb ,lJ;06bIt.{a, KaK
,ll;06paTbCR,ll;0 :noro MecTa, KaK nO,lJ;eJIHTb n:H:~y VI T.n.
lIpeAIIoJIomHTeJIbHO OKOJIO 300 TbICllt.{ JIeT Ha3a,n B Aq:,pHKe OT
HaH60JIee pa3BHTbIX rpyrrn «,npeBHeHwHx JIlO,neth> np01130WeJI
HOBbIM BHA cy~ecTB, KOTOPbIH CTaJi 6blCTPO paCCeJIHTbCR no
3eMJIe. t.Ia~e HX Ha3blBalOT «HeaH,ll;epT8JIbu;aMH)), nOToMY qTO
KOCTI1 3TI1X JlIOieH BlIepBble o6HapYlKI1JII1 B lIellepe HeMelKoH
,ll;OJiHHbI HeaHAepTaJIb. TalOKe OCTaHKH 3THX c~ecTB HaXO,lJ;HT
B BblpbIT bIX HMH nOJIyaeMJIIIHKaX. B J.1X mWIJ.fW;ax eCTb 01.{arH,
r,ll;e HaH,neHbl OCTaTKH KocTe:A pa3Hblx KPYIIHbIX mI1BOTHblX. PSJ-
,lJ;OM C OCTaHKaMl1 HeaH.n.epTaJIb~eB HaHAeHbI KaMHH C MHoro-
1.{JIICJIeHHbIMH MeJIKHMH CKOJIaMH. O,lJ;HHM "3 HHX npH,lI;aHa TaRaH
q:,opMa, 1.{To6bl MomHO 6bIJIO CKo6Jll1'Tb KaKyro-TO nOBepXHOCTb,
C nOMOI..D;blO ,ll;pyrmc - py6HTb, npOK3.JIbISaTb HJIH pe3aTb 1.{TO-
JIH60. t.IacTb YMepWJ1X c~eCTB Haxo.nRT B CneU;HaJIbHO BblpbI-
TblX npHMO B mHJIH~e HMax nOJIOmeHHbIMH Ha 50K.
ITo OiHOH >13 Bepc>lii 6o.nee 100 TbIClI'{ JIeT Ha3ai B Aq,pl1Ke 1I0-
SIBJ1JICR ew;e O,ll;HH BH,ZJ;, Ha3BaHHbIM «"qeJIOBeK pa3YMHbIH)). yt.{e-
Hble ,lJ;0 CJ1X nop cnopRT: 6blJIH JIH 3TO HaCJle,r:r;HJ1Kl1 HeaH,lJ;epTaJIb-
HeaHAepTanbLJ,b1 (Moar 1100-1600 CM3).
500-100 TbIC. n.H. PeKoHcTpYK4H1I
'ienoeeK pa3YMHbu::j (Mo3r 1500-2000 CM
3
)
&onee 100 TbIC. n.H. PeKoHcTpYK4H1I
21

14. u;eB, wrn HOBbIH BH,lI; pa3BKJICR M3 HaJ.160.nee «ycneWHbIX» rpynn
«,Il;peBHeHwHX JIIO,Il;eH». lle~epbI, nO.nY3eMJIHHKH H WaJIaIIlH
«JIlO,Il;en pa3YMIfbIX» 06yCTpoeHbI O~IaraMJ'l J.1 SIMaMH-XpaHHJIH-
m;aMH. HeKOTOpble H3 3THX C~eCTB 3aXOpOHeHbI OT,Il;eJIbHO OT
mHJIHm;. PR,Il;OM C HX CKeJIeTaMH JIemaT KaMeHHbIe py6wIa M HO-
»(H JVIR 3aTOqKH ,Il;epeBa, pe3KH MSICa, KOCTRHbIe KPlOqKH ,Il;JIR
JIOMH PbI6bI H HI'JIhI C ynIKOM ,Il;JIR HMTM H3 mHJI )KHBOTHbIX.
nlOAH -HAIl «'lellOlleK pa3YMHbIH" BltITeCHHnH OT08CIOAY tteaH-
AepTanloqeB, H ace CoapeMeHH~le 06KraTenH nnaHeT~1 - noTOM-
teN 3THI nlOAeM.
m1. noTeKCry BCero naparpacpa OflpeAenH All" Ka>KAOH rpynm.1 cy-
w,ecTB, MO)KH() nH HX C"4HTaTb nfOAbMH, a Hl( 06bf!AHHeHH" - 06W,ecTBOM.
2. LCTb nw OPOTHBOpe"4He Me>KAY penHrHeH H HaYKoH no Bonpocy npo-
HCXOlKAeHH" ~OBe"4eCKOrO 06w,ecTBal (TBoA n03HLlHA MO>KeT 6bITb
m060H, HO nocTapaHcA ee 06b"CHHTb. )
- A C liero Ha'DrnaeTCSf HCTOpmr, - cnpocwr AHTOuuca , - C AAa,Ma H
EBbI?
- C OrJlaCHO TeKCTY BH.6Ju.rn, - OTBeTJfJl ~CTOliHJ.1.KOBe,ll;, - Ha w ecTQA
,ll;e Hb TBOpeHlUl Bar CKa3aJI: «C OTBOPltM JIlO,ll;e H n o 06pa3Y HaweMY H.
no,ll;06mo HaweMY'.. . J.1 C03,ll;aJI Tocno,llb Bar qeJlOBeKa H3 npaxa aeMHoro,
H. B,ll;YHYJI B JImJ;O ero ,lJ;hIXalDfe )KK3HJf, H CTaJI "IeJIODeK AYweK> :aomOIQ•.
.n.rm: BepYlOUU1X aTOT TeKCT CBllmeHeH. KTO-TO nOHHMaeT era 6YKBaJIbHO,
KTO-TO HHOCKaaaTeJIbHO.
- C06paHHbIe yqeHhIMH ¢aKTbI, - npo,ll;oJDKJiIJI ApxeOJIor, - CBl1,lJ;e-
TeJIbCTDYlOT, "ITO Bce paaHoo6pa3HbIe DHAbI )KHDOTHbIX nOIlBJIIJIHCb He
O,D;HODpeMeHHO, a pa3BHBaJIHCb nOCTeneHHO. IIOJIe3HbIe npH3HaKH, B03-
HHKa.fl Y O,ltlDfX opraIDf3MOB, nOMoralOT J.fM BbOKJITb B 6oPb6e 38 CytqeCT-
BOBaKHe. 3TH npl13HaKJiI nepe,ll;aiOTCJI DOTOMKaM no HaCJle,ll;CTBY. TaK, 00-
KOJIeHHe 38 nOKOJIeHHeM, npH3HaKH )f(HBOTHbIX If paCTeIDd::t: DOCTeneHHO
H3MeH.fIlOTCR B J1Y'fU1Y1O.lVUI KKX CTOPOHY, 6bI8lI1He poACTBeHHHKH CTa-
HOBR'l'CSI HenOXOmHMH .n:pyr Ha .n;pyra, H no.RBJI.fllOTCR: HOBbIe BH.D;bI. .llam.-
HHMH npeAK8.MJi1 JIIQ.n;eH .RBJUIlOTC.R 06e3bRHOnOA06HbIe ,ll;peBecHbIe )f(H-
BOTHbIe, KOTOpbIe B npou;ecce coxpaHeHHSI oco6e:tf CTIOJIeaHbIMH npH.3HaKa-
MH nOCTeneHHO JIl3MeHSlIDfCb " 38. MJ.L1I.JIJfOHbl nOKOJIemrli CTaJIJI[ JIlO,ll;bMJll.
22
• BblAenH B AHanore q,aKTbl, HaY"4Hble 06bflcHeHHA H ou,eHKH. CpaBHH
OTBeTbl J.1cTO"4HHKOBeAa H Apxeonora Ha Bonpoc AHTOWKH. KaKoe
Ha6mop,aeTcA npoTHBope"4Hel
KaK WC KaKoro C06b1THA Ha"4anaCb HCTOpHA "4enoBe"4ecTBal
_ 40 TbIC. neT HiI:Ja,A 10 Twe. neT Hil3a,A HaN.
2M
" n n" 0"" ililifilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll~ V"I VI IV1 I V IIV I • I I I ' I, I I t>Twc."eneT ... .)IN
~ § 2. nepBble warM pa3YMa ~
- 06'bflCHH 3Ha"4eHHe COOBa «06w,ecTBo». (CnoBapb)
- lotTO TaKoe paCbl - OTnH"4HA BHeWHOCTH HnH BHyTpeHHero AYXOBHoro
MHpa. («OKpY>KatoUI,HH MHP», 4-H Ktlacc) COCTaBb nOrH"4eCKYIO
I.4enO"4KY paCCY>KAeHHH: KaK, cornaCHO p,aHHbIM HayKM, Ha 3eMlle
nOABHnC.A BHA COBpeMeHHblX ntoAeH. (§ 1)
1. JIHQ,a Jle,Q;HHKoBOH 3noXH.
OKOJIO 100 TblCRq JIeT Ha3ap; Ha 3eMJle HaqaJICR Jteanu1C08btU
nepuoa. 3HMbI CTaJIH ,Zl;.1IHHHblMH H MOP03HbIMH. B ropax o6pa-
30BaJU:1Cb orpoMHbIe J1e,n;HHKH - MHoroMeTpoBbIe TOJlI.IJ;H JIb,D;a.
C KaJK,lJ;bIM rO,lJ;OM Ha ceBepHbIx ropax EBponbI H A3MH HX CTa-
HOBHJlOCb Bce 6oJIbwe, H OHn HaqaJIH cnOJI3aTb Ha paBHJ.:1HbI.
OrpoMHbu1 JIe,lJ;RHOH naHIJ;Hpb war 3a waroM HaKpbIBaJI npo-
cTpaHcTsa, Ha KOTOPbIX ceHtl:ac pacnOJIO)KeHbI MocKsa, CaHKT-
ITeTep6ypr I< MHorl<e IIPyrne ropolla. K lOry OT KpOMK>I Jlell""""
npOTSIHYJIHCb XOJIO,lUlble CTerm. TenJIom06HBbIe )KHSOTHbIe HJlM
BbIMepaJIl1, HJlJ.:1 nepeCeJISIJIHCb K lOry OT npHBbI{HbIX MeCT.,
JIlO,Il;H TeM He MeHee npO,ll;OJI»<:aJIJ.:1 paCCeJISITbCR no nJIaHeTe.
llPOCTOPbI BOCTOqSOH A3HJ.:1 npeBpaTJ.:1JIHCb B CTenH, r,[(e nyJIM
npOH3J1TeJIbHbIe BeTpa, HeCYI.IJ;Me TyqJ.:1 neCKa M IlbIJU:1. Y )KHB-
IIIJ:1X 3,lJ;eCb JIIO,Il;et-i OT nOKOJIeHHR K nOKOJIeHHIO nOCTeneHHO
CY3HJICH pa3pe3 rJIa3, nOSIBHJICR meJITOBaTbrH OTTeHOK KO)KH.
TaK B03HHKJIa .M.OUzoJtouonaJl. paca cospeMeHHblX JIIO,[(eK.
Y )KJ.:1TeJIeH mapKOH Aq,PHKM nORBHJICH qepHbrn QBeT KO)KH M
Kyp'llaBbIe BOJIOCbI, qT06bI npe.n;oxpaHJ.:1Tb KO)KY OT O)KoroB, a ro-
JlOBY OT neperpesa. TaK B03H>1KJ1a uezpOua1i<Ut paca. B IIOlK,llJl>l-
BOH M XOJIO,lJ;HOt-i npHJIe,lJ;HHKOBOH EBpone y JUO,lJ;eH nOSIBHJICSI
CI<JlhHO BblcTynalOlIIDi (no cpaBHellli10 ClIPyrnMlI pacaMJI) HOC,
KOTOPbW He n03BOJIRJI XOJIO,lJ;HOMY B03.nyxy 6bICTPO nonaCTb B
JIenrne. TaK B03HJ.:1KJIa eeponeauo1UtJl. paca.
mo KapTe Ha c. 17 OnpeAenH, KaKHe oc06eHHocTH neAHHKOBOH 3nOXH
n03BOmmH OtoAfiM paccenATbcA no nnaHeTe. (Ycn06Hble 3HaKH - c. 7)
23

