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1
The Respiratory
System: II
Anatomy
The Plan
• Introduction – general concepts
• Anatomy
• Mechanics – moving air into the lungs
– Structures, pressure changes
• Gas Exchange – moving air from the lungs
to blood and tissues
– Moving O2 in and CO2 out of tissues
• Control mechanisms
– Local
– CNS 2
The Plan
• Introduction – general concepts
• Anatomi
• Mekanisme – pergerakan udara ke paru-
paru
– Struktur, perubahan tekanan
• Pergantian gas– pergerakan udara dari
paru-paru ke darah dan jaringan
– Moving O2 in dan CO2 keluar dari jaringan
3
Readings - Respiratory
• McKinley, O’Loughlin, and Bidle, Anatomy
and Physiology An integrative Approach, p
883-931.
• Lower Respiratory system 890-899
• Gross anatomy 900-906
4
Objectives
• Describe the gross anatomical and
histological features of the branching
structures that form the lungs.
• Understand the blood supply associated
with the lungs.
• Describe the structures that form alveoli
including the cellular and acellular
components involved in the blood – air
barrier.
5
Sasaran
• Jelaskan fitur anatomi dan histologis yang
kasar dari struktur percabangan yang
membentuk paru-paru.
• Memahami suplai darah yang terkait
dengan paru-paru.
• Jelaskan struktur yang membentuk alveoli
termasuk komponen seluler dan aselular
yang terlibat dalam penghalang udara-
darah.
6
7
Organization of the Respiratory System
The Lungsn
• The Lungs
– Left and right lungs
• Are in the thoracic
cavity, each surrounded
by a pleural cavity
– They are protected by
• The rib cage and the
intercostal muscles
• Inferiorly each lung
rests on superior
surface of diaphragm
– Lobes of the lungs
• Lungs have lobes
separated by deep
fissures
Paru-Paru
• Paru-paru
• Paru-paru kiri dan kanan
• Berada di rongga dada, masing-
masing dikelilingi oleh rongga
pleura
• Mereka dilindungi oleh
• Sangkar tulang rusuk dan otot-otot
interkostal
• Rendahnya setiap paru terletak
pada permukaan diafragma
superior
• Lobus paru-paru
• Paru-paru memiliki lobus yang
dipisahkan oleh celah yang dalam
10
The Lungs
• The Pleural Cavities
and Pleural Membranes
– Two pleural cavities
• Are separated by the
mediastinum
– Each pleural cavity
• Surrounds a lung and
contains a small amount
of fluid
• The cavity is bordered by
a mesothelial layer that
form the visceraI and
parietal layers.
11
Paru-Paru
• Rongga Pleural dan Membran
Pleural
• Dua rongga pleura
• Dipisahkan oleh mediastinum
• Setiap rongga pleura
• Mengelilingi paru-paru dan
mengandung sedikit cairan
• Rongga dibatasi oleh lapisan
mesothelial yang membentuk
visceraI dan lapisan parietal.
Apex
Cardiac notch
Left lung
(a) Lateral views
Right lung
Pulmonary veins
Pulmonary artery
Left lung
(b) Medial views
Right lung
Base
Hilum
Gross Anatomical Image of the Lungs
12
The right lung has
three lobes:
Superior, middle,
and inferior
Separated by
horizontal and
oblique fissures
The left lung has
two lobes:
Superior and
inferior
Separated by an
oblique fissure
Main bronchus
Apex
Cardiac notch
Left lung
(a) Lateral views
Right lung
Pulmonary veins
Pulmonary artery
Left lung
(b) Medial views
Right lung
Base
Hilum
Gambar Anatomi umum Paru-Paru
13
Paru-paru kanan
memiliki tiga lobus:
Unggul, menengah,
dan rendah
Dipisahkan oleh celah
horizontal dan miring
Paru-paru kiri memiliki
dua lobus:
Superior dan inferior
Dipisahkan oleh fisura
miring
Main bronchus
14
BRONCHUS (see cartilage plates)
Arteri Paru-
paru
Vena paru-
paru
Hilum Paru-paru
15
Respiratory System
• Structures and Functions of the
System
– Conducting portion = tubes only
(no alveoli)
• mouth/nose to terminal bronchioles
• series of dichotomous, asymmetric
branches
• directed passage & conditioning of air
– Respiratory portion
• Respiratory bronchioles = tubes and
alveoli
• alveolar ducts, sacs, atria
• alveoli only
• gas exchange occurs through
alveolar walls
hilum
16
Sistem Pernafasan
Struktur dan Fungsi Sistem
• Melakukan porsi = tabung saja (tidak ada
alveoli)
• mulut / hidung ke bronkiolus terminal
