The document discusses the responsibility of psychiatry in reestablishing peacetime society after World War 2. It notes that wars have persisted throughout human history and the most recent war has made every nation interdependent, yet humanity continues engaging in warfare. It outlines 3 possible courses: 1) return to pre-war society and risk future enslavement, 2) prepare constantly for the next war, or 3) take steps to prevent future wars. While preventing war has never succeeded, its exploration is preferable to the first two fatalistic options. Considering war's toll and humanity's new capabilities for mass destruction, continuing warfare cannot be justified and alternative means must be found to reduce global tensions and population pressures.

1. ti The William Alanson White Memorial Lectures
Second Series
Major-General G . B . Chisholm, C.B.E., .M.D.
1JEPUTY MINISTER OF HEALTH
DEPARTMENT OF NATIONAL HEALTH AND WELFARE, CANADA
AN APPRECIATION
ABE FORTASO-
THE REESTABLISHMENT OF PEACETIME SOCIETY
RESPONSIBILITY OF PSYCHIATRY
RESPONSIBILITY OF PSYCHIATRISTS
,G. B. CHISHOLM
PANEL DISCUSSION OF THE FIRST LECTURE
HENRY A. WALLACE 4
WATSON B. MILLER
ANTHONY HYDE
DANIEL BLAIN
G. . B. CHISHOLM
ROSS McC . CHAPMAN
AN APPRECIATION AND CRITIQUE
SAMUEL W. HAMILTON
THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION TO END WAR
HARRY STACK SULLIVAN
3D Research Co.
519 River Road
Dresden, ME 04342
OFFPRINTED FOR DISTRIBUTION IN THE PUBLIC INTEREST FROM
PSYCHIATRY
JOURNAL OF THE BIOLOGY AND THE PATHO
INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS
VOLUME NINE
FEBRUAR
NUMBER ONE
Published Quarter~y by The William Alanson White Psy Foundation, Inc. Entered as second class
matter, April 28 1938 at the Post OPflce at Baltimore, Marylait' under the Act o4 March 3, 1879. Oboe
04 Publication, X600 Gtreenmount Ave., Baltimore 2,M d. Adss all editorial communications to The
Editor
of
Psychiatry, 1711. Rhode Island Ave ., N.W., Washingto, D. C.
Copyright, 1947, by The- William Alanson White Psychiatric Foundation, Inc.

2. An Appreciation
Honorable Abe Fortas
The Under Secretary of _the Interior
GENERAL CHISHOLM'S REMARKABLE LECTURES on The Reestablishment
of Peacetime Society will undoubtedly startle many people . This is not the first
time that wisdom has mercilessly illuminated the nature and consequences of the
fantastic fabric of man's training and behavior . But I dare say that it is one of the
few occasions in which pitiless disclosure has been accompanied by the drawing of
a clear, cleanly-defined alternative which may inspire our efforts . General Chisholm
is paradoxical. He not only pleads for mature men and women, but the nature of
his plea discloses that he himself is that extraordinary creature : a.man of maturity.
Dr. Sullivan says that "the mental disorder of modern man" is the attempt "to
protect a peace of mind that at best is the peace and quiet of fresh thistledown
on a windy day." But the prescription of General Chisholm for this disorder is not
the patent formula in the medicine book . He does not suggest a renewed effort to `
anchor the mind and personality . He does not even propose that the trouble be
solved by anchorage to different and better foundations. He says that the difficulty
is with the very idea of anchoring at all .
Man has sought through the ages to define and classify behavior : this is good,
that is evil ; this is religion, that is taboo . It matters not that different groups of
men at different times and in different places have arrived at conflicting results .
The results have always been as unimpeachable as a decision of the Supreme Court
of the United States.JThe inducements to the results, although more complex, have
been similarly basically intelligible : to define a code, to compel a course of conduct
which would apparently permit man to live with man in the given society, and,
as a presumably necessary part of this, to bind each new individual to his elders,
his rulers, and their past.
But the human past is no lour suitable to the material Rres~ent_ It hasn't
been for some time, u we have now reached the point where drastic readjust-
ment of human personality and conduct appears necessary for survival . u.>{,-i
As General Chisholm points,out, the problem of society in a world trembling
with the power of self-destruction is essentially the problem of society's individuals .
Unless we can remake ourselves-unless in every country there are "large numbers
of mature, reasonable people, free of guilts and inferiorities," there may soon be
"none of us left, not even to bury the dead ."