15. 2. BpaTbH H CeCTpbJ.
Ha TbICWlJ1 JIeT 3eMJIH aT aTJIaHTHqeCKOrO n06epembH EBPO-
nbI .no rap IJ;eHTpaJIbHOH A3HH npeBpaTJ1JIHCb B npHJIe.nHHKO-
BylO XOJIO,ll.HylO H BJIamHyro CTenb, no KOTOPOH 6PO,n;J1JIH CTa.n;a
rHraHTCKHX MaMOHTOB, wepCTHCTbIX HocoporOB, 61130HOB, .n;H-
KI1X JIOllla,lJ;eH H npoqJ1X )KHBOTHbIX. JIIO,n;H BH,lJ.a «qeJIOBeK pa-
3YMHbI:fii» npHIIIJIJII clO,ll.a OKOJIO 40 TblCH'I JJeT Ha3aA. Tor,n;a Ha
TeppHTOpHJ1 cOBpeMeHHbIx ¢paHIJ;JIIH, YKpaJIIHbI HJIH IOmHoH
CH6HPH MomHO 6bIJIO Ha6JIIO,ll.aTb TaKYIO KapTHHy.
Ha 6epery peRH CTOHT 60JIbIDoi1 WaJIalll J113 .rtJIHHHbIX mep-
,lJ;e:fii, HaKpbITbIX CWHTbIMJII Mem,lJ;Y COGOH wKypaMJII·mHBoTHbIX.
BHYTpH waJIawa y KOCTpa rpeeTCH OKOJIO 30 JIIO,lJ.eti - BCH po-
.n;OBaH 06lU,Hoa. )(eTJ1 eru;e HemaTCH no,lJ; WKypaMJII, a MaTepH
yme BbIIIIJIH H3 CBOHX ceMeHHblX yrJIOB H rOTOBHT 06II..J;J1H 3aB-
TpaK - nO,lJ.mapMBalOT MHCO rrOHMaHHoro BtIepa 3aHIJ;a, npJII-
rrpaBJIHIOT ero ,lJ;ynIHCTbIMH TpaBaMH. 3,lJ;eCb y pO,lJ;OBOrO KocTpa
Bce meHII..J;HHbI .n;pyr .n;pyry - ceCTpbI, a MymqHHbI - 6paTbR.
m
24
POAOBaA 06UVtHa OXOTHHKOB Ha M8MOHTOB
1. n epe"tHcnH 3aHRTHR nepBo6blTHbiX nlOAeii. 2. C paBHH BeUJ,H H nHUJ,y
nepBo6blTHbiX H cOBpeMeHHblx nlOAeii.
OpYAHA TPYA8 nepB06ltmtltll OIOTHHKOB
HaKOHe"lHHK
CTpenbl
KOCTAHaA
CKpe60K ....rna
Mym~UtHbI C06l1palOTCR Ha 60Jlhlllyro OXOTY: rrOKperrtIe npl1-
BR3bIBalOT K ,lJ.epeBRHHhlM KOnbRM KaMeHHbIe HaKOHe'-IHJ1KJII,
CMOJlRT cPaKeJlhI; ,lJ.BOe CTapJIIKOB 066J11BalOT KaMeHHhle 3aro-
TOBKH, ,ll;eJlaR ,ll;JlR BCeX 3anaCHhle KOnhR. O,lJ;HH J113 Mym'-IHH e~e
pa3 paCCKa3bIBaeT, KaK Bqepa BeqepOM CTa,lJ;O MaMOHTOB
nepelllJlO peKy H OKa3aJlOCh Ha OXOTHH'-IheH TeppHTOpHH JIIX
06II..J;J.1Hhl - pO,lJ;a «PbImeH JIHCHIJ;hI». Teneph 3TO HX .n;o6hIl.Ja, H
OXOTHJIIKJII COCe,lJ.HerO po.n;a - «ChIHOBhR CepOH COBhl», mHBy~Jlle
3a peROH, He nOCMelOT npJIIHTH CIO,lJ.a. Ha JlJIIIJ;ax y Bcex YJIhI6KH-
KOH'-IHJIHCb rOJIO,lJ.HbIe .n;HH, KOr,lJ.a 3BepH 06XO.n;HJII1 HX CTOPOHOH,
Kor.n;a CKy.n;HylO ,n;06bIqy npHxo,n;HJIOCb OT,lJ;aBaTb TOJI.bKO B3pOC-
JIbIM H CHJIbHbIM, - TeM, KTO cnoco6eH ,n;o6bIBaTb COpO,lJ.HqaM
nHru;y, KOr,lJ.a OT rOJIO,lJ;a 60JIeJIH H YMHpaJIH .n;eTH H CTapHKH.
Ho BOT HeOmJII,n;aHHO 0,n;J1H H3 onbITHblX OXOTHHKOB npe,n;JIara-
eT copo.n;JllqaM n03BaTb Ha 60JIblllYlO OXOTY COceAHlO1O 06ru;J1Hy.
OH rOBopHT, '-ITO TOJIbKO CBOHMJII CHJIaMH He y,ZJ,aCTCH 3arHaTb
MaMOHTOB K 06pbI8y. 'tJacTb Copo,n;HqeH B03Myru;eHbI J1 He XOTRT
,lJ;eJIJ1TbCR. Ho TyT B pa3roBop BCTynaeT cTaplllaR MaTb po.n;a.
OHa HanOMHHaeT BceM, qTO coce,n;HHR 06llViHa He tIymaH J1M:
HMeHHO H3 Hee MOJlo.n;bIe MymqHHbl 6epYT ce6e meH, TaK KaK
meHJ1TbCR Ha ceCTpax-copO,ZJ,WIax 3anperu;aeT 06bltIaH. TIocJle
He,lJ;OJIrJ1X cnopoB 60JIblllJ1HCTBO 06ru;HHHJ1KOB corJIalllalOTCR
n03BaTb coce,n;eH Ha 60JIblllyro OXOTy.
K Be'-Iepy 06'be.rr;J1HeHHbIe CJllJIbI OXOTHHKOB C 3ama<:eHHbIMH
cpaKeJIaMJ1 B3RJIJII B nOJIYKOJIbIJ;O CTa,n;o MaMOHTOB, OCTaBJ1B CBO-
60.n;HbIM TOJlbKO nyTb K peqHOMY 06pbIBY. BORBWJ1eCH orHR )KJ1-
BOTHble CTaJIH oTcTynaTb, HO HX BomaK 6eccTpalllHo 6POCMJlCH
Ha OXOTHHKOB: X060TOM OTlllBbIPHYJI o.rr;Horo, orpoMHoH HoraH
pa3,Il.aBHJI ,lJ;pyroro. O,lJ;HaKO TpeTHH OXOTHHK, np03BaHHbIM
25