• serangkaian cabang dikotomis, asimetris
• bagian diarahkan & pengkondisian udara
Bagian pernapasan
• Bronkiolus pernapasan = tabung dan alveoli
• saluran alveolar, kantung, atria
• hanya alveoli
• pertukaran gas terjadi melalui dinding
alveolar
hilum
17
Tubes
only
Alveoli only
Branch Cross
section
(cm2
)
Number
0 3 1
2-4 1.3-0.2 30
5-15 0.0021-
0.0012
12,000
17-19 0.0015-
0.00011
900,000
20-22 0.00008 6,300,000
23 0.00002 8,400,000
16
Many branches here
Terminal to
Respiratory
Bronchioles
18
Lungs: Conducting System, plastic cast
10 bronchus
Lobar
trachea
Bronchi to bronchioles
• Bronchoscopy video
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HH-
NmeWeJts&NR=1
• Cancer video
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tkmENdA5
o3g&feature=related
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=esjI3jzXO7
Y&feature=related
19
20
Respiratory tract – conducting into
respiratory portion
• Function of the System
– Gas exchange: O2 in and CO2 out
• General principles – as one moves down into the
branches:
– epithelium changes from respiratory to cuboidal to simple
squamous epithelium
– the number of mucous cells and seromucous glands
(hence secretions) decreases
– cilia are eventually lost (not present in alveoli)
– macrophages exist in the alveolar air space
– branches from the pulmonary artery run parallel to the
bronchiolar tree and to the alveoli
21
Saluran pernapasan - melakukan
ke bagian pernapasan
Fungsi Sistem
• Pertukaran gas: O2 masuk dan CO2 keluar
Prinsip umum - ketika seseorang turun ke cabang:
• perubahan epitel dari pernapasan menjadi epitel skuamosa
berbentuk kubus menjadi sederhana
• jumlah sel mukosa dan kelenjar seromukosa (karenanya
sekresi) menurun
• silia akhirnya hilang (tidak ada di alveoli)
• makrofag ada di ruang udara alveolar
• cabang-cabang dari arteri paru berjalan sejajar dengan pohon
bronchiolar dan ke alveoli
Bagian pernapasan: Aspek umum
(a)
Connective tissue
Elastic fibers
Branch of
pulmonary vein
Pulmonary
venule
Pulmonary
capillary
beds
Pulmonary
arteriole
Respiratory bronchiole
Terminal bronchiole
Cabang dari
arteri pulmonalis
Bronchiole
Alveolar
sac
Interalveolar
septum
Alveolar pores
Alveoli
Alveolar duct
Respiratory portion: accent on the lung
structures
(a)
Connective tissue
Elastic fibers
Branch of
pulmonary vein
Pulmonary
venule
Pulmonary
capillary
beds
Pulmonary
arteriole
Respiratory bronchiole
Bronchiole
Alveolar
sac
Interalveolar
septum
Alveolar pores
Alveoli
Alveolar duct
.
Terminal bronchiole
Spiral smooth muscle
24
The Respiratory tract: Bronchioles
• The Bronchioles
– Each tertiary bronchus branches into
multiple bronchioles (branches ~4-17)
– Bronchioles finally branch into terminal
bronchioles
• One tertiary bronchus forms about 6500 terminal
bronchioles
• Bronchiole Structure
– Bronchioles
• Have no cartilage
• Are dominated by smooth muscle –
control lumen diameter
25
Saluran pernapasan: Bronkiolus
The Bronchioles
• Setiap cabang bronkus tersier menjadi
beberapa bronkiolus (cabang ~ 4-17)
• Bronkiolus akhirnya bercabang menjadi
bronkiolus terminal
- Satu bronkus tersier membentuk sekitar 6500
bronkiolus terminal
Struktur bronkiolus
• Bronkiolus
• Tidak memiliki tulang rawan
• Didominasi oleh diameter lumen kontrol otot
polos
26
Nervous system controls in the Lungs
• Autonomic Control
– Regulates smooth muscle which
• regulates diameter of bronchioles and
• controls airflow and resistance in lungs
• Bronchodilation (norepi/Beta 2 receptors)
– dilates of bronchial airways
– caused by sympathetic ANS activation
– (muscles relax) - Reduces resistance
• Bronchoconstriction (AcH/muscarinic)
– constricts bronchi – caused by
• Parasympathetic ANS activation (muscles
constrict)
• Histamine release (allergic reactions)
27
Kontrol sistem saraf di Paru-paru
Kontrol otonom
• Mengatur otot polos yang mana
• mengatur diameter bronkiolus dan
• mengontrol aliran udara dan resistensi di paru-paru
Bronkodilatasi (reseptor norepi / Beta 2)
• dilatasi saluran udara bronkial