So it is that General Chisholm proposes that we put aside the "mistaken old
ways of our elders," and that we take charge of our own destiny. On his agenda,
no one is without a part to play in this challenging undertaking; the church, the
home, schools, and government should set themselves to the task of examining and f
understanding and treating the ills that beset society-and the individual . And the
role of the psychiatrist in this venture is not merely that of a healer ; it is the greater
task of him who seeks the causes of fear, anxiety, prejudice, and vicious passion, and
works to er icate those causes .

3. ENDURING PEACE AND SOCIAL PROGRESS
We must make it possible, General Chisholm advocates, for human beings to
think, and thereby to act rationally. If we are to do this, we must first free them of
the terrible burden of blind authoritarianism, of the slavish acceptance of the
doctrines which each generation is supposed to accept from its predecessors like
a burial urn, and to pass on untouched and une~carDined_,to its successors .
There are some, no doubt, who will take alarm at this precept . But the rejec-
tion of authoritarianism which it implies is neither an adjuration to repudiate
-authority nor a mandate to cast aside reasonable standards of behavior. It is merely
an invitation to seek fact and reason, which cannot be found in the blocked tunnel of
prescribed formula.
Indeed, most of the essential principles which we teach as religious or moral
imperatives are solidly founded in sensible social necessity . "Thou shalt not kill"
is a reasonable multilateral arrangement among the members of society. But "Thou
shaft not kill," advanced merely as the ipse dixit of a thunderous War-God, is a
bewildering contradiction which spawns with equal facility avengers, aggressors,
Quakers, and Jehovah's Witnesses ; the GI's of Bill Mauldin's cartoons and the GI's
of the neuropsychiatric wards.
General Chisholm's proposal is practical pedagogy. We are interested, after all,
not in the mere learning of good and evil, but in the practice of reasonably mature
individual and community living . This comes about not through the acr •iisition of
doctrinal information, but through the application of reason and humanity, maturely,
to the complex facts of life. "Thou shalt not kill" has not yet stopped a war . "Thou
shall not commit adultery" has not yet solved all of the emotional and social problems
of fancy which has gone astray. But careful analysis of the problems of human life,
killing, love, sex, and family, might give us a start towards reasonable attitudes, and
an approach to workable solutions . At any rate, from it will not result the frustrations
and agonies of undebatable principle in sharp conflict with undeniable fact .
Teaching should not be a substitute provided for thinking-and it too often is,
from nursery through Ph .D. and beyond. Instead of precepts, it should offer for
discussion and analysis the relationships of people and events, factors and things.
General Chisholm says, "Freedom from moralities means freedom to think and behave
sensibly." Freedom from authoritarian imperatives, divorced from reason and life,
means freedom ' to acquire, in useable form, understanding and comprehension of
behavior and relationships, which may equip us to deal with the urgent problems
of a desperate time. We have smashed the atom and unleashed the terrible power of
nature. We must smash the housing of preconception and prejudice which encases
the mind and spirit of man, and set them free to cope with the forces of dissolution
and disintegration which are loose in the world .

4. The Reestablishment of Peacetime Society t
C3
~
G. B. Chisholm*
The Responsibility of Psychiatry
WILLIAM ALANSON WHITE'S teachings and writings from his Outlines in
1907 to the last days of his life provided much of the impetus in the develop-_
ment of psychiatry which occurred during those years . His vision and humanity,
honest thinking and devotion would have been of great value to the world in the
troublous times ahead of us now. It would not however be a fitting memorial to
William Alanson White to spend our time on this occasion looking backward at his
work and bemoaning his absence and the loss to psychiatry. He would not have us
at any memorial of his, talk about William Alanson White . The most sincere way we
can honor him is to try to look forward, in the spirit of honesty, devotion and ser-
vice which characterized his whole life, to face and deal with the vast problems
which lie ahead.
He would recognize that there is much for psychiatry to do and we should
be getting on with the job as he would be doing if he were here. He would recog-
nize, as we must, that this is a sick world, with an old chronic but ever more ex-
tensive and serious sickness. Its sickness has recently become acutely dangerous and
the future is uncertain indeed .
i
Man, again, and on a wider and more
highly organized scale than ever before,
has been indulging in one of his most con-
sistent behavior patterns, war. Though
it seems that, among the people of the
world, relatively few want or enjoy wars,
and very many suffer in many ways dur-
ing wars, man persists in this senseless
behavior century after century . Until
recent years wars could. take place locally
without necessarily affecting or causing
concern on the part of peoples in other
parts of the world, but that time is past.