16. CMeJIbQaKOM, HhlpHyJI nO,ll MaMOHTa H y,llapHJI ero KOnbeM B
MSirKoe no,n6plOmbe. 06e3YMeBmHH OT 60JIH 3Bepb 3aKpymJ1JI-
CSI Ha MeCTe. Ee3 BOmaRa CTa,110 paCCbmaJIOCb, 60JIblllHHCTBO
npOpBaJIOCb 3a U;enb OXOTHHKOB, HO .rtBe caMKH C ,neTeHbllllaMH
6POCHJIHCb K 06PbIBY H ynaJ'fH Bffi'l3, JIOMaSi ce6e KOCTH... B o6e
06UJ;HHbJ nplliIIeJI npa3,o;HHK. fOPbI MBca nopOBHY ,lleJIHJIHCb
Mem,n;y BceMU COpO,llHt{aMH, H HHKTO He OCTaJICS roJIO,llHblM.
3. KorAa MaMOHTbI YWJlH•••
OKOJIO 12 TbICR"l.J JIeT Ha3a,ll; Ha 3eMJIe CTaJIO TenJlee, JIe,o;HHK
HaqaJI TaSTb H oTcTynaTb Ha ceBep. CJID:>KHJIHCb cOBpeMeHHbIe
npHpO,llHble 30HbI - TYH.ZJ:pbI, JIeca, CTenH H nYCTbIHH.
OKa3aBWHCb B HenpHBbPIHbIX YCJIOBHHX, KpyrrHble mHBOT-
Hble HaqaJIH BbIMHpaTb, cpe,llHJ1e n MeJIKJile npHTaJIHCb B JIe-
cax, OT nOKOJIeHHH K nOKOJIeHJ.11O MeHHS CBOH 06JIHK, nOBa,llKH,
npJilcnOCa6JIHBaRCb K npnpo,o;e. 't.{eJIOBeqeCKHe 06UJ;J.ffibl OCTa-
JIHCb 6e3 npHBhRHOJ1 nHUJ;H, H Tor,o;a JIIO,lll1 CTaJIH npH,llYMbmaTb
m
26
POAOUA 06uvftta OXOTHHKoe·pt.t60JlOll08
C paBHH 3aHATMJI, 8eU4H H nHw.y ntoAeH nt!AHHK08oro nepHOAa (c. 2.4) H nlO-
AeH. >KH8UJHX nocne ero OKOH'iaHHA. AenaH 8bl80A.
HOBbIe cnoc06bI ee ,lI;06bIt.{H. mJolTeJIH JIecoe
CTaJIH rrpKMeH.fITb HOBbIe Opy,o;HH ,lI;JIH OXOTbI
H3 3aCa,ll;bI Ha 60JIbIIIHX paCCTOHHHHX: Me-
TaTeJIbHhIe KonbH, .lU"6HHKH-6YMepaHrH n
Jtyx co cmpe.n.a.M.u. OXOTHHKH Hat{aJIH no,ll;-
KapMJlHBaTb ,lI;HKHX co6aK, KOTopbIe ,naBHO
06HTaJIH PH,ll;OM C JIIOACKHMH CTORHKaMH.
Tenepb OHl'! CTaJIH OXOTHTbCJl BMeCTe: co6a-
KH BbICJIemHBaJIH mHBOTHbIX, a JIIO,lI;J1 y6H-
BaJIH me H ,o;eJIHJIHCb ,no6blqeft co CBOHMH II
nOMOIIJ,HHKaMJ1. mHTeJIH no6epemm1: MopeH
C,-penoK H3 nyKa.
H 60JIbIIIHX peR yJI~aJIH H306peTeHHbIe
paHee JIO,o;KH, KplO'iKH, rrpH,o;YMaJIH pbI6HbIe
cent:, JIOBymKH H CneqJ1aJIbHbIe ROIIbH-rap-
rryHbI Ha MOPCKHX 3Bepeft. TaM, r,o;e He 6blJIO
B ,o;OCTaTKe HM 3sepeft, HH pbI6bI, JIIO,lI;H
CTaJIH BHHMaTeJIhHee co6HpaTb paCTeHHH
HaCK4nbHbJ.-:i PHCYHOK.
neutep4 C4ntoYOAOp
(I1cn4HHIf)
co C'be,ll;06HbIMH
KOPHHMH, nJIo,n;aMH H.JIJ1 CeMeHaMH.
JlIOAH aHA. «'lenOBeI( pa3YMH~IH" HaY....nHe~ no-pa3HOMY He-
non~3OBaTb nPHpoAY Ha~IIICM"T~ a HeH.
m1. n O"leMY o6pa308anHcb paCbl eAHHOrO 8HAa «"lenOSeK pa3YMHbIH»?
2. n O"leMY 06'beAHHeHI1J1 nepso6blTHbiX ntoAeH Ha3saHbl4l:poA080H 06-
UJ,HHOH»? noAPQ6Ho 06'bSlCHH 3Ha"leHHe Ka>KAOrO cnosa 11 nposepb ce6J1
no cnosaplO. KaKHe 113 neps06blTHblX 06bl'Ule8. Ha TBOH S3rnJlA, noAXQ--
AJlT AnSI C08peMeHHoro MHpa, a KaKHe - HeTl (06'bSlCHH nO"leMY.)
3. KaKHe Ka"leCTBa nOMornH ntoASIM 8bl)KHTb nocne neAHHKosOH 3noxHl
TIoMorH AHTOWKe OTBeTI1Tb Ha Bonpocbl apXeOJlOroB:
rIo KapTe Ha c. 17 onpe.lleJrn: 1. KaKHe H3MeHeHMJl npm130lllJIH B npH-
po,lte 3eMmf, Kor,lta B A4JpHKe nORBHJIcft BH,Il; «qeJlOBeK pa3)'MHbob?
2. qeM yrPO)l(aJlH 3TH H3MeHeHJfR «qeJlOBeKY pa3)'MHOMY» u: qTO ,lt0JI:>K-
Hbl 61::a1JUi C,lleJlaTb JlJO,ltJ1 - nOK"HYTb CBOlO TelIJlyID PO,ltHHY HJn{ HeT?
3, liTO, CYAft no AaHHblM KapTbI, CAeJlaJIH JlJOAH BH,lla «qeJlOBeK pa-
3YMHbI:i1»?
• KaKoe Ha6ntOAaeTCA npOTI180pe"lHe, KaKoi1 803HHKaeT Bonpod
Btl nO"leMY. HecMoTpA Ha nOXOn0AaHHe. 4I:"len08eK pa3YMHbli1» He TonbKO
_ Sbl)KHn, HO Aa)Ke pacCenHnCJI no nnaHeTel
27

17. 40 TWC. neT KaMA 10 nlC. neT Ka,'A Ho.al
""''0'" YllllnllllllllllllIIlIlIIlIIlIIlIlIIlI~v·lvlllI1l V I'VI· I " I ' I, I' I>
1 '",.,.".,,. ",.~
§ 3. nepBble XYAO)f(HHKH H ccBonwe6HHKH»
- 06'bACHI1 3Ha"4eHlo1e cnoa: penlo1rl1A, Io1CKYCCTBO, pOAoaaA 06UJ,HHa.
(Cnoaapb)
- onpo6YH pacnHcaTb pacnopAAOK AHA nepBo6bITHOH POAOBOH 06UJ,H-
Hbl: CKonbKO 8peMeHI1 mOAH Aon)KHbl nOTpaTI1Tb Ha TPYA B 60Pb6e 3a
cyw,eCTBOBaHHe, a CKonbKO MoryT nOTpaTI1Tb Ha 3aHATI1A HCKYCCTBOM?
(§ 2)
1. DepBblH: B3rJlBA aa MUp.
Yt.{eHbIM Ot.{eHb CJIO.mHO nOHRTb, qTO nepB06bITHbie JII0.n;H
.n;YMaJIH 06 oKpy)KalO~eM HX MHpe. Be.n;b OHH e~e He YMeJIH
aanHCbIBaTb CBOJ1 MbICJU1. IIOMoralOT oco6ble HCTOt.{HJ1KH -
Ha6JllOAeHHH 3a COBpeMeHHbIMH qeJIOBet.{eCKHMH 06~J1HaMH,
KOTopbIe Bce e~e .mHByr B nepB06bITHbIX YCJIOBHflX.
Cy.n;lI no 3THM HCTO'lHHKaMH, Hanni nepBo6blTHbIe npe,IUtW
BHHMaTe.nbHO H3yq:aJIJII npHpO.ztY. MorJIJII opHeHTHpoBaTbcH no
3Bea.n;aM, JIet.{WTb 60JIe3HH TpaBaMH, pa3bIcKHBaTb H BbI6HpaTb
HaH60JIee no.ne3HbIe KaMHH, pacTeHwH, mHBOTHbIX. B TO me
BpeMH B OT.nHt.{J1e OT Hac OHJ1 He 3HaJIJII HaCTO.flI.l.HX npwum
MHorHX HBJIeHJdi: nOt.{eMY, HanpHMep, H.n;eT Aom.n;b, rpeMHT
rpOM, npHxo.n;HT BeCHa, Hat.{HHaeTCR 60.ne3Hb, HacTynaeT
C08peMeHHble aBCTpatlHHL4b1
IlepeA OXOTOH. C08paM. PHCYHOK
28
CMepTb. B03MO.mHO, oc06eHHO MHoro
BonpOCOB BbI3bIBaJI y nepBo6bITHbIX
JII0AeH HX COHo CeHt.laC yt.leHblMH
YCTaHOBJIeHO, qTO BO CHe Halli M03r
npOAOJI.maeT pa60TaTb: Bce, qTO MbI
BH.n;eJIH 3a CBOro mH3Hb, OH pa36HBa-
eT Ha OTAeJIbHbIe «KYCOttKH»-06pa3bI
H npHqy.n;JIHBO nepeCTaBJIaeT HX,
nOKa3bIBaH HaM BO eHe eaMbIe
HeomH,n;aHHbIe KapTHHbI. O.n;HaKO
nepBo6bITHbIe JIIOAH .n;aBaJIH CBoe
06'bHcHeHHe: B t.{eJIOBeqeCKOM TeJIe
3aKJIIOtteHO oc06oe cy~ecTBo
I
Y1crOPHK nepeA nep806blTHblM H306pa)l(eHHeM
MaMOHTa. K8n08a neJ..qepa. POCcu"
nepa06blTHble noxopOHbI.
Co.peM. PUCYHOK
AYwa (AYx), KOTopoe BO CHe OTnpaBJI.ReTCH rrYTelIIeCTBOBaTb B
HeKHH HeBHAHMbrli JIIO.n;HM nomycmoponnuu .MUP, MomeT TaM
OXOTHTbCH Ha .n;YlIIH mHBOTHbIX, eCTb, pa.n;oaaThCH, ropeBaTb.
Kor.n;a .me t.{eJIQBeK yMHpaJI, nepB06bITHbIe JIlOAH CqHTaJIH, t.{TO
OH 3acHYJI oqeHb rJIY60KHM CHOM. OHH XOPOHHJII1 ero B cneQH-
aJIbHOH HMe, qT06bI TeJIO He C'beJIH .mHBOTHbIe, PHAOM KJIaJl11
Konbe, 3anaCbI e.n;bI, KOTopbIe Moryr npHI'O.n;HTbCH AYille B no-
TYCTopOHHeM MHpe.
HalliH nepBo6bITHbIe npe.n;KH OIJ..J;YIJ..J;aJIH ce6.R qaCTblO npHpo-
.n;bI, He BH.n;eJIH 60JIbWOH pa3HHIJ;bI Me.m.o.y CBoeH PO.n;OBOH 06IJ..J;H-
HOH H cTaeH BOJIKOB HJIH cTaAoM 6H30HOB: TaK.me OXOTHJIHCb H
YKpbIBaJIHCb OT HenoroJJ.hl. II03TOMY JIlO.n;H ,nYMaJIH, t.{TO H BCe,
t.{TO eCTb B MHpe (roPbI, peKH, .n;epeBbJl, mHBoTHble), noxome Ha
qeJIOBeKa: TaK me AYMaeT, pa3roBapHBaeT, Ha,n;eJIeHO .n;YXOM
(AYWOH). ECJIH J.1.AeT AO~ - 3Hat.{HT, 06J.1.AeJIHcb H nJIat.{YT J1.Y-
XH 06JIaKoB. ECJIH ,n;epeBo npJ.1.AaBHJIO qeJIOBeKa - ero .n;yx
paCCepAHJIC.R Ha TOro, KTO nonbITaJIC.R era cpy6HTb. ECJIH OTKO-
qeBaJIO CTa.n;o .mHBOTHbIX - HX ,n;yXH Y3HaJIH, t.{TO JIIO,[tH rOTOB.RT
60JIbillYlO OXOTy. TaKl<e paCCKa3bI co CBepX'beCT€CTB€HHbIMl<.
BbIMbIIlIJIeHHbIMH .n;eTaJl.RMH, c nOMOIJ..J;bro KOTOPblX JIIO.n;H 06'b-
HCHHIOT MHP, Ha3bIBalOTCH MJf4JbI.
Y AomHBlIIHX ,1:(0 COBpeMeHHOCTH nepao6bITHbIX 06lIJ;HH oqeHb
MHOro MHcPOB 0 npOHcxom,u.eHHH MHpa H JlIOAeH. EOJIbllIHHCTBO
29