• disebabkan oleh aktivasi ANS simpatik
• (Otot rileks) - Mengurangi resistensi
Bronkokonstriksi (AcH / muscarinic)
• mengkonstriksi bronkus - disebabkan oleh
• Aktivasi ANS parasimpatetik (penyempitan otot)
• Pelepasan histamin (reaksi alergi)
(a)
Connective tissue
Elastic fibers
Branch of
pulmonary vein
Pulmonary
venule
Pulmonary
capillary
beds
Pulmonary
arteriole
Respiratory bronchiole
Terminal bronchiole
Branch of
pulmonary artery
Bronchiole
Alveolar
sac
Interalveolar
septum
Alveolar pores
Alveoli
Alveolar duct
Bagian pernapasan: aksen pada
pembuluh darah
29
1. Pulmonary artery
(deoxygenated) –
from the right ventricle
Smooth muscle
around bronchioles
2. Branch of
Pulmonary vein
(oxygenated) – to
the left atrium
Alveoli =
Blood-Air Barrier
3. Bronchial artery –
only to the branches
4. Bronchial vein
30
Blood supply to/from the Lungs
• #1. Pulmonary artery (deoxygenated blood)
• from the right ventricle (from the rt. atrium)
• follows the bronchial tree all the way to the alveoli
• gas exchange occurs with the alveolar capillaries
• #2 Pulmonary veins -- after oxygenation,
blood exits
• into the left atrium … left ventricle … aorta
• #3 Bronchial arteries (oxygenated blood)
• from branches off the aorta
• provides oxygen and nutrients to tissues of conducting
passageways of lung, CT & pleura
• stop before the alveoli - goes to …
• #4 Bronchial veins (deoxygenated/venous blood
(used by the lungs) flows
• back into the right atrium or
• into pulmonary veins
31
Suplai Darah dari/ke Paru-paru
# 1. Arteri paru (darah terdeoksigenasi)
• dari ventrikel kanan (dari atrium rt.)
• mengikuti pohon bronkial sampai ke alveoli
• pertukaran gas terjadi dengan kapiler alveolar
# 2 vena paru - setelah oksigenasi, darah keluar
• ke dalam atrium kiri ... ventrikel kiri ... aorta
# 3 Arteri bronkial
• (darah teroksigenasi)
• dari cabang-cabang di luar aorta
• menyediakan oksigen dan nutrisi ke jaringan yang melakukan saluran paru-
paru, CT & pleura
• berhenti sebelum alveoli - pergi ke ...
# 4 Vena bronkial (darah terdeoksigenasi / vena (digunakan oleh paru-paru)
mengalir
• kembali ke atrium kanan atau
• into pulmonary veins
Suplai Darah Ke Paru-paru
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Branch of
pulmonary
artery
Branch of
pulmonary
vein
Pulmonary
arteriole
Pulmonary
venule
Pulmonary
capillaries
Alveoli
Pulmonary
trunk
Pulmonary
arteries
Right atrium
Right
ventricle
Left ventricle
Left atrium
Pulmonary
veins
Aorta
Arteri paru membawa darah terdeoksigenasi jauh dari ventrikel kanan di jantung ke
paru-paru.
Vena paru membawa darah beroksigen dari paru-paru ke atrium kiri di jantung
33
The Lungs
• Why is the proximity of the
bronchiole and pulmonary
artery important?
•Development: helps blood vessels
‘find’ the alveoli
•Coordination of air flow and
blood flow
•If bronchiolar air flow is
blocked (mucus or tumor) blood
vessels constrict to shunt blood
flow to other areas of the lung
with more O2
34
Paru-Paru
• Mengapa kedekatan
bronkiolus dan arteri
pulmonalis penting?
•Pengembangan: membantu
pembuluh darah 'menemukan'
alveoli
•Koordinasi aliran udara dan aliran
darah
•Jika aliran udara bronchiolar
tersumbat (lendir atau tumor)
pembuluh darah menyempit
sehingga aliran darah ke area
paru-paru lain terhambat.e O2
35
Patologi Paru-paru
Asma
• Stimulasi berlebihan pada sel otot polos menyebabkan penyempitan bronkus -
mempersempit bronkiolus dan meningkatkan resistensi
• Stimulasi sangat membatasi aliran udara
• COPD (penyakit paru obstruktif kronis)
Bronkitis kronis - radang saluran udara menyebabkan penyempitan saluran
udara
• Emfisema - hilangnya dinding alveolar menciptakan lebih sedikit area untuk
pertukaran gas
• Fibrosis - peningkatan CT = kesulitan berkembang / berkontraksi
• Banyak penyakit pernapasan menyebabkan SOB. (shortness of breath)
36
Normal Lung
Lung - Emphysema
B
B
37
Diffuse Interstitial Fibrosis Normal Lung
38
otot, serat elastis dan kapiler yang
berhubungan dengan bronkiolus dan
alveolili
Organisasi Alveolar: Struktur Dasar dari Bagian Lobule Tunggal.