Every war is now a threat to all the
people in the world, either directly or
through deprivation of materials or loss l`
of trade.
This situation is widely recognized and
no nation will ever again be able to formu-
late its policies on the basis of isolation-
ism. The interdependence of all the
people in this shrunken world is obvious.
Fast air transport and the atomic bomb
are only the latest steps in that process,
which has been going on for a long time,
of breaking down the geographical bar-
riers between groups of peoples. We are
all now~,perforce,, citizens of the world,
whether we are sufficiently mature ade-
quately to carry that responsibility or„not.
• M.D. University of Toronto 24; post-graduate work Middlesex and All Saints' Hospitals London
England 24-25; general practice Oakville Ontario 25-31 ; lecturer psychiatry Yale Med . School 31-33;
National Hospital Queens Square and Maudsley Hospital London England 33-34 ;' pract3ce`psychological
Medicine Toronto 35-40. Canadian Army infantry for 4j years through ranks to Captain in first World
War; Battalion and Brigade Commander in the Militia ; in present World War served as Commandant
Northern Area M .D. 2, was chairman Canadian Medical Procurement and Assignment Board, Deputy
Adjutant-General and Director Personnel Selection 41-42, Director General Medical Services 42-44, Deputy
Minister of National Health Dept . National Health and Welfare November 44- . Chairman Dominion Council
of Health; President National Comm. Mental Hygiene Canada; Chairman Health Comm. Canadian Youth
Commission .
t This is the second series of William Alanson White Memorial Lectures . The first of these two
lectures was given in Washington, D . C., at the Auditorium of the New Interior Department Building,
23 October. The Honorables, the Secretary of Commerce, the Federal Security Administrator, and the
Deputy Director of War Mobilization and Reconversion, participated in panel discussion with Drs . Chisholm,
Ross McClure Chapman, Samuel W . Hamilton, and Daniel Blain, at the same place the succeeding eve-
ning. The second lecture was given in New York City at the Academy of Medicine, 29 October 1945 .
Honorable Jerome N . Franc, U. S.. Circuit Court of Appeals Judge, spoke in discussion.

5. "In the face of this new status as world
:citizens we must accept the uncomfort-
able fact that we are the kind of people
who fight wars every fifteen or twenty
years. We always have, for as far back
as we know anything of the race, and
if we go on being the same kinds of
people it is to be supposed that we will
continue to fight each other .
Now that' the latest war has just
finished we must take one of several pos-
sible courses. First we can return to the
kind of life and society we had before
the war, go back to our peaceful pursuit
of a living, or local social betterment, or
political importance, or psychotherapy as
the case maybe. We could probably count
with luck on fifteen years, or even twenty,
of peace if we do that, but those occupa-
tions would be completely futile as we
would be taken over and enslaved, liter-
ally, and our comfortable social develop-
ments thrown into the discard by a "Mas-
ter Race" to whom we would appear weak
and unrealistic and not fit to run our own
lives. Every present indication is that the
next time any self-styled master race is
allowed to prepare and make such an
attempt it will succeed . If our future
concern is just the reestablishment of
the pre-war society, slavery is absolutely
inevitable. We were before the war . the
kind of people who allowed the Germans,
Italians and Japanese to prepare openly
for war for years and to pick their own
time and place to attack us . If we go on
being that same kind of people we are
indeed not fit to survive. We will have
proven clearly our lack of ability to learn
from even the most painful experience-
a biologically intolerable condition .
The second possible course is to pre-
pare earnestly for the next war, recogniz-
ing its inevitability, training our children
from infancy to live dangerously, to be
able to fight effectively with ever more
efficient, ruthless and terrible weapons.
They must be trained to strike first be-
cause there may be no second blow in the
wars of the future . Constant alertness and
ruthless killing of all potential enemies
will be the price of . survival if we go on
ENDURING PEACE AND SOCIAL PROGRESS
The third possible course is to find and
take sure steps to prevent wars in the
future. While this possibility seems ob-
viously preferable it is something that
has never yet been undertaken success-
fully. Perhaps it can be said that such
a course has never been undertaken at
all. Perhaps there is no way of prevent-
ing wars; if so we must decide whether
to be slaves or ruthless killers, but be-
fore accepting either of those uncomfort-
able alternatives let us at least explore
possible ways of preventing war.
Before exploring such possibilities how-
ever, we should first. consider war in
relation to the human race so that we
may be assured that it would indeed be
good for the race to prevent future wars.