18. 1l0Wa.a.H HoneHH.
HaCKanbHblH PHCYHOK.
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a Ha nOJlY BOKpyr OTne'IaTaJll1Cb nHTKH no,;qpOCTKOB, mHBIlIHX
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newepif new-Mepnb. ctJPlfH4H1I
30
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31

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32
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2-AaM....O•. 5..... 33

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34
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2' 35

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3TM 06m;HOCTH yqeHble Ha3blBalOT H3b1KOBbIMH ceMbHMH. Ha
rpaHHu;e A3J.1l1 H Aq,PHKI1 CJIOmHJIaCb atjJpoa3UUCKaJt CeMbH, Ha
rpaHHI.J;aX A3HH J1 EBPOflbI - UXaoeBponeucKaR J1 T.,n;.
nepeH,qA K .eMneAenHIO H CKOTOBOACTBY, nneMeHa 3anaAHOH
A3HH paCnpOCTpaHHnH CBOH npHeMb. BeAeHHJI X03J1HCTBB H caOH
Jl3blKH a coce,.qHHe cTpaHbl.
[Il 1. Bbl,o,enH npl1"1l1Hbl 11 nocne,o,CTSI1f1 nepexo,o,a K 3eMneAenl11O 11 CKOTO-
BO,o,CTSY·
2. BblAenl1 npl1"1l1Hbl 11 nocneACTBIo1f1 pacceneHlffl 3eMneAenb"leCKI1X nne-
MeH. C pasHH ynpaB1leHHe B nneMeHH 101 B pOAosoi1 06w,I1He.
3. ' fro xopOLUero H "4TO nnoxoro, Ha TBOH B3rnRA, npl1HeCna nlOAJlM
CMeHa OXOTbl11 co611paTenbcTsa Ha 3eMneAenl1e 11 cKoTosoAcTBol
- BOT 8bl MHe r080pl1JlM, 'ITO MCTOPI1H nOMoraeT 06'b$lCHMTh pa3Hhle
«HenOHSITHOCTI1», KOTOphIe ceif1.lac cyw;ecTByxrr! - CKaaaJI AHTOWKCl ap-
xeOJIOraM. - A H, HanpJ1Mep, CJIbiWan, 'ITO KOpHH HeKOTophIX CJIOB
nopYCCKM l1 nO-aHrJIHJ1CKl1 3ByqaT O,r:r;MHaKOBO. Hanpl1Mep, «MOJIOKO»,
«nopoceHOK» l1 «ceflTb».
- BOJIee TOro, - OTBeTJ.1Jl J.1CTOqHJ1KOBe,lJ;, - 3Tl1 l1 MHorne ,lJ;pynfe CJlO-
Ba noxome 3ByqaT B 6onhwl1HcTBe eBponeiicKl1X fl3bIKOB, a TafOKe B
SI3bIRaX mJ.fTeJIei1 .D;aJIeKoiiI1H.D;ID1.
• CcpopMynl1pyi1 Bonpoc, Ha KOTOPblH XO"leT nonY'4Io1Tb OTBeT AHTowKa.
nO'4eMY S pa3Hbix cOBpeMeHHblx fl3blKax MHorlo1e cnOBa O"leHb noxo>K111
37

22. 40 TIoIC. neTHIU,q 10 TltIC• •, ~HA Hoau
,","" ~0'. Ulillfllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll~ V" IV' I VI I V I 'V I " I • I ' I, I ' l>, .., .. ~~"n'TM.
~ § S. nepBble MacTepa H BOHHbl ~
tJ
-06'bRCHH 3HaloleHHe cnOB: poAoBaR 06U4,HHa, nne"",,,, HapoA. (CnoBapb)
- Cocraab nOrH"lecKY.a ~enO"lKy paccY>KAeHHH: KaK B03HHK1lH 3e.Ml1e-
AenHe H cKOTOBOACTIol (§ 5)
1. lJeJlOOeK qeJlOBeKY - coceA!
CTOJIeTJ.1e 3a CTOJIeTHeM HaKaIIJIHBaJIH onbIT nepBbIe 3eMJIe-
~eJIbllbI-CKOTOBO.ztbI. OHH nOKJIOH&JlHCb ya<e He aBepRM, a 6oeQ.M. -
MoryqHM lIyxaM (c,maM) npHpollbl, OT KOTOPblX aaBHCeJl ypo-
)l<ait KOJlIIYHbI npOCHJlH COJlll1le 0 TenJle, OTI1a-He60 - 0110)1<-
,n;e, MaTb-3eMJIlO - 0 poa<,n;eHHH nJIo,n;OB. Oca60 3a60THJIHCb 0
aeMJIe - TLUaTeJJbHO PblXJIHJIH ee MOTblraMH, ,n;eJI8JlH 60p03,D;bI
cytlRoBaTblMH naJIKaMH. !3TO OTHHMaJlO MHoro BpeMeHH H CHJI,
a XOTeJIOCb 3aceSlTb KaK MomHO 60Jlbme ceMSlH. Tor~a JIlO,ll;H
CTaJIH ~eJIaTb 60JIbWHe MOTblrH H BOJlOKJIH me no noma 3a co-
6011:. HaRoHeu cMaCTepHJlH nJlyr, ROTOPbIti TaLUHJIH mHBOTHbIe,
a qeJlOBeK meJI C3a,n;H H nOnpaBJlRJI opy.n;He, qT06bI OHO paBHO
naxaJIO 3eMJIIO. TaR nOfiBHJIOCb nawennoe 3eM.lte8e.nue.
60rHHA-Mant, CIo4MBon
nnoAop0p,lolA. 8 n.lc. II.H.
38
B 60JIbmHX nOceJlKaX )KHJIO Tenepb cpa-
3y no HeCKOJIbKO po,n;oa O,ll;HOrO IIJIeMeHH.
IIoJIR B oKpyre CqHTaJIHCb 06~HM BJIa,n;e-
HHeM Bcero nOCeJIKa, HO Tenepb Kam,n;aR
ceMbR caMOCTORTeJIbHO naxaJIa caoH
yqaCTOK, ceJlJIa H C06HpaJIa ypomaH.
TOJIbRO B c.rryqae Heypomafi 06~ee co-
6paHHe ceMeH pemaJIo, qTO Hy>KHO no-
MOqb rOJIo.n;aIOLUHM, no,n;eJIHTbCR C_ErnMH.
CBR3H c Copo,n;wlaMH CTaJIH ,ll;JIR JIIO,n;el1: He
TaR BamHbI, RaK CBSl3H c coce,n;SlMH, nYCTb
H H3 ,n;pyrHx PO,n;OB. TaKHe noceJIKJ1 yt.{e-
Hble Ha3bIBalOT COCe,ll;CKHMH OOll(KllaMH.
Kaa<.n;aSI CeMbR: B COCe,ltCKo:iii: o6~HHe
TKaJIa ,n;JIlI ce6S1 TKaHb Ha o,n;em,n;y, JIenHJIa
nocy.n;y, MaCTepHJIa KaMeHHble J.1 ,n;epeBRHHbIe Opy.n;HlI. Ho RTO-
TO .n;eJIaJI 3TO no CTapHHKe, a KTO-TO H306peTaJI HOBoe. TaK, Bce
npe.n;bI,n;y~He BeRa MaTepHaJIOM ,n;JIH rJIaSHbIX, pemyII.l;J1X
qaCTefl: qeJIoeeqeCRHX Opy,n;H:iii: cJIyml1JI RaMeHb. II03TOMY
Hat.{aJIbHbIe BpeMeHa HCTOPHH qeJIOset.{eCTBa Ha3b1BaIOT e~e
1-C(]...1te1i1tbL.M BeX:OM. O,n;HaRO OKOJIO 7 TblCR"! JIeT HaaaA JIIO,lU1 Ha-
yqHJIHCb llJIaBHTb Borne H KOBaTb MRrKHe MeTaJIJIbI, npe.)ft,Q;e
Bcero Me,D;b, a n03,ltHee ee COeAJ1HeHHe C OJIOBOM - 6pOH3Y. HaH-
TH 3TH MeTaJIJIbI 6blJl0 HeJIerKO, HO 6POH30Bbie TonopbI, HO)KH,
MOTblrH 6bIJU1 npot.{Hee H JIert.{e KaMeHHblX. HaqaJICR 6POH30BbLU
Bex:. IIoMHMo 3Toro npH,IJ;YMaJUi TRaU;RHt1 CTaHQR H rOHt.{apHbIfl:
KPyr. B HeKoTopbIX 06lI..l;HHaX nOSlBHJIHCb MaCTepa, oco60 HCRyC-
HO AeJIaaWHe 6POH30Bble TonopbI, RpacHBbIe COCy,ll;bl, H3RJ..UHble
TKaHH. OHH nepeCTaJIH naxaTb 3eMJIlO H CTaJIH o6MeHHBaTb H3-
roTOBJleHHble SeI..UH Ha 3epHo H MOJIORO Y CBOme: coce.o;e:t1:. STO
6blJIH nepBble peMeCJJeHHHKH.
B nOceJIKaX COCe,ll;CKHX 06W;HH HaqaJll1 CKanJIHSaTbCfl 3anaCbl
3epHa, rJIHHHHbIX roPWKOB, 6POH30BblX TonopoB H .ztpyrHx
CoceAcKI. ~HII1IWettH"11 31eMneAen""e. 6poH3IOaorO .etCl
r?l CpaBHH 3aHATHA, BeLJ.V'l H nHw,y naweHHblX H paHHH)I 3eMneAenb~ea_
L..:..J (c. 3.4). ~eM nocenOK coceAcKoH 06LJ.V'1Hbl OTnH"laeTCA or pOAoBoHl
39