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc. publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
39
Bagian pernapasan - aspek halus
• Fungsi Sistem
• Pertukaran gas - O2 masuk dan CO2 keluar
• Sel terlibat
• tipis, selaput halus dioptimalkan untuk pertukaran
gas
• pneumosit tipe I dan sel endotel = DINDING
• lamina basal menyatu dalam dinding
• pneumosit tipe II mensekresikan surfaktan
• jaringan ikat di dalam dinding gas
40
Tampilan Histologis Umum
41
Terminal
bronchiole
respiratory
bronchiole
Alveolar
duct
A
respiratory
bronchiole
Terminal bronchiole - all cuboidal cells, last branch of the conducting portion
Respiratory bronchioles - contain cuboidal cells interrupted by alveoli (type I
pneumocytes
Alveolar ducts – all alveoli
Alveoli – thin and thick areas
42
Paru-Paru
Alveolus
• Bronkiolus respiratorik terhubung ke saluran
alveolar dan keduanya mengandung alveoli
• Saluran alveolar berakhir di kantung alveolar
• Ruang umum terhubung ke banyak alveoli
individu
• Memiliki jaringan kapiler yang luas
• Sebagian dikelilingi oleh serat elastis
• tidak ada otot polos atau tulang rawan
43
RBCs
RBCs
Air
space
Air
44
Alveoli - area tipis dan tebal
Alveolar Epithelia
• Terdiri dari epitel skuamosa sederhana
• tipis, tipe I pneumosit halus dan
• pendek, lemak tipe II pneumosit (sel septum) yang
menghasilkan surfaktan
* Area tipis berbatasan dengan kapiler & aktif dalam pertukaran gas
• Daerah tebal memiliki lebih banyak CT (jaringan ikat)
• Dipatroli oleh makrofag alveolar, juga disebut sel debu =
makrofag di ruang udara
Area tipis adalah tempat pertukaran gas
optimal
Alveoli – thin and thick regions
Capillary
Erythrocyte
Nucleus of capillary
endothelial cell
Interalveolar
septum
Nucleus
of alveolar
type I cell
Diffusion of O2
Diffusion of CO2
Alveolar epithelium
Fused basement membranes
of the alveolar epithelium and
the capillary endothelium
Capillary endothelium
(b)
Respiratory
membrane
Alveolus
Interalveolar
septum
Alveolar pores
Alveolar
macrophages
Alveolar
type II cell
Alveolar
type I cell
Pulmonary
capillaries
Erythrocyte
Thin regions contain
capillaries positioned
close to type I
pneumocytes. Gas
exchange occurs here
Thick regions contain
connective tissue between
the capillaries and alveolar
wall
Thin region
Thick region
Air space
Air space
Alveoli - daerah tipis dan tebal
Capillary
Erythrocyte
Nucleus of capillary
endothelial cell
Interalveolar
septum
Nucleus
of alveolar
type I cell
Diffusion of O2
Diffusion of CO2
Alveolar epithelium
Fused basement membranes
of the alveolar epithelium and
the capillary endothelium
Capillary endothelium
(b)
Respiratory
membrane
Alveolus
Interalveolar
septum
Alveolar pores
Alveolar
macrophages
Alveolar
type II cell
Alveolar
type I cell
Pulmonary
capillaries
Erythrocyte
Thin region
Thick region
Air space
Air space
Pneumocyte tipe
Membentuk sebagian besar
dinding alveolar.
5% sel & 95% permukaan
Pneumocyte tipe II
Menghasilkan - Surfaktan
- Sekresi berminyak dari
fosfolipid dan protein
- Melapisi permukaan
alveolar dan mengurangi
tegangan permukaan
-95% sel & 5% permukaan
47
Alveolus air space
RBCs
Thin areas
The Blood – Air Barrier
Capillary
Erythrocyte
Nucleus of capillary
endothelial cell
Interalveolar
septum
Nucleus
of alveolar
type I cell
Diffusion of O2
Diffusion of CO2
Alveolar epithelium
Fused basement membranes
of the alveolar epithelium and
the capillary endothelium
Capillary endothelium
(b)
Respiratory
membrane
Alveolus
Interalveolar
septum
Alveolar pores
Alveolar
macrophages
Alveolar
type II cell
Alveolar
type I cell
Pulmonary
capillaries
Erythrocyte
(a)
49
Darah Air- Penghalang Udara
(plasma)
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc. publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
50
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. Red blood cell
membrane
(Type I pneumocyte)
(Hemoglobin mol.)
Penghalang
Darah-Udara
Perhatikan 5
lapisan!
Erythrocyte
O2
Apa yang terjadi jika:
satu menambahkan CT
ke daerah tipis?
surfaktan tidak
dibuat?
