2. anticoagulants
Drugs that help prevent the clotting of blood
Coagulation will occur intravenously once a blood
vessel has been severed.
Blood begin to solidify to prevent excessive blood
loss and to prevent invasive substances from
entering the blood stream.
3. Heparin
Is a non molecular mixture of straight chain
mucopolysaccharide.
Average molecular weight of 10000 to 20000.
Potentiates the activity of antithrombin lll.
Must be given via injection.
Its biological half life is about one hour.
Inactivated by liver and excreted in urine
Present in all tissue containing mast cells eg:
lung,liver and intestinal mucosa.
4. Anticoagulant action of heparin
heparin
activates plasma AT lll
heparin AT lll complex
binds to clotting factors of intrinsic and common
pathways(lla, Xllla, IXa, Xa, and Xlla) and
inactivate them.
5. Other actions of heparin
Heparin in higher doses inhibits platelet
aggregation and prolongs bleeding time.
In lower doses helps in lipaemia clearing.
6. pharmacokinetics
Heparin is not absorbed orally
Acts instantaneously when given iv
If given s.c ,injection, anticoagulant effect
develops after 60min.
Heparin does not cross blood-brain barrier or
placenta
Metabolised in liver by heparinase.
Fragments are excreted in urine
7. Adverse effects
Bleeding due to overdose( most serious)
Thrombocytopenia( mild and transient)
Infrequent transient and reversible alopecia
Osteoporosis-long term use of relatively high dose
10. MOA
Selectively inhibit factor Xa with little effect on
lla
Act only by inducing conformational changes in
AT III
Have smaller effect on aPTT and whole blood
clotting time
Have lesser antiplatelet action- < interference
with haemostasis.
Low incidence of haemorrhagic complications
Elimination by renal excretion.
11. Advantages of LMW heparin
Better subcutaneous bioavailability (70-90%)
Longer and more consistent( t1/2 4-6hours)
Laboratory not necessary since aPTT is not
prolonged
Risk of osteoporosis is less after prolonged use
12. Indications
As prophylaxis and treatment for DVT.
Prophylaxis of PE in high risk patient undergoing
surgery.
Management of unstable angina and MI.
To maintain patency of canulae and shunts in
dialysis patient.
14. WARFARIN
In the early 20th century, bis-hydroxycoumarin(
dicumarol) was discovered after cows livestock
had eaten spoiled sweet clover and died of a
haemorrhagic disease.
Today its deriavatives are used therapeutically as
anticoagulants and commercially as rodenticides.
Warfarin is the most common oral anticoagulant
used today.
15. Warfarin….
Is an oral coumarin anticoagulant widely used to
prevent and control thromboembolic disorders.
It is available as R and S type
The s-warfarin has 3-5 times greater
anticoagulation potency than the other.
16. Mechanism of action
It inhibits hepatic synthesis of vitamin K
dependent factors.
It inhibits the action of vitamin K1- 2,3 epoxide
reductase.
17. pharmacokinetic
Has 100% bioavailability
It is highly bound to plasma protein, mainly
albumin.
Is distributed to the liver, lung, spleen and
kidneys but less distributed in breast milk
It crosses the placenta
Its anticoagulant effect after single dose is usually
5-7days.
Metabolized by hepatic cytochrome P-450
18. Indication for warfarin use
Prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous
thrombosis and PE
Prophylaxis and /or treatment of thromboembolic
complications associated with atrial fibrillation
and / or cardiac valve replacement.
Use in ischemic stroke or systemic embolization.
19. Warfarin monitoring
Prothrombin time(PT)- used to measure the
effect of warfarin. It measures the time taken for
clotting mechanism to progress. Normal range(15-
20 seconds).
International normalization ratio- is a
standardized way of expressing PT. Target range
is 2-3. Note that the longer it takes the blood to
clot, the higher the PT and INR
23. Dipyridamole
Coronary vasodilator and relatively weak
antiplatelet
Potentiates effect of endogenous prostacycline
In high concentration inhibit phosphodiesterase,
so increase cAMP
Use with aspirin to prevent ischemic stroke in
patients of TIA
24. TICLODIPINE AND CLOPIDOGREL
Inhibits binding of ADP to its receptors
irreversibly
Inhibit fibrinogen induced platelet aggregation
Synergestic action with aspirin
Both are prodrugs and have long duration of
antiplatelet effect
Clopidogrel is safer and better tolerated