23. BemeH, KOTopbIe mHTeJIH He ycneSaJIH HCnOJIbSOBaTb H
OCTaBJIHJIH npo sanac. BomAH H CTape:t1nrnHbI 06MeJrnsaJIHcb
HMl'I c coceAHHMH nJIeMeHaMH. CHa"laJIa KamAbrn pas ,lJ;oroBapH-
BaJIJ.fCb, CKOJIbKO, HanpHMep, .RrH.RT HymHo OT,lJ;aTb 3a OAHH
6pOH30Sbllt: Tonop, HO nOTOM CTaJIH BbI6HpaTb O,lJ;HH HaH60JIee
u;eHHblH BH,n; Bem;eH, K ROTOPOMY npHpaBHHBaJIH Bce OCTaJIb-
Hhle. 'lalle 3TO 6bIJI CKOT lIJIlI CJIlITKlI Aparol.eHHbIX MeTaJIJIOB -
MeAH, cepe6pa, 30JIOTa, H3 KOTOPbIX ,neJIaJU1 YKpallIeHHSI. TaK
Ha"laJIaCb TOprOBJIH.
2. BOHoa npOTHS Beex...
C03,lJ;aHHble naXapSlMH, peMeCJIeHHHKaMH H ToproBu;aMH 6ora-
TbIe 3anaCbI BbI3hIBaJIH 3 aBHCTb y COCe,AHHX nJIeMeH. Bom,n;H
npH3bIBaJU1 Mymt.{HH CHJIOM oroHpaTh HymHbIe 60raTcTBa y co-
ceAefi. Ha"laJIHCb BOUUbL 3a 806b/.ttY Mem,ny OnOJI"IeHH.RMH Bcex
Mymt{HH coce,n;HHX nneMeH. J13 Ha6eroB Mym'tJHHbI B03Bpama-
JIHCb HarpymeHHhle ,n;06bIqefi, HO SCRope 06~UKeHHble coce.n;H
YCTpaHBaJIH OTBeTHbIH Ha6er. BofiHhI qaCTO He YTHXaJIH rO,ll;a-
Ml'I, H KamAbIH MymquHa ,lJ;OJImeH 6bIJI 6bITb npem.n;e scero BO-
HHOM - )"IaCTHHKOM OnOJI"leHHSl nJIeMeHH. B pe3YJIbTaTe "IaCTb
MOJIO,lJ;bIX MymqJffi nepeCTaJia B03spaw;aTbCH noc.rre Ha6eroB K
MHPHOMY TPYAY. OHH )KHJIH BMeCTe C Bom,n;eM B OC060M AOMe H
COCTaBJIHJIH ero ,lI;pym:HUY - COl03 .npY3ei1:, ,lI;eJIOM KOTOPbIX CTa-
&+ t
MeAHb.H 60eaoH Tonop, lCa-
MeHHb.e Ii 6poH30a...e HalCD-
He"lHHI(H CTpen
40
JIa BoMHa. Bo BpeMH Ha6eroB OHH KOp-
MMJlJ1Cb 3aXBa'tJeHHOH ,n;o6bl"leH, a B
KpaTKJ.fe MHpHble nepe.n;bIUlKH COIIJIe-
MeHHHKH npHHOCHJIH HM B .n;ap MHCO H
3epHO, nOTOMY "ITO BOm,r(b H ,lJ;pymIDia
CTaJIH r J1aBHbIMH aaW;HTHHKaMH nJIeMe-
HH. B XO,lJ;e BOi1H 3a ,lJ;06bIqy BO»t,!l;b HaH-
60Jlee YAa'tJnHBOrO nJIeMeHH nOKOpHJI
CBOHX coce.n;eH H C03,D;aBaJI COlO3 n.ne-
MeH. 06'be,n;HHeHHbIe ,n;pymHHbI H
HapoAHble onOJI'IeHlIlI 6h1JIlI Tenepb
60JIbUlOH CHJIOH, KOTOPYIO MomHO 6bIJIO
HanpaBHTb Ha 3aBoeBaHHe ,rtpyrHx llJIe-
Me R H Tpe60aaTb OT HHX nOCTOHH~
,D;apOB H nO,lJ;HOWeHHH.
"
COlO3bI nJIeMeH 3aXBaTbIBalOT Bee HOBbIe TeppHTOpHH, pacce-
JIHlOTCH caMH H BbITeCHHlOT coce,n;eH. B HOBbIX npHpO,1J;HblX yCJIO-
BHHX pa3HbIe llJIeMeHa Ha"lHHalOT HCKaTh 60JIee npHro,rtHhIe
YCJIOBHH X03HHcTBa. Q,lI;RH, HaH,lI;H nJIo,ll;opo,lUfble nOl.{BbI B ,lJ;OJIH-
Hax 60JIbWHX peK, rrpOl.{RO oce,n;alOT Ha 3eMJIe H CTaHOBSITCH
oce8JtbL.MU natue1i1ibLMU 3e.MJi.e8eJl.b1faMU. ,l1;pyrl1e, OKaaaBWHCh
Ha POBHblX CTenHbIX npocTpaHCTBax, npe.n;nO"lHTalOT pa3BO-
,101Tb 60JIbWe CROTa H MeHbIlle naxaTb 3eMJIIO. IIeperOHIUI CBOH
60JIbUlHe CTa,rta Ha HOBbIe nacroHw;a, 3TH nJIeMeHa BbIHym,ll;eHhI
BpeMSI OT BpeMeHH nepeCeJISIThCSI. Kam,u:bIH pa3 OHH CKJIa,rtbIBa-
JIH Bce CBOH BeI.IJ;H Ha cneu;u:aJIbHbIe caJrn- BOJIOKyurn:. Tor.n;a-To
KaKOH-TO HeH3BeCTHbIH HaM SeJlHKm1: H306peTaTeJIb .n;peBHOCTH
.n;ora,n;aJICH no,n;.n:omHTb llO.n; caHH-BOJIOKYWH KpyrJIble 6peBHa H
nMM. naCTYXOB- CKOTOBOAOB
r?l C paBHI1 JaH ATIiA, BeUV11i n l1w,y nacTyxOB 11 OCeAl1blX 3eMneAenbu,eB
8 (c . 39).
BepOSlTHO, HMeHHO nlJcryxH BenHKOH CTenH - nneMeHlJ lJpHea - 4 TDIC. neT HlI3lJA
nepaDlMH npHpy'lHnH AHKHX nOWlJAeif, H306penH nerKoe Koneco co cnHqaMH, 3TO
n03aonHno HM 6D1CTPO KO'feS4T" no CTenH a Te'feHHe Bcero rOA4 H KOPMHTb 60n..-
we ronoa CKOTlJ. TlJK CnOJKHI!OC.. Hoaoe X03JrHCTao - KO'feaOe CKOTOaOACTlJO.
41

