This ppt is based on NLP. In this ppt, I describe whole processes of NLP. It describes how the machine can understand the human language and how it replies.

1. A
Seminar Presentation
on
Natural Language
Processing
PRESENTED BY
R a n i K u m a r i
( 1 4 E A I C S 1 2 9 )
SUBMITTED TO
Hemlata Sharma
(Prof. & Deputy Head of
Department)
Arya Institute of Engineering and
Technology, Kukas, Jaipur

2. CONTENTS:
➢ INTRODUCTION
➢ COMPONENTS OF NLP
➢ STEPS IN NLP
➢ APPLICATIONS OF NLP
➢ REFERENCES
S U M I T E D B Y : - R A N I K U M A R I

3. INTRODUCTION:
➢ Natural Language Processing (NLP) refers to the AI
method of communicating with an intelligent system using
a natural language such as English.
➢ Processing of natural language is required when you want
an intelligent system like a robot to perform as per your
instructions, when you want to hear decision from a
dialogue-based clinical expert system.
S U M I T E D B Y : - R A N I K U M A R I

4. COMPONENTS OF NLP:
➢ NATURAL LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING(NLU):
Refers to the understanding and analysis of different aspects of
language.
➢ NATURAL LANGUAGE GENERATION(NLG):
Produces meaningful phrases and sentences.
S U M I T E D B Y : - R A N I K U M A R I

5. Natural Language Understanding
Raw speech signal
➢ Speech recognition
Sequence of words spoken
➢ Syntactic analysis using knowledge of the grammar
Structure of the sentence
➢ Semantic analysis using information about meaning of words
Partial representation of meaning of sentence
➢ Pragmatic analysis using information about the context
Final representation of meaning of sentences
S U M I T E D B Y : - R A N I K U M A R I

6. NLG includes :
➢ Text planning − It includes retrieving the relevant
content from the base knowledge.
➢ Sentence planning − It includes choosing required
words, forming meaningful phrases, setting tone of the
sentence.
➢ Text Realization − It includes mapping sentence plan
into sentence structure.
S U M I T E D B Y : - R A N I K U M A R I

7. Difficulties in NLP
NL has an extremely rich form and structure.
It is very ambiguous. There can be different levels of ambiguity −
➢Lexical ambiguity − Occurs at a very primitive level such as word-
level. For example:- What do you mean? Or You are so mean.
➢Syntax Level ambiguity − A sentence can be parsed in different ways.
For example:- Ram wears an orange t-shirt or I have an orange.
➢Referential ambiguity − Referring to something using pronouns.
For example:- “Meera went to Geeta and said”, ‘I am hungry’.
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8. STEPS IN NLP:
S U M I T E D B Y : - R A N I K U M A R I

9. LEXICAL ANALYSIS:
➢ It involves identifying and analyzing the structure of
words. Lexicon of a language means the collection of
words and phrases in a language. Lexical analysis is
dividing the whole chunk of text into paragraphs,
sentences, and words.
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10. SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS(PARSING):
➢ It involves analysis of words in the sentence for grammar
and arranging words in a manner that shows the
relationship among the words. The sentence such as
“The school goes to boy” is rejected by English syntactic
analyzer.
S U M I T E D B Y : - R A N I K U M A R I

11. SEMANTIC ANALYSIS:
➢ It draws the exact meaning or the dictionary meaning
from the text. The text is checked for meaningfulness. It
is done by mapping syntactic structures and objects in
the task domain. The semantic analyzer disregards
sentence such as “hot ice-cream”.
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12. OTHERS:
➢ Disclosure Integration - The meaning of any sentence
depends upon the meaning of the sentence just before it.
In addition, it also brings about the meaning of
immediately succeeding sentence.
➢ Pragmatic Analysis − During this, what was said is re-
interpreted on what it actually meant. It involves deriving
those aspects of language which require real world
knowledge.
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13. TERMINOLOGY
➢ Pragmatics − It deals with using and understanding
sentences in different situations and how the interpretation
of the sentence is affected.
➢ Disclosure − It deals with how the immediately preceding
sentence can affect the interpretation of the next sentence.
➢ World Knowledge − It includes the general knowledge
about the world.
➢ Semantics − It is concerned with the meaning of words
and how to combine words into meaningful phrases and
sentences. S U M I T E D B Y : - R A N I K U M A R I

14. Applications of NLP:
➢ Machine Translation.
➢ Answering Questions
➢ Information Extraction
➢ Sentiment Analysis
➢ Speech Recognition
S U M I T E D B Y : - R A N I K U M A R I

15. References:
➢ The essence of Artificial Intelligence
▪ By A. Cawsey
▪ Prentice Hall Europe 1998
➢ Artificial Intelligence: Theory and Practice
▪ By T. Dean, J. Allen, and Y. Aloimonos.
▪ The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, 1995
➢ Artificial Intelligence
▪ By P. Winston
▪ Addison Wesley, 1992
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16. S U M I T E D B Y : - R A N I K U M A R I