1. A study tested the effects of classical music versus silence on test scores. 2. The study found the average test score was higher for the group exposed to classical music (M1=5.8) than the silence group (M2=5.1), but the difference was not statistically significant. 3. An independent samples t-test was conducted and resulted in a t-value of 1.24, which was less than the critical value of 1.734, so the null hypothesis that there is no difference between groups was not rejected.

1. EFFECTS OF CLASSICAL MUSIC ON TEST SCORES 13
Figure 1: Independent Sample t test
Interval/Ratio measurement of dependent variable (test score)
t = M1 – M2______________
√ Σd2
/1 + Σd2
/2 × n1 + n2
(n1 + n2 – 2) n1 × n2
t = 5.8-5.1________________ = _______0.7_______ = 0.7 .
√ 13.6 + 14.9 × 10 + 10 √ (28.5 ) ( 20 ) √(1.58)(0.2)
(10+10-2) (10 × 10) ( 18 ) ( 100 )
t= __0.7 = 0.7 = 1.24
√0.32 0 .56 Degrees of freedom = (n1 + n2 – 2) = (10 + 10 – 2) = 18
Critical Value = 1.734
P > 0.05, NS
MUSIC
GROUP
SILENCE
GROUP
Score
Deviation
(X-M)
Squared Deviation
(X-M)2 Score
Deviation
(X-M)
Squared Deviation
(X-M)2
4 -1.8 3.24 3 -2.1 4.41
5 -0.8 0.64 7 1.9 3.61
7 1.2 1.44 5 -0.1 0.01
7 1.2 1.44 5 -0.1 0.01
4 -1.8 3.24 6 0.9 0.81
7 1.2 1.44 4 -1.1 1.21
6 0.2 0.04 7 1.9 3.61
7 1.2 1.44 4 -1.1 1.21
6 0.2 0.04 5 0.1 0.01
5 -0.8 0.64 5 0.1 0.01
M1=5.8 Σd2
1=13.6 M2=5.1 Σd2
2=14.9
(sum of squares) (sum of squares)