Pharmacognosy presentation

1. Hawthorn
(Crataegus)
IUMS

2. There are at least 280 known species, with 200 of these
from Eastern North America. And about a tenth as many
each from Eastern Asia or Europe. Which species are we
referring to most often in Western herbalism? By most
accounts; C. oxyacantha, C. monogyna, C. laevigata
though this is one of the medicinal plants that is often
referred to by genus, Crataegus sp.
Taxonomic Tree
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Plantae
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Phylum: Spermatophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Dicotyledonae
Genus: Crataegus

3. Distribution

4. Essential
oil
Hawthorn
Chemical
compounds
Biological
properties
Fruits
Leaves
Cytotoxic
Antioxidant
Antiparasitic
Antibacterial

5. Used as a food
In Iran, the fruits of Crataegus
(including Crataegus azarolus var.
aronia, as well as other species) are
known as zâlzâlak and eaten raw as
a snack, or made into a jam known
by the same name.

6. Essential oil
• 1- Stimulates circulation of blood & lymph.
• 2- Reduces spasms in respiratory ,muscular ,digestive &
nervous system.
• 3- Eliminates pain & induces relaxation.
• 4- Increases frequency & quantity of urine.
• 5- Used to mask foul smell.
• 6- Regulates menstrual cycle.
• 7- Fights rheumatism & arthritis.
• 8- Prevents formation of kidney stones.
• 9- Remove excess water ,fat & salt from body.
• 10- Promotes discharge of gastric
juices ,hormones ,enzymes,ovarian & uterine discharges.
• 11- Treats snake bites ,dog bites & stings from poisonous
insects.

7. Used medically
Hawthorn is used for diseases of the heart and blood vessels such as
congestive heart failure (CHF), chest pain, and irregular heartbeat. It
is also may be used to treat both low blood pressure and high blood
pressure, "hardening of the arteries" (atherosclerosis), and high
cholesterol.

8. common drugs
1. Loaded with antioxidants
some cancers
type 2 diabetes
asthma
some infections
heart problems
premature skin aging
2. May have anti-inflammatory properties
3. May lower blood pressure
4. May decrease blood fats
6. Helps prevent hair loss
7. May reduce anxiety
8. Used to treat heart failure
9. Easy to add to your diet
Hawthorn berries (Crataegus monogyna)

9. Hawthorn berries (Crataegus oxyacantha)

12. Drug interactions
1- Digoxin (Lanoxin).
2- Medications for high blood pressure (Beta-blockers).
3- Medications for high blood pressure (Calcium channel blockers) .
4- Medications for male sexual dysfunction (Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitors).
5-Medications that increase blood flow to the heart (Nitrates).

14. Safety
Hawthorn is POSSIBLY SAFE for most adults when used at recommended doses
short-term (up to 16 weeks). It is not known whether hawthorn is safe when used
long-term.
In some people, hawthorn can cause nausea, stomach upset, fatigue, sweating,
headache, dizziness, palpitations, nosebleeds, insomnia, agitation, and other
problems.

15. Special Precautions & Warnings
1- Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Not enough is known about the use of
hawthorn during pregnancy and breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side and avoid
use.
2- Heart disease: Hawthorn can interact with many prescription drugs used to
treat heart disease. If you have a heart condition, don't use hawthorn without the
recommendation of your healthcare provider.
3- Surgery: Hawthorn might slow blood clotting and increase the risk of bleeding
during and after surgery. Stop using hawthorn at least 2 weeks before a
scheduled surgery.

16. Fennel
(Foeniculum vulgare)

17. Taxonomic Tree
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Plantae
Order: Apiales
Family: Apiaceae
Phylum: Spermatophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Dicotyledonae
Genus: Foeniculum

18. Distribution

19. Used as a food
To soften the flavor of the bulb, try
braising, sautéing, roasting, or grilling
it. Fennel stalks can take the place of
celery in soups and stews, and can be
used as a "bed" for roasted chicken
and meats. Use fennel fronds as a
garnish, or chop them and use as you
would other herbs, like dill or parsley.

20. Essential oil
1- Reduce spasms excellent antispasmodic,
particularly for the digestive, cardiovascular and
respiratory systems and muscle.
2- Heals wounds ability to speed up wound healing.
3- Stimulating properties as a stimulant, improves
the functioning of the nervous system, digestive
system and excretory system.
4- Boosts mental hearth relieve stress, anxiety and
even depression, enhance mental clarity and focus.
5- Aids digestion help trigger the excretion of gas
and toxins from the intestines to provide relief from
problems such as indigestion, stomach pain and
hypertension.

21. Foeniculum vulgare (Apiaceae) commonly known as fennel is a well known
and important medicinal and aromatic plant widely used as carminative,
digestive, lactogogue and diuretic and in treating respiratory and
gastrointestinal disorders.
Used medically

23. Drug interactions
1- Birth control pills (Contraceptive drugs)
2- Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)
3- Estrogens
4- Tamoxifen (Nolvadex)

24. Fennel is LIKELY SAFE when taken by mouth in the amounts commonly found
in food. It is POSSIBLY SAFE when used as at appropriate doses for a short
period of time. Fennel creams are also POSSIBLY SAFE when applied to the
skin.
Safety

25. Special Precautions & Warnings
1- Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Not enough is known about the safety of using fennel
during pregnancy. It's best to avoid use.
2- During breast-feeding, fennel is POSSIBLY UNSAFE. It's been reported that two breast-
feeding infants experienced damage to their nervous systems after their mothers drank an
herbal tea that contained fennel.
3- Children: Fennel products are POSSIBLY SAFE when used at appropriate doses by
young infants for colic for up to one week.
4- Allergy to celery, carrot or mugwort: Fennel might cause an allergic reaction in people
who are sensitive to these plants.
5- Bleeding disorders: Fennel might slow blood clotting. Taking fennel might increase the
risk of bleeding or bruising in people with bleeding disorders.
6- Hormone-sensitive condition such as breast cancer, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer,
endometriosis, or uterine fibroids: Fennel might act like estrogen. If you have any condition
that might be made worse by exposure to estrogen, do not use fennel.