CO2
51
Sistem Pernafasan
Struktur dan Fungsi Sistem
• Melakukan porsi = tabung saja (tidak ada
alveoli)
• mulut / hidung ke bronkiolus terminal
• serangkaian cabang dikotomis, asimetris
• bagian diarahkan & pengkondisian udara
• Bagian pernapasan
• Bronkiolus pernapasan = tabung dan alveoli
• saluran alveolar, kantung, atria
• hanya alveoli
• pertukaran gas terjadi melalui dinding
alveolar
hilum
Respiratory portion: General aspects
(a)
Connective tissue
Elastic fibers
Branch of
pulmonary vein
Pulmonary
venule
Pulmonary
capillary
beds
Pulmonary
arteriole
Respiratory bronchiole
Terminal bronchiole
Branch of
pulmonary artery
Bronchiole
Alveolar
sac
Interalveolar
septum
Alveolar pores
Alveoli
Alveolar duct
53
N
N
Type II Pneumocyte
- produces surfactant
Correlate: respiratory distress syndrome - RDS
Myelin bodies

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Anatomi

  • 2. The Plan • Introduction – general concepts • Anatomy • Mechanics – moving air into the lungs – Structures, pressure changes • Gas Exchange – moving air from the lungs to blood and tissues – Moving O2 in and CO2 out of tissues • Control mechanisms – Local – CNS 2
  • 3. The Plan • Introduction – general concepts • Anatomi • Mekanisme – pergerakan udara ke paru- paru – Struktur, perubahan tekanan • Pergantian gas– pergerakan udara dari paru-paru ke darah dan jaringan – Moving O2 in dan CO2 keluar dari jaringan 3
  • 4. Readings - Respiratory • McKinley, O’Loughlin, and Bidle, Anatomy and Physiology An integrative Approach, p 883-931. • Lower Respiratory system 890-899 • Gross anatomy 900-906 4
  • 5. Objectives • Describe the gross anatomical and histological features of the branching structures that form the lungs. • Understand the blood supply associated with the lungs. • Describe the structures that form alveoli including the cellular and acellular components involved in the blood – air barrier. 5
  • 6. Sasaran • Jelaskan fitur anatomi dan histologis yang kasar dari struktur percabangan yang membentuk paru-paru. • Memahami suplai darah yang terkait dengan paru-paru. • Jelaskan struktur yang membentuk alveoli termasuk komponen seluler dan aselular yang terlibat dalam penghalang udara- darah. 6
  • 7. 7 Organization of the Respiratory System
  • 8. The Lungsn • The Lungs – Left and right lungs • Are in the thoracic cavity, each surrounded by a pleural cavity – They are protected by • The rib cage and the intercostal muscles • Inferiorly each lung rests on superior surface of diaphragm – Lobes of the lungs • Lungs have lobes separated by deep fissures
  • 9. Paru-Paru • Paru-paru • Paru-paru kiri dan kanan • Berada di rongga dada, masing- masing dikelilingi oleh rongga pleura • Mereka dilindungi oleh • Sangkar tulang rusuk dan otot-otot interkostal • Rendahnya setiap paru terletak pada permukaan diafragma superior • Lobus paru-paru • Paru-paru memiliki lobus yang dipisahkan oleh celah yang dalam
  • 10. 10 The Lungs • The Pleural Cavities and Pleural Membranes – Two pleural cavities • Are separated by the mediastinum – Each pleural cavity • Surrounds a lung and contains a small amount of fluid • The cavity is bordered by a mesothelial layer that form the visceraI and parietal layers.
  • 11. 11 Paru-Paru • Rongga Pleural dan Membran Pleural • Dua rongga pleura • Dipisahkan oleh mediastinum • Setiap rongga pleura • Mengelilingi paru-paru dan mengandung sedikit cairan • Rongga dibatasi oleh lapisan mesothelial yang membentuk visceraI dan lapisan parietal.