It would seem to be true that, whatever
the destiny of the race, the killing off of
large' numbers of its physically fit, in-
telligent and socially minded y .unger
men can hardly be advantageou A case
might be made for wars if th could
be fought by the old men and the mental
defectives but that does not seem' to be
+r
even a remote possibility as wars become
ever more technical and demanding of
all the fittest men . While the atomic bomb
.has been a dramatic weapon in the clos-
ing phases of the recent war, other pos-
sible weapons may be still more terrible.
Whit of the introduction into major water
su lies of a chemical
t
pregnancy in females? What of the
i finite` ca`aci y for killing in the haplds
of bi
s;
s and chemistsallover the
wow rld, Any country could be paralyzed,
anal destroyedvt„leisure-bv a ,well organ-
ized attack of anv' on . of various new
tvvpes-and without any.:development of^
heav industries n fact then the ten-
dency i volve not only fit young
men, but every sign points to the killing
in any future wars,of large numbers of
unselected whole populations, including
women' and children. This can hardly
possibly be a useful procedure from a
racial point of view unless conceivably
it could serve to reduce population pres-
sures in some parts' of the world. This
end could surely be attained, however, in
I ;t
P,

6. ALLEGED REMEDIES FOR WAR
tion, if such reduction of population
should become necessary to the human
race.
eme aspects of war are undoubtedly
attractive to many people, but these ad-
vantages are clearly so far outweighed by
the sufferings of others that no case can
be made for continuing to wage wars on
that score. Wars affect the economic
status of millions of people, many of them
for the better. Business booms, money
flows freely, prosperity is widespread, but
only where the war is not actually being
fought. In the future, war may well be
fought everywhere throughout the world
without immediately compensating pros-
perity for anybody. Furthermore it ought
to be possible for us to produce the same
prosperity without killing, starving or en-
slaving millions of people .
Look as we may we cannot find a sen-
sible reason, from the point of view of
the welfare of the human race, for con-
tinuing to fight wars or for not prevent-
ing them. Then why do we go on doing
it? Let me repeat-we are the kind of
people who fight wars every fifteen or
twenty years. Why? Shall we only throw
up our hands in resignation and reply
"human nature"? Surely other expres-
sions of human nature are subject to
extensive changes . Why not this one?
We may not change nature but surely
its expression in behavior patterns can be
modified very extensively.
The responsibility for charting the
~J necessary changes in human, behavior
rests clearly on the sciences working in
that field. (Psychologists, psychiatrist,
sociologists, econtt and politiciansns
must face this responsibilit) It cannot
be avoided. Even a decision not to inter-
fere is still a decision and carries no less
responsibilit
y)
We must earnestly con-
sider what can be dyne to save the race
from itself, from its insatiable desire for
its own blood. ! Can this old habitual pat-
tern of the race be eradicated by strong
combinations of powerful nations, or by
legislation, or by pretending that now
everyone will love everyone else and there
will be no more wars, or by prayer and
factino nr by rnntrnl of anemv inriiiatriaa'
These have all been tried repeatedly,
and uniformly unsuccessfully . There is"
nothing to suggest that any of them
can be successful though they are all
seriously being recommended again by
many interested people. We are even
being told we can prevent wars by con-
trolling our potential enemies' heavy
industries. I am reminded that when
the Romans were concerned to keep the
Britons from fighting them they cut down
all the yew trees in England so the
Britons could not make long bows . The
Britons . took to cross bows instead, which
were much better weapons. Surely we
have learned something in 2000 years!
Or have we? We might as well forbid
the Germans to make spears or breed
horses for cavalry as control their heavy
industries. Every lesson of history and
of common sense would suggest the fu-
tility of these methods. It is clear that
so ething new is needed-but what?
Can we identify the reasons why we
fight wars or even enough of them to
perceive a pattern? Many of them are
easy to list-prejudice, isolationism, the
ability emotionally and uncritically to be-
lieve unreasbnab'le things excessive desire
for material or power, excessiv ear of
others,_ belief in a destiny to con-root ers,
vengeance, ability to avoid seeing and
facing unpleasant facts and taking appro-
priate action. These are probably the
main reasons we find ourselves involved
in wars., They are all well known and
recognized neurotic symptoms. The only
normal motive is self defence, to protect
ourselves from aggression, but surely we
should be able to see the aggression com-
ing long before it breaks out in warfare
and take appropriate action to satisfy or
suppress it4Ei p self defence may in-"
volvg a neurotic re ionwhen it means
deferldin 4ox win excessive material
w al from others who are in great need.
This type of defense is short sighte
ineffective and inevitably leads to more
wars.
