All about Nipah Virus Infection

1. Nipah Virus Infection
PRESENTED BY
ALI AHMAD

2. TABLE OF CONTENT
Nipah Virus A Burning Issue In India
Introduction
Reproductive Cycle Of NiV
Symptoms
Treatment
Preventive Measures
Future Perspective
References

3. NIPAH VIRUS A BURNING ISSUE IN INDIA
Recent Outbreak in India:
• From the 12 to 15 September 2023, the Ministry of
Health and Family Welfare, Government of India,
reported six laboratory-confirmed Nipah virus cases,
including two deaths, in Kozhikode district, Kerala.
• As of 27 September 2023,1288 contacts of the
confirmed cases were traced, including high-risk
contacts and healthcare workers, who are under
quarantine and monitoring for 21 days.
• Since 12 September, 387 samples have been tested, of
which six cases were positive for Nipah virus infection.
• This is the sixth outbreak of Nipah virus in India since
2001.

4. INTRODUCTION
• Nipah virus is a bat-borne, zoonotic virus that
causes Nipah virus infection in humans and other
animals, a disease with a very high mortality rate (40-
75%).
• An emerging virus that can cause severe respiratory
illness and deadly encephalitis in humans.
• Nipah virus (NiV) is a member of the family
Paramyxoviridae, genus Henipavirus.
• Nipah virus (NiV) is a nonsegmented, single-stranded,
negative-sense RNA virus.
• The NiV genome consists of approximately 18.2 kb,
encoding six structural proteins
• nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein
(M), fusion protein (F), attachment glycoprotein (G),
and the large protein or RNA polymerase protein.

5. REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE OF NiV

6. SYMPTOMS
• Symptoms typically appear in 4-14 days
following exposure to the virus.
• Fever
• Headache
• Muscle pain (myalgia)
• Vomiting
• Sore throat
• These symptoms can be followed by more
serious conditions including:
• Dizziness
• Atypical pneumonia
• Altered consciousness
• Severe respiratory distress

7. TREATMENT
• Currently there are no licensed FDA approved treatments
available for Nipah virus (NiV) infection.
• Treatment is limited to supportive care, including rest,
hydration, and treatment of symptoms as they occur.
• There are, however, immunotherapeutic treatments
(monoclonal antibody therapies) that are currently under
development and evaluation for treatment of NiV
infections.
• One such monoclonal antibody, m102.4, has completed
phase 1 clinical trials and has been used on a
compassionate use basis.
• The drug ribavirin was used to treat a small number of
patients in the initial Malaysian NiV outbreak, but its
efficacy in people is unclear.

8. PREVENTIVE MEASURES
In areas where Nipah virus (NiV) outbreaks have
occurred (Bangladesh, Malaysia, India, and
Singapore), people should:
Practice handwashing regularly with soap and
water
Avoid contact with sick bats or pigs
Avoid areas where bats are known to roost
Avoid eating or drinking products that could be
contaminated by bats, such as raw date palm sap,
raw fruit, or fruit that is found on the ground
Avoid contact with the blood or body fluids of any
person known to be infected with NiV.

9. FUTURE PERSPECTIVE
• The current understanding of NiV pathogenesis is based off of descriptions from
human outbreaks and from in vitro and in vivo research with either human isolates or
rNiV mutants.
• While much information has been gleaned over the last decade, this knowledge is
certainly not comprehensive.
• The rNiV mutant platform has offered an intriguing ability to assess, which virus
proteins are necessary and which motifs within these proteins are necessary for NiV to
circumvent the innate and cell-adapted immune response.
• While the in vitro work in endothelial cells (both primary and established cell line)
has provided a glimpse into the mechanisms by which NiV controls the innate immune
response through some combination of the C, V and/or W protein, further study into
how each protein has a sole effect on this control,

10. REFRENCES
1. Epstein, J. H., Field, H. E., Luby, S., Pulliam, J. R., & Daszak, P. (2006). Nipah virus:
impact, origins, and causes of emergence. Current infectious disease reports, 8(1),
59-65.
2. Luby, S. P. (2013). The pandemic potential of Nipah virus. Antiviral
research, 100(1), 38-43.
3. Hossain, M. J., Gurley, E. S., Montgomery, J. M., Bell, M., Carroll, D. S., Hsu, V. P., ...
& Breiman, R. F. (2008). Clinical presentation of nipah virus infection in
Bangladesh. Clinical infectious diseases, 46(7), 977-984.
4. Geisbert, T. W., Mire, C. E., Geisbert, J. B., Chan, Y. P., Agans, K. N., Feldmann, F., ...
& Broder, C. C. (2014). Therapeutic treatment of Nipah virus infection in
nonhuman primates with a neutralizing human monoclonal antibody. Science
translational medicine, 6(242), 242ra82-242ra82.
5. Satterfield, B. A., Geisbert, T. W., & Mire, C. E. (2016). Inhibition of the host
antiviral response by Nipah virus: current understanding and future
perspectives. Future Virology, 11(5), 331-344.