  • 12. Apex Cardiac notch Left lung (a) Lateral views Right lung Pulmonary veins Pulmonary artery Left lung (b) Medial views Right lung Base Hilum Gross Anatomical Image of the Lungs 12 The right lung has three lobes: Superior, middle, and inferior Separated by horizontal and oblique fissures The left lung has two lobes: Superior and inferior Separated by an oblique fissure Main bronchus
  • 13. Apex Cardiac notch Left lung (a) Lateral views Right lung Pulmonary veins Pulmonary artery Left lung (b) Medial views Right lung Base Hilum Gambar Anatomi umum Paru-Paru 13 Paru-paru kanan memiliki tiga lobus: Unggul, menengah, dan rendah Dipisahkan oleh celah horizontal dan miring Paru-paru kiri memiliki dua lobus: Superior dan inferior Dipisahkan oleh fisura miring Main bronchus
  • 14. 14 BRONCHUS (see cartilage plates) Arteri Paru- paru Vena paru- paru Hilum Paru-paru
  • 15. 15 Respiratory System • Structures and Functions of the System – Conducting portion = tubes only (no alveoli) • mouth/nose to terminal bronchioles • series of dichotomous, asymmetric branches • directed passage & conditioning of air – Respiratory portion • Respiratory bronchioles = tubes and alveoli • alveolar ducts, sacs, atria • alveoli only • gas exchange occurs through alveolar walls hilum
  • 16. 16 Sistem Pernafasan Struktur dan Fungsi Sistem • Melakukan porsi = tabung saja (tidak ada alveoli) • mulut / hidung ke bronkiolus terminal • serangkaian cabang dikotomis, asimetris • bagian diarahkan & pengkondisian udara Bagian pernapasan • Bronkiolus pernapasan = tabung dan alveoli • saluran alveolar, kantung, atria • hanya alveoli • pertukaran gas terjadi melalui dinding alveolar hilum
  • 17. 17 Tubes only Alveoli only Branch Cross section (cm2 ) Number 0 3 1 2-4 1.3-0.2 30 5-15 0.0021- 0.0012 12,000 17-19 0.0015- 0.00011 900,000 20-22 0.00008 6,300,000 23 0.00002 8,400,000 16 Many branches here Terminal to Respiratory Bronchioles
  • 18. 18 Lungs: Conducting System, plastic cast 10 bronchus Lobar trachea
  • 19. Bronchi to bronchioles • Bronchoscopy video – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HH- NmeWeJts&NR=1 • Cancer video – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tkmENdA5 o3g&feature=related – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=esjI3jzXO7 Y&feature=related 19
  • 20. 20 Respiratory tract – conducting into respiratory portion • Function of the System – Gas exchange: O2 in and CO2 out • General principles – as one moves down into the branches: – epithelium changes from respiratory to cuboidal to simple squamous epithelium – the number of mucous cells and seromucous glands (hence secretions) decreases – cilia are eventually lost (not present in alveoli) – macrophages exist in the alveolar air space – branches from the pulmonary artery run parallel to the bronchiolar tree and to the alveoli
  • 21. 21 Saluran pernapasan - melakukan ke bagian pernapasan Fungsi Sistem • Pertukaran gas: O2 masuk dan CO2 keluar Prinsip umum - ketika seseorang turun ke cabang: • perubahan epitel dari pernapasan menjadi epitel skuamosa berbentuk kubus menjadi sederhana • jumlah sel mukosa dan kelenjar seromukosa (karenanya sekresi) menurun • silia akhirnya hilang (tidak ada di alveoli) • makrofag ada di ruang udara alveolar • cabang-cabang dari arteri paru berjalan sejajar dengan pohon bronchiolar dan ke alveoli
  • 22. Bagian pernapasan: Aspek umum (a) Connective tissue Elastic fibers Branch of pulmonary vein Pulmonary venule Pulmonary capillary beds Pulmonary arteriole Respiratory bronchiole Terminal bronchiole Cabang dari arteri pulmonalis Bronchiole Alveolar sac Interalveolar septum Alveolar pores Alveoli Alveolar duct
  • 23. Respiratory portion: accent on the lung structures (a) Connective tissue Elastic fibers Branch of pulmonary vein Pulmonary venule Pulmonary capillary beds Pulmonary arteriole Respiratory bronchiole Bronchiole Alveolar sac Interalveolar septum Alveolar pores Alveoli Alveolar duct . Terminal bronchiole Spiral smooth muscle
  • 24. 24 The Respiratory tract: Bronchioles • The Bronchioles – Each tertiary bronchus branches into multiple bronchioles (branches ~4-17) – Bronchioles finally branch into terminal bronchioles • One tertiary bronchus forms about 6500 terminal bronchioles • Bronchiole Structure – Bronchioles • Have no cartilage • Are dominated by smooth muscle – control lumen diameter
  • 25. 25 Saluran pernapasan: Bronkiolus The Bronchioles • Setiap cabang bronkus tersier menjadi beberapa bronkiolus (cabang ~ 4-17) • Bronkiolus akhirnya bercabang menjadi bronkiolus terminal - Satu bronkus tersier membentuk sekitar 6500 bronkiolus terminal Struktur bronkiolus • Bronkiolus • Tidak memiliki tulang rawan • Didominasi oleh diameter lumen kontrol otot polos
