QUESTIONS (B): 4. What concerns are associated with sustainable development? 5. What are some examples of external environmental cost? 6. Define what is meant by pollution-prevention costs. 7. Define the problem of common property resource ownership. Provide some example. 8. Describe the concept of debt-for-nature exchanges. QUESTIONS (C): 9. Give examples of subsidies, market-based instruments, and life cycle analysis. 10. What kinds of risks are willingly accepted by people? 11. Give examples of renewable and nonrenewable resources. 12. Why are environmental costs often deferred costs?

1. Group 12:
1. PHAI MINEA [Leader: 0966153104] (ID: 2119055)
2. LAO SOKKEANG (ID: 2119639)
3. OL KIMMEY (ID: 2120522)
4. RITH CHHAINGIM (ID: 2121245)
5. OSOTH RATANADAVID (ID: 2119875)

2. REVIEW QEUSTIONS
QUESTIONS (B):
4. What concerns are associated with sustainable development?
5. What are some examples of external environmental cost?
6. Define what is meant by pollution-prevention costs.
7. Define the problem of common property resource ownership. Provide some example.
8. Describe the concept of debt-for-nature exchanges.
QUESTIONS (C):
9. Give examples of subsidies, market-based instruments, and life cycle analysis.
10. What kinds of risks are willingly accepted by people?
11. Give examples of renewable and nonrenewable resources.
12. Why are environmental costs often deferred costs?

3. ANSWER PART (B):
4. What concerns are associated with sustainable development?
Answer 4:
Concern is associated with sustainable development are climate change, energy
consumptions, waste production, threats to public health, poverty, social exclusion,
management of natural resources, loss of biodiversity and land use.
5. What are some examples of external environmental cost?
Answer 5:
Example of external environment cost, when people by fuel for a car, they pay for the
production of that fuel.
6. Define what is meant by pollution-prevention costs.
Answer 6:
Pollution-prevention costs are based on quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the
cost to the society for the correction or compensation of environmental damage or the
cost incurred to prevent a harmful emission from escaping into the environment.
7. Define the problem of common property resource ownership. Provide some example.
Answer 7:
The tragedy of the commons is an economic problem in which every individual has an
incentive to consume a resource at the expense of every other individual with no way to
exclude anyone from consuming. It results in over-consumption, under-investment, and
ultimately depletion of the resource. Important contemporary examples of common
property resources include the global atmosphere, the oceans, large lakes, rivers, forests,
and fish and wildlife populations, including birds.
8. Describe the concept of debt-for-nature exchanges.
Answer 8:
The concept of debt-for-nature exchanges are an innovative mechanism for addressing
the debt issue while encouraging investment in conservation and sustainable
development. It is one new method of helping manage a nation’s debt crisis. Debt-for-
nature involves purchasing foreign debt, converting that debt into local currency and
using the proceeds to fund conservation activities. The key to the transaction lies in the
willingness of commercial banks (or governments) to sell debt at less than the full value
of the original loan.

4. ANSWER PART (C):
9. Give examples of subsidies, market-based instruments, and life cycle analysis.
Answer 9:
Give examples of subsidies, market-based instruments, and life cycle analysis:
 Subsidies
- agriculture
- electric cars
- green energy
- oil and gas
- transport
- welfare payment
 Market based instrument
- taxes
- charges
- levies
- tradable permit schemes
- deposit refund systems
 Life cycle analysis
- analyzes raw material
- acquisition
- manufacturing processes
- transportation
Use by the customer and ultimately disposal of the used product.
10. What kinds of risks are willingly accepted by people?
Answer 10:
Kind of risks are willingly accepted by people, the cost of products or service
increases, health risk, deal with on a daily basis or directly apply to them.
11. Give examples of renewable and nonrenewable resources.
Answer 11:

5. Give example of renewable and nonrenewable resources:
• Renewable sources: timber, wind and solar.
• Nonrenewable sources: coal and natural gas.
12. Why are environmental costs often deferred costs?
Answer 12:
Environmental cost often deferred costs because environmental costs are difficult to
assess, since they are not easily converted to monetary values. We do this for our future
generation. Environmental impact of a project may not be recognized immediately or at
early stage. So, the environment cost of the probable damages done to environment are
referred to as deferred cost, that are paid at a later stage after completion of the project.
Environmental cost is difficult to assess are so it is difficult to convert to monetary value.
These environmental costs of the project are added at earliest stage because impacts are
not immediate. Example, effect on air or water quality due to release of harmful
substances as a consequence of any operational activity. For this reason, environmental
costs are often deferred cost. But it should be considered that carbon taxing or pricing the
damage done to environment is not very effective in controlling damage or protecting our
environment but rather it allows industrial giants to continue harming the environment as
they are able to pay the damage done to environment. in many cases damage is not
reversible.