When we see neurotic patients show-
ing these same reactions in their private
affairs we may also throw up our hands
anti cav "human natiiro" nr'~nconhnn~*i, ;n

7. personality of this or that type" or we
may go to work to try to help the person
in trouble to grow up over again more
successfully than his parents were able
to o. This can be c onefrequently but
it would have been still better if his
parents had been able to help him to
grow up successfully in the first place .
It would appear that at least three
requirements are basic to, any hope of
permanent world peace.
First ecuri~, elimination of the oc-
casion forvalid fear` of aggression =l
is attainable, at least temporarily and as
as'p `a "until something better can be
arran • ed b le islation backed by im-
mediately avai a . e ombined orce .re-
I
ared to sue .ress J an as_ seal
to force by any peop es in e world. The
administration an command of such a
force is a delicate problem but can be
devisedif and when the great powrs
really want it. A less effective substitute
for this method but one which may work
well enough for long enough is for the
great powers to assume this function
themselves. To work even well enough
it will be necessary that all disputes be-
tween nations be submitted to arbitration
by a court of the highest integrity.
_pportunity to live reasonably
comfortably for all the people in the world
on economic levels which do not vary too
widely either geographically or by groups
within a population . This is a simple
matter of redistribution ofmeal,of
which there is-~p enty in the worldfj
everybody, or of which plenty can easily
be made. This can easily be attained
whenever enough people see its necessity
for their own and their children's safety
if for no more mature reason.
It is probable that these first two re-
quirements would make wars unneces-
sary for mature normal people without
neurotic necessities, but their attainment
depends on the ability of enough people
in the right places to want to implement
them, and(fa people are mature and
without neurotic necessities So far in
thy ee history of the world there have never
been enough mature people . in the right
anywhere who have been able to see and
accept these facts and who are sufficiently
well developed and responsible to tackle
these problems .
It follows inevitably then that th thirds
requirement, on which the attainment
and the effectiveness of the others de-
pend, is that there should be enough
eo .le in the world, in all countries, who
are = as we are and alwa s have seen,
and will not show the neurotic necessities
which we and every generation of our
ancestors have shown.
g have never
had enough people anywhere who are
sufficiently free of these neurotic symp-
toms which make wars inevitable.
All psychiatrists know where these
symptoms come from. The burden of
inferiority, guilt, and _we have all
carried lies at the root of this failure to
mature successfully. Psychotherapy is pre-
dominantly, by any of a . variety of meth-
ods, the reduction of the weight of this
load. Therefore the question we must
ask ourselves is why the human race is
so loaded down with these incubi and
what can be done about it.
Strecker and Appel have recently de-
fined maturity in terms of abilities which,
if attained by enough people, could ensure
the continuity and continued development
of the race along the lines of its inherent
destiny without wars. To quote, "Maturity
is a quality of personality that is made
up of a number of elements . It is stick-
to-it-iveness, the ability to stick to a job,
to work on it, and to struggle through
until it is finished, or until one has given
all one has in the endeavor . It is the
quality or capacity of giving more than
is asked or required in a given situation.
It is this characteristic that enables others
to count on one ; thus it is reliability. Per-
sistence is an aspect of maturity : persis-
tence to carry out a goal in the face of
difficulties. Endurance of difficulties, un-
pleasantness, discomfort, frustration, hard-
ship. The ability to size things up, make
one's own decision, is a characteristic of
maturity. This implies a considerable
amount of independence. A mature per-
son is not dependent unless ill . Maturity
I
1
ENDURING PEACE AND SOCIAL PROGRESS

8. WHENCE PERSONAL IMMATURITY?
and succeed, a will to life. Of course,
maturity represents the capacity to co-
operate: to work with others, to work
in an organization and under authority.
The mature person is flexible, can defer
to time, persons, circumstances. He can
show tolerance, he can be patient, and
above all he has the qualities of adapta-
bility and compromise . Basically, maturity
represents a wholesome amalgamation of
two things : 1-dissatisfaction with the
status quo, which calls forth aggressive,
constructive effort, and 2-social con-
cern and devotion. It is morale in the
individual."
Let me repeat parts of this "The ability
to size things up, make one's own deci-
sions, is a characteristic of maturity," "A
mature person . . . above all he has the
qualities of adaptability and compromise ."
Can anyone doubt that enough people
reaching maturity in these terms would
not want to start wars themselves and
would prevent other people starting them .
It would appear that this quality of ma-
turity, this growing up successfully, is
what is lacking in the human race gen-
erally, in ourselves and in our legislators
and governments, which can only repre-
sent the people.