  • 26. 26 Nervous system controls in the Lungs • Autonomic Control – Regulates smooth muscle which • regulates diameter of bronchioles and • controls airflow and resistance in lungs • Bronchodilation (norepi/Beta 2 receptors) – dilates of bronchial airways – caused by sympathetic ANS activation – (muscles relax) - Reduces resistance • Bronchoconstriction (AcH/muscarinic) – constricts bronchi – caused by • Parasympathetic ANS activation (muscles constrict) • Histamine release (allergic reactions)
  • 27. 27 Kontrol sistem saraf di Paru-paru Kontrol otonom • Mengatur otot polos yang mana • mengatur diameter bronkiolus dan • mengontrol aliran udara dan resistensi di paru-paru Bronkodilatasi (reseptor norepi / Beta 2) • dilatasi saluran udara bronkial • disebabkan oleh aktivasi ANS simpatik • (Otot rileks) - Mengurangi resistensi Bronkokonstriksi (AcH / muscarinic) • mengkonstriksi bronkus - disebabkan oleh • Aktivasi ANS parasimpatetik (penyempitan otot) • Pelepasan histamin (reaksi alergi)
  • 28. (a) Connective tissue Elastic fibers Branch of pulmonary vein Pulmonary venule Pulmonary capillary beds Pulmonary arteriole Respiratory bronchiole Terminal bronchiole Branch of pulmonary artery Bronchiole Alveolar sac Interalveolar septum Alveolar pores Alveoli Alveolar duct Bagian pernapasan: aksen pada pembuluh darah
  • 29. 29 1. Pulmonary artery (deoxygenated) – from the right ventricle Smooth muscle around bronchioles 2. Branch of Pulmonary vein (oxygenated) – to the left atrium Alveoli = Blood-Air Barrier 3. Bronchial artery – only to the branches 4. Bronchial vein
  • 30. 30 Blood supply to/from the Lungs • #1. Pulmonary artery (deoxygenated blood) • from the right ventricle (from the rt. atrium) • follows the bronchial tree all the way to the alveoli • gas exchange occurs with the alveolar capillaries • #2 Pulmonary veins -- after oxygenation, blood exits • into the left atrium … left ventricle … aorta • #3 Bronchial arteries (oxygenated blood) • from branches off the aorta • provides oxygen and nutrients to tissues of conducting passageways of lung, CT & pleura • stop before the alveoli - goes to … • #4 Bronchial veins (deoxygenated/venous blood (used by the lungs) flows • back into the right atrium or • into pulmonary veins
  • 31. 31 Suplai Darah dari/ke Paru-paru # 1. Arteri paru (darah terdeoksigenasi) • dari ventrikel kanan (dari atrium rt.) • mengikuti pohon bronkial sampai ke alveoli • pertukaran gas terjadi dengan kapiler alveolar # 2 vena paru - setelah oksigenasi, darah keluar • ke dalam atrium kiri ... ventrikel kiri ... aorta # 3 Arteri bronkial • (darah teroksigenasi) • dari cabang-cabang di luar aorta • menyediakan oksigen dan nutrisi ke jaringan yang melakukan saluran paru- paru, CT & pleura • berhenti sebelum alveoli - pergi ke ... # 4 Vena bronkial (darah terdeoksigenasi / vena (digunakan oleh paru-paru) mengalir • kembali ke atrium kanan atau • into pulmonary veins
  • 32. Suplai Darah Ke Paru-paru Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Branch of pulmonary artery Branch of pulmonary vein Pulmonary arteriole Pulmonary venule Pulmonary capillaries Alveoli Pulmonary trunk Pulmonary arteries Right atrium Right ventricle Left ventricle Left atrium Pulmonary veins Aorta Arteri paru membawa darah terdeoksigenasi jauh dari ventrikel kanan di jantung ke paru-paru. Vena paru membawa darah beroksigen dari paru-paru ke atrium kiri di jantung
  • 33. 33 The Lungs • Why is the proximity of the bronchiole and pulmonary artery important? •Development: helps blood vessels ‘find’ the alveoli •Coordination of air flow and blood flow •If bronchiolar air flow is blocked (mucus or tumor) blood vessels constrict to shunt blood flow to other areas of the lung with more O2
  • 34. 34 Paru-Paru • Mengapa kedekatan bronkiolus dan arteri pulmonalis penting? •Pengembangan: membantu pembuluh darah 'menemukan' alveoli •Koordinasi aliran udara dan aliran darah •Jika aliran udara bronchiolar tersumbat (lendir atau tumor) pembuluh darah menyempit sehingga aliran darah ke area paru-paru lain terhambat.e O2
  • 35. 35 Patologi Paru-paru Asma • Stimulasi berlebihan pada sel otot polos menyebabkan penyempitan bronkus - mempersempit bronkiolus dan meningkatkan resistensi • Stimulasi sangat membatasi aliran udara • COPD (penyakit paru obstruktif kronis) Bronkitis kronis - radang saluran udara menyebabkan penyempitan saluran udara • Emfisema - hilangnya dinding alveolar menciptakan lebih sedikit area untuk pertukaran gas • Fibrosis - peningkatan CT = kesulitan berkembang / berkontraksi • Banyak penyakit pernapasan menyebabkan SOB. (shortness of breath)
  • 36. 36 Normal Lung Lung - Emphysema B B
  • 38. 38 otot, serat elastis dan kapiler yang berhubungan dengan bronkiolus dan alveolili Organisasi Alveolar: Struktur Dasar dari Bagian Lobule Tunggal. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc. publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