24. 06TeC3Tb HX T3K, QT06bl nOJIyqHJI3Cb Y3K3H OCb C ,n;BYMSI 1CMe-
Ca.MU-aUC1Ca.MU H3 KOHU3X. C nOMOUJ;bKl KOJIeCHbIX nOB030K
nepeCeJIHTbCH CTaJIO JIerqe, 11 y 3Tl1X nJleMeH CJIOml1JIOCb oco60e
X03SIHCTBO - nacmyw.eC1Coe C1Com080acmeo.
Ha HOBblX MeCTax pO~CTBeHHble nJIeMeH3 11 COKl3bI IlJIeMeH
nOCTeneHHO H3qJ1H3roT OC03H3B3Tb CBoe oco6eHHoe POACTBO,
OTJm'tJ:He OT OCT3JIbHbIX MeCTHbIX mHTeJle H. QT06bI OTJIWl3TbCH
OT .n;pyrHx, Bce nJIeMeHa, rOBopaUJ;l1e Ha cxomeM SI3bIKe,
paCCKa3bIBarom;J1e O.n;HH H Te me MJ1<pbI, Be.n;yUJ;He noxomee xo-
3IDi:CTBO, CT3JIl1 Ha3bIBaTb ce6SI OC06bIM I1MeHeM. HanpHMep,
OJIeMeHa n3CTYXOB-CKOTOBO.n;OB, paCCeJISIB~CSI no BeJIHKoH
CTeIDI EBponbI H A3HJ1, Ha3blBaJlH ce6S1 apHHMH, 'tJ:TO Ha 06w;eM
SI3bIKe Hll,lI;OeBpOneHCKOH ceMbH 03HaQ3JlO «CBeTJlble, JlyqIlIHe».
K III TItICA'IeJleTHIO AO HOIOH 3plt. no 3eMJle paCCeJlHJlHCIt 3eM-
neAenb'lecKHe H nacTywecKHe HapoAbl C pa3HO;; KynbTYPO;; H
Cnoco6aMH aeAeHHJI 103J1HeT.a.
[I] 1. OnpeAenH npH"'HHbl H nocneACTBHA o6pa30BaHHA coceACKHX 06UVtH.
2. blAenH npH"lMHbl til nocneACTBHJI "laCTbIX BOI1H, KOTopble Ha~anHCb B
nepB06blTHYIO 3noxy. KaK Tbl, "lenOBeK XXI BeKa, nonaraeWb: "lTO He-
06XOAHMO H3MeHHTb nIOAAM, "lT06bl OCTaHOBHTb BOI1Hbl Ha nnaHeTe?
3. peAJ10nO)KJ.1, "leM J.1HTepeCbl nepsblx peMecneHHHKoB, ToproBu,eB H
BOHHOB-APY)l(HHHHKOB OTnH"lanHCb OT ~HTepecoB APyrHx 06W,HHHHKOB.
- H Y3HaJl, J113-3a '{ero 11 BblHy>KJl;eH yqMTb 3TOT aHrmrncKmi! - 38RBlIJl
AHTOUIKa. - OKa3b1B8eTC1f, ,llaSHblM-,lla8HO Bce Jl1O,lJ;H. I'080PKJIJII Ha O,llHOM
H3bIKe, 8 nOTOM peummt: nOCTpol1:Tb 6allIHIO ,llO He6a, 'lT06bt CpaBHJ1TbCH
C BOI'OM. Ear Ha JlIO,D;eH p8arHeBaJlCH VI C,D;eJl8Jl TaK, 'lT06bl sce OIDI aa-
roBOPJ1JIJII Ha pa3HblX .R3blKax. JIIOJU1 ,D;pyr ,D;pyra He nOHJ1MaID:! H nOCTpo-
HTb 6aWHIO He CMOrJIJ1. iKaJIb! ECJrn: 6bl Bce I'080pHJIl1 Ha O,lUlOM H3bIKe, He
nplfill1IOCb 6bI HHOCTpaHHble H3 bIKH Y'illTb.
- 3m Tbl nepecKa3aJI 3HaMeHHTylO 6V16JIe HCKyro JIereH,lO' 0 BaBVI-
JIOBCKOH 6aWHe, - OTBentJI Apxeo.nor. - o.D;HaKO, KaK CBH.lteTeJIbCTByroT
HayqHbIe ,D;aHHbIe• .R3bIKJII. Hapo,D;OB MHpa 06pa3ylOT KpynHbIe ceMbVl, pa3-
,D;eJI.HIOUJ;VleC.H Ha rpynllbl. MHOrHe .R3b1KOBble ceMbH HJifK8K He CBH3aHbl
,n.pyr C ,Il;pyroM. OH11 CJlOmHJIVlCb B caMbIX pa3HbIX CTpaHax 38 MHOro TbI-
C.JR JIeT VI MHoro TJ,ICH'l KJIIJlOMeTpOB OT 6ameH BaBJ1JIOHa.
42
• CpaBHH MHeHJ.1e AHTOWKJ.1 J.1 q,aKTbl, npJ.1BeAeHHble ApxeonoroM. KaKol1
a03HHKaeT Bonpod
nOLfeMY nOABHnOCb MHO)KeCTBO pa3Hbix HapoAoa, rOBOpJ.1BWHX Ha pa3-
HblX A3blKaxl
"
40 T1ofC . neT KAJ.aA 10 ~. ner KAMA Moq.
'.",'m. lIlIttlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll~ V" IVll I V1 I V I" I • I • I 1 I, I • I>
.p. ~
T~'C.'1eneT".
§ 6. nepBble ,",apH H rpaMOTeHf1
J
- 06bACHH 3Ha"leHHe cnOB: o6w,eCTBO, pOAoaaA 06w,HHa, nneMA, CO-
ceAcKaA o6w,HHa, penJ.1rHA. (CnOBapb)
- n epe"lHCnJ.1, KaKJ.1e H306peTeHJ.1A H KaK H3MeHJ.1nJ.1 )KJ.13Hb nlOAel1 OKO-
no 10-8 TbIC. neT Ha3a,D" 7-5 TbIC. neT Ha3a,D,. (§ .4-5)
1. HOBaH "'"3Rb " HOBaH My.n;POCTb.
Ha py6e",e IV-III TblCff'leJIeTI111 AO HOBol1apblllo 3eMJIe pac-
CeJlSJ.nHCb· caMble pa3HbIe rrepB06bITHbIe IIJleMeHa OXOTHl1KOB,
CKOTOBO,Il;OB 11 3eMJleAeJIbUeB. HeKOTopble H3 HHX yme COTHH
JIeT OCBaHBaJllil .n;OJlHHbI BeJII1KI1X peK - HHJI3, T~rpa H EB4lpa-
Ta. Pe"l{HbIe pa3JlHBbI Kam,n;bIn ro~ npHHOCI1JlH CKl.n;a IIJIO,lJ;OPO,lJ;-
HbIH neperHI1BWIDi lUI, o.n;HaKO, Kor~a Bo.n;a YX0.llHJI3 - 3eMJIH
6bICTPO npeBpa~aJlaCb B BbI.>fOKeHHyro rrYCTbIHIO HJrn 6oJIoTa.
Co BpeMeHeM .n1O,ll;H HayqHJlHCb KOIIaTb OOnbwHe KaHaJIbl OT pe-
KK, CTPOI1Tb .n;aM6bI-nJIOTHHbI H B mapKl1e MeC.H~bI no.n;aB3Tb
BO.n;y Ha nOJIH - opowaTb I1X. OpOULae.MOe 3eMJteaeJI.Ue Ha nJlo,o;o-
PO,n;HOM pe"tJ:HOM HJIe CTaJIO ,lJ;aBaTb HeBH.n;aHHbIe yp0:m3H: BMec-
TO 06bI'lHbIX 2-3 3epeH Ha 0iH0 1l0CemIHOe - 60JIee 30 3epeH!
Tor,o;a Ha TeppHTopHHX cOBpeMeHHbIX EmnT3 HJlH J.1p3Ka MbI
MOrJIH 6bI yeH~eTb npHMepHo TaKyro K3.pnIHy.
B,n;oJlb peRH TSlHYTCSI nOJlH, npOpe3aHH1?Ie KaHaJlaMH C IIJlOTH-
HaMK H 6acceHH3MJ!1, o6pa3yro~HMI1 eAHHYro opOCHTeJIbHYro
CHCTeMY· OHa C03.n;aHa COBMeCTHbIM TPYAOM HeCKOJlbKHX coce.n;-
CKHX 06~HH, KOTopbIe nOKJIOHmoTCSI 60ry nJIO~OpOAHH ::nOH
MeCTHOCTH. Bce B03.n;eJIaHHbIe 3eMJrn - HX 06tq.a.R. c06cmeen-
1tOCmb, KOTopaSl pa3,ltae-rCH ,IVISI 06pa6oTKH OT.n;eJIbHbIM ceMbJJM.
Ha CBOHX 6bIKax, 0pY,lJ;HSlX, KYBWHHax C 3epHOM CeMbl1 CTaBI1JII1
pa3Hhle 3HaKH BJIa,n;eHHH - ::lTO J1X 1lacm?ia;t co6cm8e1£1wcmb.
Ee MomHO npO,lJ;aBaTb, .n;apl1Tb, HaCJIe.n;OBaTb. BOJIbIlIHHCTBO
ceMeH H3 MaJIeHbKJ.fX .n;epeByweK nepe6paJlHCb B UgHTp nOJleH
H K3HaJIOB, r,n;e CJIOmHJlOCb 60JIbWOe IIOCeJleHHe. STOT noceJlOK
COCTOHT yme He H3 o.n;HHaKOBbIX XHml1H paBHonpaBHbIX 06w;HH-
HHKOB. Ha.n; HHM B03BbIlliaIOTC.R. KpbIlliH ,o;OMOB 3HaMeHI1TblX,
43

25. 3HaTHbIX mo.n;e:i1:. J1x OTU;bI H .n;e.n;bI - BbI60pHbie CTape:i1:IIIHHbI -
H3,lJ;peBJIe pacrrpe,D;eJIHJIH 06lll;HHHbIe 3eMJIH, PYKOBO,D;J1JIH
pblTbeM KaHaJIOB, ,D;eJIaJIH IIO,lJ;apKH rOJIO,ll.aJOlll;HM. Bce l1X 3HaJIH
J1 YBamaJIH. Tenepb HX IIOTOMKM - OC06bIJ1 CAOU o6utecmaa -
3uaTb. B HX ,n;OMax y6MpalOT, rOTOBSlT, KOpMHT CKOT pa6h1. 3To
BOeHHOITJIeHHbIe, a n03,ll.Hee - CBOH me COIIJIeMeHHMKH, KOTopbIe
He CMOfJIH BepHyTb ,D;OJIr H nOTepSlJIH CBo60,lty, CTaJIH co6CTBeH-
HOCTbJO X03HHHa.
B IIot.{THTeJIbHOM OT,ll.aJIeHHH OT 3HaTHbIX ,D;OMOB mHByT
npO~lJ1e 06lll;HHHHKH: 3eMJIe.n;eJIbLJ;bI, KOTopbIe naIIIYT H ceJOT;
peMeCJIeHHHKH, KOTopbIe 06MeHHBaJOT CBOM H3,lJ;eJIHH Ha
npO,ll.YKTbI; BOHHbI-,ll.pymHHHHKH, 'lbH npo<peCntH - 3alll;~aTb
CBoe IIOCeJIeID:Ie H ,n;epmaTb B CTpaxe COce,lJ;en. Or,lJ;eJIbHO CTOHT
,n;OM BOm,lJ;H. llo,ll. ero npe,z:r;Bo,r:r;HTeJIbCTBOM BOHHbI nOKOpHJIH
MHorHe COCe,ll.HHe IIJIeMeHa. J1 Tenepb 3,D;eCb co6HpaeTCSI COBeT
3HaTH Moryqero COJ03a. He,r:r;aBHO, QTo6bI 3alll;HTMTbCR OT Hana-
,lJ;eHHn, BOKpyr nOCeJIeHl1R B03Be,n;eHa BbICOKaH orpa,lJ;a. IIo3To-
[I]
44
ropoA-rOCYAlpcTBO HI! E.cIlPaTe - Ha14ano HI TitICA14eneTHA AO M.:t.
CpaBHIo1 3aHIlITIo11l1 101 ycnoBlo11l1 >KH3HIo1 nepBblx ropO>KaH H nepBo6blTHbiX
3eMneAenb~eB (c. 39) 101 CKOTOBOAOB (c. 41).
•
My TaKHe nOCeJIeHHR - LJ;eHTpbI
BJIaCTH, X03RJ1CTBa H peJIJlIfHH
6JIHmaJ1IIIeti: oKpyrH - Ha3bIBalOT
rOpO,n;aMH.
Ha,lJ; rOpO,lJ;OM K He6y nO,lJ;HHMaJOTCR
CTeHbI XpQ..MOa - ,lJ;OMOB 60rOB-nO-
KpOBI1TeJleii 061Il1Hbl. 311eCb Ha 1IA-
map.R.X (CTOJIaX) nepe,lJ; CTaTYRMM
COJIH~a, llJIO,lJ;OPO,z:r;J1R, BO,lJ;bI JIIO,lJ;H
cmMraJOT 3epHO H mHBOTHbIX. 3TO
mepTBa 60raM, 'lTo6bI MoryqHe CHJIbI
npHpO,lJ;bI nOMOrJIH HM BblpaCTHTb
ypo>Kaii. BclO 061Il1HY nepel1 60raMl1
npe,lJ;CTaBJIRJOT :JfCpeq.bL - HaCJIe.o;Hl1-
KH KOJI,lJ;YHOB, 'lJIeHhl 3HaTHbIX ce-
MeJ1. DHH O,lJ;HH YMeJOT no COJIHU;Y H
3Be3,1J;aM COCTaBHTb KaJIeH,1J;apb H
>KepT8onpHHoweHlo1e B xpaMe.
XYA. M . rOpenHK
npaBHJIbHO BbICqHTaTb BpeMH Ha'laJIa naXOTbI. OHH o.n;HH3HaIOT
Bce ,n;peBHHe MH<pbl 0 TOM, KaK BeJIJ.ofKHe npe,lJ;KJ1-repOH H Mory-
'lHe 60fH no.n;apHJIH JIJO,lJ;HM nepBbIJ1 nJIyr 11 nepBbIH KOJIOCOK.
DH11 O.n;HH YMeJOT paCCqHTaTb, r,n;e npopbITb KaHaJI, KOf.n;a no,lJ;-
HHTb ,lJ;aM6y, CKOJIbKO 3epHa OCTaBHTb npH xpaMe .n;JIR mepTB,
o6MeHa C COCe,lJ;HM11 H npo 3anac Ha rOJIO,lJ;Hbl:i1: ro,lJ;. l.JTo6bI 3a-
nOMHHTb H nepe,lJ;aTb 3TH3HaHHH, qTo6b1 BeCTH yqeT npo.n;YKToB
B XpaHHJIHlll;ax xpaMoB, mpeu;aM yme He,nocTaTOqHO 06bI'tJ:HblX
nepBo6blTHblX PHCYHKOB. Ha HX
OCHOBe mpeU;bl npH.n;yMaJIH COTHH
nOCTOHHHbIX 3HaKOB, KOTOPbIMH
3anHCblBalOT LJ;eJIble CJIOBa J1JIH J1X
OCHOBHble CJIOrH.
K py6e>Ky IV-III TbICWleJleTI1H B
HeKoTopblX 3eMJIe,lJ;eJlb'leCKHX 06-
~eCTBax CJID:)KHJIOCb HepaBeHcTBo
J1 pa3,lJ;eJIeHJ1e Ha 06lll,eCTBeHHbIe
CJIOH, nOSIBJ1JIHCb ropO,lJ;a H III1Cb-
MeHHOCTb.
PHCYH4aToe nlo1CbMO Ha cnoHoaoH
KOCTIo1. KOHeLj IV TbIC. ,.110 H.l.
45