This fact puts the problem squarely up
to psychiatry. The necessity to fight wars,
hether as aggressor or as a defender sary
who could have, but has not, taken steps guilt
to prevent war occurring, is as much a
pathological psychiatric symptom as is
a phobia or the antisocial behavior of a
criminal who has been dominatednated by
a stern and unreasonable father. They
are ake irrational -e aviorpatterns
resulting from unsuccessful development
and failure to reach emotional maturity. by our Barents, our»flow and day school
It is evident that this failure is usual in to her our oliticians o Tests our
the whole human race and has been so newspapers and otherswithavested in-
throughout historical time . tgrest in controllin us. "Thou shalt be-
For a cause we must seek some, con- come as gods, knowing good and evil,"
sistent thread running through the weave ood and e it with which to keep children
In the old Hebrew story God warns
the first man and woman to have nothing
to do with good x~ evil . It is interest-8
ing to note that as long ago as that,
"good" is recognized as just as great a
menace as "evil." They are the fruit of
the one tree and are different aspects of
the same thing.
We have been very slow to rediscover
this truth and to recognize the unneces-
and artificially imposed inferiority,
and fear, commonly known as sin,
under which we have almost all labored
and which produces so much of the social
maladjustment and unhappiness in the
world. For many generations we have
bowed our necks to the yoke of the con-
viction, of sin. We have swallowed all
manner of poisonous_ certainties
of all civilizations we have known and under control, with which to preven ree
preventing the development of all or thinkin with which to imose local
,
and
almost all the people to a state of true and national loyalties and with
maturity. What basic psychological dis- which to, lind children to their glorious
tortion can be found in every civilization intellectual heritage . Misauidecl by au-
~ecus
a force which discourages the ability tt
see and acknowledge patent facts, which
prevents the rational use of intelligence,
which teaches or encourages the ability
to dissociate and to believe contrary to
and in spite of clear evidence, which pro-
duces inferiority, guilt and fear, which
makes controlling other people's personal
behavior emotionally necessary, which
encourages prejudice and the inability to
see, understand and sympathize with
other people's points of view. Is there
an force so potent and so perv
that it can do all these thin s in a ci
lizations . =FMT4 ~, ^ •
Th
F6*
-
~st common denominator of all civi=
jizat}gr~S dtie only.nsvcholoZical force
capable of producing these perversions
moralit the oiicen , of r' t and, wron
theoisonl ong ago described and warn
against as "the fruit of the tree of th
knowledge of good and evil."
0

9. ENDURING PEACE AND SOCIAL PROGRESS
~faith
'"
stunted by inculcated loyalty, torn . would kee each eneration under the
,by frantic heresy,, bedevilled by insistent control of the the
schism, drugged, by ecstatic experience, aman` i and the
confused by conflicting certainty, Let us go back to Strecker and Appel's
derd~Sy invented mystery, and loaded definition of maturity. "The ability to
down by the weight of~uilit and fear en- size things up, make one's own decisions
gendered by its .own onipal promises, is a characteristic of maturity." "A ma-
the unfortunate uman race, a riv by ture person . . . has the qualities of
these incubi of its only defences and its adaptability and compromise." Were you
only reasons for striving, its reasoning and I brought up in that direction? No;
power and its natural' capacity to . enjoy we were tau ht to be absolutel lo al and
the satisfaction of its natural urees, obedient local concept of virtue
strugg i along under its ghastly self- whatever that happened to be. We were
imposedburden. The results, the inevit- toi t t at os ems or Hindus or Jews ;
ableresults, arefrustration, inferiority, or Democrats or Republicans (with us in
neurosis and inability to enjoy living, to Canada. Grits or Tories) or capitalistsor
reason clearly or to make a world fit to t•rndh unionist$, nrsocialists or commu- -
live in. nib, or Roman Catholics, or Methodists
The cripp1i, of intelligW-ce by these 9r anv of all other human groups are
band f belief, in the name of virtueirtue wrong or even wicked. It almost always
an eccur for the soul, is as recogniz- -.-happened that among all the people in_
able as that of the feet of the Chinese the world only our own parents, and per-
girl who was sacrificed to the local con- haps a few, people they selected, were
cept of beauty. The result is, in both right about everything . We could refuse
cases, not beauty of character or of feet, to accept their rightness only at the price
but distortion and crippling and loss of of a load of guilt and fear, and peril, to
natural function.~Intelligence, ability to our immortal souls. This training has
observe and to re son clearly and to reach been practically universal in the human
and implement decisions appropriate to race.. Variations in content have had
the real situation in which he finds him- almost no importance. The fruit is poi-
self, are man's only specific methods of Sonous no matter how it is prepared or
survival. His uni_iaaue eguinment is en- disguised.