  • 39. 39 Bagian pernapasan - aspek halus • Fungsi Sistem • Pertukaran gas - O2 masuk dan CO2 keluar • Sel terlibat • tipis, selaput halus dioptimalkan untuk pertukaran gas • pneumosit tipe I dan sel endotel = DINDING • lamina basal menyatu dalam dinding • pneumosit tipe II mensekresikan surfaktan • jaringan ikat di dalam dinding gas
  • 41. 41 Terminal bronchiole respiratory bronchiole Alveolar duct A respiratory bronchiole Terminal bronchiole - all cuboidal cells, last branch of the conducting portion Respiratory bronchioles - contain cuboidal cells interrupted by alveoli (type I pneumocytes Alveolar ducts – all alveoli Alveoli – thin and thick areas
  • 42. 42 Paru-Paru Alveolus • Bronkiolus respiratorik terhubung ke saluran alveolar dan keduanya mengandung alveoli • Saluran alveolar berakhir di kantung alveolar • Ruang umum terhubung ke banyak alveoli individu • Memiliki jaringan kapiler yang luas • Sebagian dikelilingi oleh serat elastis • tidak ada otot polos atau tulang rawan
  • 44. 44 Alveoli - area tipis dan tebal Alveolar Epithelia • Terdiri dari epitel skuamosa sederhana • tipis, tipe I pneumosit halus dan • pendek, lemak tipe II pneumosit (sel septum) yang menghasilkan surfaktan * Area tipis berbatasan dengan kapiler & aktif dalam pertukaran gas • Daerah tebal memiliki lebih banyak CT (jaringan ikat) • Dipatroli oleh makrofag alveolar, juga disebut sel debu = makrofag di ruang udara Area tipis adalah tempat pertukaran gas optimal
  • 45. Alveoli – thin and thick regions Capillary Erythrocyte Nucleus of capillary endothelial cell Interalveolar septum Nucleus of alveolar type I cell Diffusion of O2 Diffusion of CO2 Alveolar epithelium Fused basement membranes of the alveolar epithelium and the capillary endothelium Capillary endothelium (b) Respiratory membrane Alveolus Interalveolar septum Alveolar pores Alveolar macrophages Alveolar type II cell Alveolar type I cell Pulmonary capillaries Erythrocyte Thin regions contain capillaries positioned close to type I pneumocytes. Gas exchange occurs here Thick regions contain connective tissue between the capillaries and alveolar wall Thin region Thick region Air space Air space
  • 46. Alveoli - daerah tipis dan tebal Capillary Erythrocyte Nucleus of capillary endothelial cell Interalveolar septum Nucleus of alveolar type I cell Diffusion of O2 Diffusion of CO2 Alveolar epithelium Fused basement membranes of the alveolar epithelium and the capillary endothelium Capillary endothelium (b) Respiratory membrane Alveolus Interalveolar septum Alveolar pores Alveolar macrophages Alveolar type II cell Alveolar type I cell Pulmonary capillaries Erythrocyte Thin region Thick region Air space Air space Pneumocyte tipe Membentuk sebagian besar dinding alveolar. 5% sel & 95% permukaan Pneumocyte tipe II Menghasilkan - Surfaktan - Sekresi berminyak dari fosfolipid dan protein - Melapisi permukaan alveolar dan mengurangi tegangan permukaan -95% sel & 5% permukaan
  • 48. The Blood – Air Barrier Capillary Erythrocyte Nucleus of capillary endothelial cell Interalveolar septum Nucleus of alveolar type I cell Diffusion of O2 Diffusion of CO2 Alveolar epithelium Fused basement membranes of the alveolar epithelium and the capillary endothelium Capillary endothelium (b) Respiratory membrane Alveolus Interalveolar septum Alveolar pores Alveolar macrophages Alveolar type II cell Alveolar type I cell Pulmonary capillaries Erythrocyte (a)
  • 49. 49 Darah Air- Penghalang Udara (plasma) Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc. publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
  • 50. 50 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Red blood cell membrane (Type I pneumocyte) (Hemoglobin mol.) Penghalang Darah-Udara Perhatikan 5 lapisan! Erythrocyte O2 Apa yang terjadi jika: satu menambahkan CT ke daerah tipis? surfaktan tidak dibuat? CO2
  • 51. 51 Sistem Pernafasan Struktur dan Fungsi Sistem • Melakukan porsi = tabung saja (tidak ada alveoli) • mulut / hidung ke bronkiolus terminal • serangkaian cabang dikotomis, asimetris • bagian diarahkan & pengkondisian udara • Bagian pernapasan • Bronkiolus pernapasan = tabung dan alveoli • saluran alveolar, kantung, atria • hanya alveoli • pertukaran gas terjadi melalui dinding alveolar hilum
  • 52. Respiratory portion: General aspects (a) Connective tissue Elastic fibers Branch of pulmonary vein Pulmonary venule Pulmonary capillary beds Pulmonary arteriole Respiratory bronchiole Terminal bronchiole Branch of pulmonary artery Bronchiole Alveolar sac Interalveolar septum Alveolar pores Alveoli Alveolar duct
  • 53. 53 N N Type II Pneumocyte - produces surfactant Correlate: respiratory distress syndrome - RDS Myelin bodies