26. 2. UOBaH BJlaCTb.
B rop0.IJ;ax, Bblpocunlx no 6eperaM BeJIV1KHX
peK, 60K a 60K m:HJIJ1 npe,n;cTaBMTeJIJ1 MHorV1X
PO,n;OB. Bce l.!aI.IJ;e BcnbIXV1BaJIH cnopbI a TOM,
r.IJ;e npoxo,n;flT rpaHHIl;bI Mem.IJ;Y nOJIflMl1, KTO
B03bMeT B meHbI nepBYIO KpacaBV1Il;y H npOl.!ee.
PaHee J1X peIIIaJIJ1 po,n;OBbIe cTapei1:IIIHHbI, HO K
KOMY H.IJ;TH, eCJIH cnop BblIIIeJI Mem.IJ;Y JIIO.IJ;bMV1
113 pa3HbIX PO,n;OB? CJIyqaJIOCb, qTO O.IJ;I1H l.!eJIO-
BeK 1136l1BaJI J1JII1 .IJ;ame y611BaJI ,n;pyroro. ITo
.IJ;peBHeMY 06bI't.JalO "P081£O'll .M.ecmu 06J1,n;'t.JJ.1Ky
.IJ;OJImHbI 6hIJII1 OTOMCTJ1Tb Bce pO.IJ;CTBeHHMKH
)t(e3n 101 TonopHK -
CHMBonbl BnaCTI1 nOCTpa.n;aBIIIero. Ho B TeCHOM ropO.IJ;e 3TO Mor-
JIO nepepaCTM BO Bceo6rn;yro BOi1:HY·
JIIO.IJ;J1 Bce 't.JaI.IJ;e 06paI.IJ;aJIHCb 3a peIIIeHJ1eM cnopOB K BOm.IJ;1O
:0I03a nJIeMeH. OH Hero BOHHbI-.IJ;pym:HHHJ.1KH CTaJIH CY,u;HTb
>KHTeJIei1: ropo.n;a, CWIOH 3aCTaBJIflJll1 no.n;tll1HflTbCfI ce6e. ITPH
3TOM JIlO,u;J.1 C't.JJ1TaJIH, QTO BOm:,n;b o6JIa.n;aeT oco6oi1: TaHHoi1: CM-
ITOH CJIOBa. Era npHKa3bl 6ecnpeKOCJIOBHO J1CnOJIHflJIMCb, a
BJIaCTb CTaJIa nepe.IJ;aBaTbCfI no HaCJIe.IJ;CTBY· TaR y ropo.n;a no-
HBHJICfI npaBHTeJIb - 1tap'b. OH Hero COBeTllliKH npJ1.IJ;YMbIBaJIM
HOBbIe npaBJ1JIa .n;JIfi peIIIeHJ1f1 cnopOB, aam;J1I.IJ;afl CBOIO BJIaCTb H
co6CTBeHHOCTb mI1TeJIei1:. 3TH npaBHJIa aanJ1CbIBaJIH; TaR no-
C,yneH" palS"'H_
'1enoae'lec,u
46
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IJ,~
",
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,
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,.
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I
flBJ1JIJ1Cb 3aKOHbI. 3a HX C06JIIO.IJ;eHV1eM CJIe.IJ;HJIH 'ltU1t081tU1CU,
Ha3Ha't.JeHHbIe u;apeM, J1 80UK'bt, CJIym:V1BIIIMe eMY. 'tJT06bI KOp-
MV1Tb HX V1 CJIyr u;apCKoro .IJ;BOpu;a, C m:HTeJIei1: no,n;BJIaCTHbIX 3e-
MeJIb CTam1 C0611paTb yme He CJIyt-IaHHbIe ,n;apbI, a nOCTOfIHHbIe,
TOt:[HO YCTaHOBJIeHHble 1iO.JWZU - np0.IJ;YKTaMH, BeW;aMl1, .n;eHbra-
MH. TaK CJImKJ1JIMCb nepBhle I'OCYAapCTBa.
Ha py6eM<e IV-III TbICR~eneTHN AO HOBON 'pb' 3eMneAenb"b'
AonHH lenHKHX peK COlAlnH ropOAa, nHCbMeHHOCTb, rOCYAap-
CTBa - nOAHRnHCb co cTyneHH nep.06bITHOrO 06111eCTBa Ha CTy-
neHb 4HBHnH3a4HH.
[TI 1. Ha T80H 83rnRA. nepeMeHbl. npoH30weAWIo1e B X03f1HCT8e. o6w,ecT-
BeHHOM AeneHl111 101 KynbType OKono 5 TbIC. neT Ha3aA. nplo1HeCnl1 ntO-
ASIM Ao6po Io1nlo1 3no? •
2. n onpo6YH onlo1caTb cnop Me>KAY npaBIo1TeneM Op,Horo 1013 nepBblX ro-
CYAapCTB 101 BO>KAeM nneMeHI1 CBo60p,HbIX OXOTHIo1KOB 0 TOM. "Ibe
ynpaBneHHe ny'"lwe.
3. B cBoei1 TeTpaAlo1 3anonHH Ta6nHLI,y no cpaBHeHl110 AByX cTyneHeH
pa3BHTHSI "IenOBe'"leCTBa. n ocne ~tToro onpeAenlo1. "IepTbl KaKoro o6w,e-
CTBa 60nee CBOHCTBeHHbl COBpeMeHHOMY '"IenOBe"leCTBY·
nepBo6blTHoe
l..lIo1BHIlI13aLl,I1S1
o6w,ecTBo
KaKHMH 6blIllo1 noceneHIo1R, X03Ri1CTBO?
Ha KaKHe rpynnbl pa3AeneHbi >t<HTenH?
KTO ynpaBJ1S1eT 06w.ecTBoM?
KaK nepeAalOTCSI Ba>t<Hei1wHe 3HaHHSI?
- H y BOT, AHTOllIKa. - CKaaaJI lI1CTO'<iHt1KOBe~. - Mbl H ,no GpaJIl1Cb C TO-
GOM ,Il;O OROH'<iaHI1H anoXl1 IIepao6blTHoro Ml1pa H Ha'-laJIa 3nOXH .upeSHe-
ro Ml1pa.
- 3~OpoBO! - BOCRJU1KHyJI AHTOlIIKB. - PaCCKamHTe MHe, KaK JIIO)lJ.1
TOr.n;a OTMe'-la.rrn 3TO c06blTl1e. HaaepHoe, TOpateCTseHHee H aeceJIee, qeM
MbI - HOShlM rOA!
- 'tfTO Tbl! HHKTo B Te speMeHa 11 He nO,ll;oapesaJI, '-ITO mJ.1BeT Ha py6e-
ate AByX I1CTOpH":IeCKJ.1X aTIOx!
• CpaBHIo1 BbICKa3bIBaHIo1S1 AHTOWKIo1 11 iIICTO"lHIo1KoBeAa. B '"IeM npOTHBope-
"Ilo1e. KaKo~ B03HIotKaeT Bonpoc?
m nO'"leMY Mbl C"IIo1TaeM. '"ITO 5 TbIC. neT Ha3aA 3aKOH"IHnaCb 3noxa nepBO-
III 6blTHoro MHpa?