tirely in the superior lobes of his brain. "The mature person is flexible, can
His destiny must lie in the direction in- defer to time, persons and circumstances.
dicated by his equipment . Whatever He can show tolerance, he can be pa-
hampers or distorts man's clear true tient, and above all he has the qualities
thinking works against man's manifest of adaptability and compromise" say
destiny and tends to destroy him . Strecker and Appel . Is family or school
Man's freedom to observe and to think .or church teaching in that direction?
freely is as essential to his survival as are Almost never, and yet it is surely true
the specific methods of survival of the that helping their children to reach this
other species to them. Birds must fly, state 'of maturity successfully is the first
fish must swim, herbivorous animals must responsibility of each generation. Only
eat grasses and cereals, and man must -when~thisIhas been done successfully can
observe and think freely . That freedom, we hope to have enough people able to see
present in all children and known as and think clearly and freely enough to be
innocence, has been destroyed or crippled able to prevent the race going on as we
by local certainties, by gods of local have gone, from slaughter to bigger and
' moralities, of local loyalty, of personal better slaughter.
salvation, of prejudice and hate and in- Psychiatrists everywhere have spent
tolerance-frequently mass ueradinA as `their lives trying, -more and more success-
love-gods of gygrything„that would de- fully with a variety of methods, to help

10. EDUCATION'S CRUCIAL ROLE
near enough to this state of maturity to no signs of social or personal degenera=,
be able to live comfortably for themselves tion, no lack of social responsibility, no
and for the group ; but surely it would be tendency toward social anarchy . This
more advan aage`ous to the world for psy- bugbear has no basis in fact whatever .
chiatrists to go into the preventive fie~ld We all recognize these reactions as those
where the big job needs to be done . The of the immature, the inferior, the guilty,
training of children is making a thousand which are not found in the mature in-
neurotics for ever•' ?
oneethat psychiatrists tegrated personality. Freedom from mo-
can hope to help with psychotherapy. To ralities means freedom to observe, to
produce a' generation of mature citizens think and behave sensibly, to the ad-
is the biggest and most necessary job any vantage of the person and of the group,
country could undertake, and the reward free from outmoded types of loyalties and
in saving of misery and suffering would from the magic fears of our ancestors.
be colossal.
If the race is to be freed from its
The re-interpretation and eventually crippling burden of good and evill it must
eradication of thel concept of right and be psychiatrists whotake the original re-
wrong wwhich has been the basis of child sponsibility._ This is a challenge which
trainin the substitution of intelli ent must be met. If psychiatrists decide to
'and rational thinking for faith in the cer- do nothing about it but continue in the
tainties of the fold people] these are the futility of psychotherapy only, that too
belated objectives of practically all effec- is a decision and the~cesponsibnity for
tive psychotherapy. Would they not be the results is still theirs . What the world
legitimate objectives of original educa- needs from psychiatry is honest, simple
tion? Would it not be sensible to stop im- and clear thinking, talking and writing .
posing our local prejudices faiths on It needs the same from psychology, ao
children and'give the1nall sides of every ciology, economics and politics . Clear and
quest so that in their own good time honest ., thinking can almost always be
they may have the ability to size things expressed in simple words which are
y up, and make their own decisions .
understandable by the people who atter
The suggestion that, we should stop inadeemocracy. The people who matter
teaching children moralities and rights are the teachers, the young mothers and
and wrongs and instead protect their orig- fathers, the parent-teacher associations,
inal intellectual integrity has of course youth groups, service clubs, schools and
to be met by an outcry of heretic or colleges, the churches and Sunday schools
iconoclast, such as was raised against -everyone who can be reached and given
Galileo for finding another planet, and help toward 'intellectual freedom and
against those who claimed the world was honesty for themselves and for the chil-
round, and against the truths of evolution, dren whose future depends on thei J .
and against Christ's re-interpretation of Can we psychiatrists give up our pro-
the Hebrew God, and against any attempt tective device of hiding behind a specific,
to change the mistaken old ways or ideas . difficult and variable vocabulary to avoid
The pretense is made, as it has been our obvious responsibility?