27. 06~Hii B3rmlA
Ha nepBo6blTHYlO HCTOPHIO
(MaTepHan Ami YPoKa-06o6UJ,eHIo1A)
no Ta6nlo1L1,e Ha c . 16 npoBepb, nOMHI1UJb mot lbl 06S13aTenbHble q:,aKTbl lot
nOHATHH, rOTOB 11101 np"'MeHRTb 3TH 3HaHHA B npOBepO'"lHOii pa60Te .
!J
!
MHIlI1110Hbl neT Ha3aA
TbICA"I'" neT Ha3ap,
600 500 400
TbICS'!....." neT Ha3a,D,
•
30 20
Q!JOtXV~~t:~
k~ ~~:;wTbleR..'" neT Ha3aA
11 10 9 I 8 ., I 7 ,. r-6
5
1. Ecm' ycnoBHo npHHRTb, "'ITO OAHO nOKOneHHe CMeHReTCA 3a 15 neTI
nOAC'"IHTai:i, CKOllbKO neT 101 CMeH nOKoneHHi1 nOTpe6osanOCb:
- npHpoAe, ..no6bl 06e3bAHonOAo6Hbie >KHSOTHble pa3SI1I1101Cb S «14eno-
seKa pa3YMHorolfl (Heo6XO,AHM..I14 ypo_eM.. - Xopowo)
- «14enoseKy pa3YMHOMY», 14T06bl OT nplo1csaHsaHHA AClpoa npHpOAbI ne-
peihH K npol13soACTSY npoAYKToal (IlporpaMMHbI14 ypoBeH.. - OTJlH'IHO)
- nepBblM 3eMne,[l,enbLl,aM, 14To6bl nocenKH POAOBblX 06W,HH npeo6pa.
30BaTb S ropOAa-rOCYAapCTsa? (He06XOAHMbIH ypoaeH.. - xopowo)
2. CAellai1 SbIBOA: 3aMeTeH 11101 "porpecc (pa3BHTl1e OT "pOCTOro K
Cll0>t<HOMY) S HCTOPHH ...enose...ecna? Caoe MHeHlo1e nOATaepAH cpaKTa-
MH 11 nOHSlTHflMI1, H3Y14eHHbIMI1 s Knacce (npqrpaMMMblH ypoaeH.. -
oTn~) 10111101 (H) He 113Y14aSWHMHCfI 8 Knacce (M8ICCHMa.....Di ypotseMo -
caepXOTJlH'IHO).
,
PA3AEn II.
Ll,HBHnH3ALI,HH APEBHEro BOCTOKA
(rJIaBbI 2-3)
rJlaOHoe, '1clny IIco6xoJl1l1o Y'fIlTbCJI,
CTO'IKH apeHl1R aBTopos:
- pa3JIl1t.taTh 11 nOHUMaTh KyJlbTYPhJ pa3HbIx cTpaH " HapO,!l;OB, nyn'! J1X
pa3BHnl.R;
- onpe.n;eJI.RTb BKJIaA pa3Hblx cTpaH " HapO,ll;OB B o6w;eQeJlOBe9:eCK)'lO
KyJlbTYPY·
fiPOBCPb, roT08 Jill TbI OBJlBACa3Tb YMCHltHlmf aToro pa3,ll;CJla
Onpe,ll;eJlH nOCJIe.llCTBUR nepexo.ll.a mo,neH OT nepB06b1THoro 06~ecTBa K
QHBl1JlJf3aQIUf,
KaK ynY..WHIlaCb >K113Hb "iTo xopOLUero nOTepMIo1
I1IOAeH? "lOA"'?
!!! Bml Mamle. IIpe)f{,Ae qeM BbITIOJIHRTb 3a):laHJ1e, 03HaKOMbCR C yCJlOBl1-
HMH ero BbInOJIHeHHR Ha pa3HbIX ypOBHRX ycneIllHOCTl1. Bbl6epJ1 ypoBeHb.
I1pU31taKU ycne1.U1i.OZO 6bLnOJl.'Ue1iUJt 3aOa'HUJl.
"H.ll pa31i.bIX yp06'HJlX
Heo6xoAlfMblH ypoBem. (xopowo): 3anOJIHeHO He MeHee Tpex CTPOK
JIeBofi. KOJIOHRl1 (EaK YJlY"lllll1JlaCb »I:I13Hb JllO):leH?).
nporpaMMHhrii ypOBeHb (OTJlHqHO): 3anOJIHeHO He MeHee Tpex CTpOK
JIeBof,[ KOJlOHKH 11 He MeHee ,llByx CTpOK npaBOH KOJlOHKH (tho xopowero
nOTepRJIH JIIO):ll1?).
MaKCIfMaJlbHblH ypoBeHb (cBepXOTJIJ1qHO): 3ap;aHJ1e SbtnOJIHeHO Ha
nporpaMMHoM yposHe, HO npH 3TOM J1CnOJIb30SaHbI TaK:me npJ13HaKJ1 I.J;H-
8J1JIH3aU;HH HJIH ¢aKTbI, KOTopble He H3Y"1aJ1Y1Cb Ha ypOKax.
IIpoBepb ce6.a no CJI08apIO, Y"Ie6Hl1KY J1JlJ1 C nOMOI..I.J;blO yqHTeJl.a. ECJIJ1
B03HJ1KaIOT 3aTpY):lHeHJ1,R, TO BMeCTO OTBeTa HanHlIIH, KaKHx YMeHJ1H H
3HaHJ1fi. Te6e He XBaTaeT.
KaJ U3Y"1aTb :}TOT pa3Acn
TIo OrJlaBJIeHI1IO Ha c. 3-4 onpe):leJIH, KaKOe co,a:epmaHJ1e Te6e Heo6xo,IVi-
MO OC80HTb. lil3Y"1a:ti naparpa¢ 3a naparpaq,oM, onpe):leJI.aR OCHOBHOH
Bonpoc (np06JleMY) TeMbl, nO,ll;fiHpa.a ,Il;JI,R peweHHR 3TOro Bonpoca Y>Ke
J13BeCTHble 3HaHIDi (noH.aTJ1R, 3aKoHoMepHocTH) H OTKpblBaR HOBbie, KaK
06 3TOM nO):lp06Hee CKa3aHO Ha c. 6-7.
49

28. B"lAeneHH..le cpaKT..1H noHATM. He06XOAHMO noMHMT.. H '(MeT" HCnon..30aaT...
KOH. IV TbIC. AO H.3. - 06paloaaHHe nepablXropoAoe-rOCYABPCTB a .Q,pestteM
ErHnTe H~.HeM MeHCAype'IIt8, nOA8neHHe Heparn.l.
3000 r . AO H.~. - C03AaHHe o6-beAHHeHHoro erHneTCKoro u-apCTSa
(ApeaHeHweH AecnoTHH) H CHCTeMbl 0powleMoro 3eMne"en.." .
OK. 2600 r . AO H.3. - nocTpoHKa nHpIM"'" Xeonel a ErHnTe.
XXIII-XVIII 88. AO H.3. - APeaHeHWaA L,VtaHnH31L1"" BAPeIHeM HHAHN.
K 2000 r. AO H.3. - nepecen,H8WHeCA 8 MeH<Aype'4be ceMHTCKHe HapOAbI,
nepeHAa KynbTYpy WYMepOII. BbiTecH"tOT HX UblK caOHM.
1792-1750 rr. AO H.3. - npaaneHHe H3aKOHbi aaaHnOHCKoro u-ap" XaMMypanH,
3aLU,Hw,atOLU,He Cll060AHblX rplMCAlH (3eMneAenbu-ea-06LU,HHHHKOa H
peMecneHHHKoB) OT npeapaw,eHH. a Aonr08blX pa6oa.
OK. XVIII a. AO H.3. - o6pa30aaHHe nepaoro ,",apCTaa II APeIHeM KNTle.
K 1500 r. AO H.3. - H306pereHHe aOAAHblX H COnHe'"lHblX '"Iacoa.
1490-1436 rr. AO H.3. - npaaneH",e H 3aaoellaHHA "PIIOtt. TYTMoca Ill.
OK. 1300 r. AO H.3. - nepeceneHHe HHAOeaponeHcKoro H_POAI apHea II
/.1HAHIO, C03AaH....e «BeA».
1100 r. AO H.3. - C03,lJ,aHHe CPHHHK.4HLCIMH nepllofo ancpasHTa.
... X I . AO H.'. - pacnpOCTpaHeHHe >KenelHblX 0PYAHH II lanBNtOH A:JH...
: . 06pa30aa!'1He u,apCTaa APe.~x eapeel,- /.13paHllA, npaalleHHe ,Qa8HAa
H ConOMOHa, CTpOHTenbCTBO l-1epycanHMcKOfO xpaMa.
745-727 rr. AO H.3. - Ha...ano accHpHHCKHX 3aaoeBaHHH THfparnanacapa Ill.
669-627 ff. AO H.3. - COCTaaneHHe 6H6nHoreKH Awwyp6aHanana, KYAa aownH
KIlHHonHCHble TeKcr..1no pellHfHH, HlyKe HnHTeparype.
622 r. AO H.l. - COCTaanet1He npH HYAeHcKoM u,ape HOCHH CBOAi' KHHf 6H6nHH-
OCHoabl penHrHH eAHHo60>KHA.
612 r . AO H.3. - pa3pyweHHe CTOnHL4.bIACCHPHH - HHHeaHH.
VII-VI BB. AO H.l . - pacnpocTpaHeHHe )Kene3a a HHAHH, 06pa30BaHHe
fOCYAapcTS.
S05-562 rr. AO H.3. - pacu-aer apxHTeKTypHoro NCKYCCT•• Baalo11l0Ha npH
HaayxoAOHOcOpe II (BaaW1OHCKaSl6awHSI, «Blo1CSI'4He C<lAbI» CeMHpaM~I).
OK. 500 r . AO H.3. - nponoaeAb 6yAAltI a I-1HAHH.
- pacnpoc1'paHeHHe )Kene3a II KI1Tae Ha03HHKHoaeHHe y...eHIo1S1 AaOCH3Ma.
)58-530 r. AO H.3. - o6pa30aaHHe KHPOM II OePCHACKOM AepHe....' .
i25 r. AO H.3. - laxaaT nepcaMH ErHnTa.
;22-486 rr. AO H.3. - AapHH I opraHH3yeT ynpaaneHIo1e nepCl1AeKOH Aep)KaaoH.
09 r . AO H.l . - cMepTb KOH4JyL,Vt1 - OCHoaaTenSl KOHcpYL4l'1aHCKOfo Y'4eHHSI.
l64-231 rr. AO H.3. - Aep)Kaaa AWOKH a HHAHH, paenpoeTpaHeHHe 6yAAH3M• •
!21 r . AO H.l. - 06'beAHHeHHe KHTaHCKHX u,apeTa a HMnepHIO UHHb, Ha'4anO
erpoHrenbcTaa 8enHKoH KHT.HCKOH CTeHIl'.
W6 f. AO H.3 . - Ha"lanO HMnepHH XaHb a KHTae - paenpocTpaHeHHe KOM4Jy-
LPt8HCTaa, H306peTeHHe 6YMarH, KOMnaea.
so
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(11-1 TbICfl'lCJlCTl1fl )1,0 n.3.)
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29. f § 7. Ll,apcTBo ApeBHero ErHnTa
- 06'bflCHH 3Ha"leHHe enoa: 4HBHJ1H3a~A, rOCYAapCT8O. (Cnoaapb)
- BcnOMHH, KaK MeHReT"! YCTPOHCTBO o6w,eCT8a npH nepeXOAe OT
nepao6blTHOCTH K 4HBHnH3a4HH.1-13-3a "Iero Ha"lanHCb BOHHbll (§ 5-6)
BcnoMHH, '"ITO TaKoe opowaeMoe 3eMneAenl1e lot KaK OHO H3MeHHno
)KH3Hb nlOAeH. (§ 6)
1. CTpaHa «'lJepHOH aeMJIH».
PeKa H"JI HeceT CBO" MytHbIe BOlbI C rop UeHTpaJlbHOli A<I>-
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noporH. 3a HHMH HH.n no Y3KOH ,D;OJIHHe npopeaaeT nYCTbIHIO H
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