made in relation to the finding of any
The battle, if it is to be undertaken,
extension of truth, that to do away with will be long and difficult but truth will
right and wrong would produce uncivi- prevail-whenever enough people want
lized people, immorality, lawlessness and it to. With luck we have perhaps fifteen
social chaos . The fact is that most psy- or even twenty years before the out-
chiatrists and psychologistss and many break of the next world war if we remain
othe respectabletpeople have escaped as we are, . twenty years in which to
from these oral chainsiand are able to change the dearest certainties of enoug
observe and think freely. Most of the of the human race, twenty years in which
patients they have treated successfully to root out and destroy the oldest and `
mnet. flniirishinLy narasitieal growth in the~___., a at e - A ..n+ +hno ahnnr

11. ENDURING PEACE AND SOCIAL PROGRESS
'world, the tree of the knowledge of good men and women seeking a safe, respect-
andevil. so that man may learn to pre- able and quickly attainable social and
servee his most precious heritage, his in- emotional status, nor for girls filling in
nocence and intellectual freedom, twenty their time before marriage . Fortunately
years in which to remove the necessity there are recent signs of intellectual
for the perverse satisfactions to be found stirrings amongst teachers which give
in warfare, and to ensure that enough some hope. To be allowed to teach chil-
people everywhere do not close their eyes dren should be the sign of the final ap-
to the awful threats facing them as we proval of society . The present scale of
did from 1910 to 1914 and 1917, and from values is clearly illustrated by the dis-
1933 to 1939 and 1941 .
parity between teachers' salaries and
We are the horrible example . We are those of movie actresses or football
the people who fight wars every fifteen coaches. I am reminded of a group whose
e or twenty years . We must at whatever responsibility was the reclamation, train-
cost prevent our children and their chil- ing and rehabilitation of all the unmarried
dren from being 'as we have been, but mothers in a certain community. The pro-
freedom from the tyranny of these faiths cedure was to have an "I.Q." done and
and fears is not to be gained in one then to train the girl according to a
generation.
simple chart. The upper levels rated
It is therefore necessary that, for so various types of useful training . Those
long as it may take to change the bring- at the bottom, not fit for anything else,
ing up of children in enough of the world, were trained as nursemaids, to bring up
our close watch on each other and every- children. Thus, hundreds of defenceless
one in the world should not be relaxed children in that large community have
for a moment. Let uss all be prepared, not been brought up by moronic unmarried
-for another like the last war with navies mothers. Because these are psychopath-
and armies and airforces, but for the next ological matters, psychiatrists simply
war with rockets and atomic bombs and have to take the responsibility .of inter-
all the mobilized power of our laborato- pretation and initiative.
ries. These are the weapons of the future
and with them the, whole world can be Can such a program of re-education or
reached from any place on the earth in of a new kind of education be charted?
some minutes. The people who definitely I would not presume to go so far, except
do not want to fight any more wars to suggest that psychology and sociology
bEf
st promise annihilation to an ation an psyrlu patholo~v the sciences
which starts to fight and must be pre- o living, should be made available to all
pared immediately and ruthlessly to carry the people by being taught to all chil-
out that promise without parley or nego- dren in primary and secondary schools,
tiation. This involves the continual up- while the study of kings as trig-
J' keep of widely dispersed atomic rocket onometry, Latin, and others
stations covering the whole world and of specialist concern
be left to
a continual high pressure research pro- universities.
gram to discover ever more efficient Only so, I think, can we help our chil-
methods of killing to keep ahead of any dren to carry their responsibilities as
possible competition. This must go on world citizens as we hal e not been able
until we, all the people, are re-educated 'to do. Only so can we prevent their hav-
to be able to live in peace together, until ing to live in a world of f..atr and chaos
we are free to observe clearly and to think and cruelty and death, far more horrible
and behave sensibly.
than we can know.
The most important thing in the world
We have never had a really peaceful
today is . the bringing up of childre
t society in the world, but only short in-
is not a job for economic or emotional terludes of forgetting and then frantic
misfits. for frightened. inferiority-ridden preparation between wars . Can the world

12. learn to live at peace? I think so, but only
i individual psychiatrists and psycholo-
gists can live up to Strecker and Appel's
definition,-"Basically maturity repre-
sents a wholesome amalgamation of two
things, one, dissatisfaction with the status
quo, which calls forth aggressive, con-
structive effort, and two, social concern
aad devotion." If we cannot, the job will
M
be left to what survivors there may
after the next war, or to, intellectual
more honest and braver people who may,
get a-chance some generations later. With
the other human sciences, psychiatry
must now decide what is to be the imme-
diate future of the human race. Noi one
else can, And this is the prime respon-
sibility of psychiatry.