Why businesses internationalize: Comparing theories

Questions On International Trade Theory
Student name: Fangyu Zhou
Student number: 201109990
Module name: International business
Module code: MKIB 225
Essay question: Why do businesses internationalize? Compare and contrast the various "standard" theories .
Word count: 1051
Why does business internationalize?
With the development of international business, countries with the purpose of increasing the variety of local products had been trying best for decades
to trade with other nations. Furthermore, international trade theories were developed to explain the benefit nations can get from utilizing free trade
pattern and participating in the multilateral trade with opening up strategy by eliminating import control, export support and other types of...show more
content...
As a result, every country in the world, including the weakness country, it can benefit from international trade by comparative advantage (Neary, 2012).
For example, even both the productivity of corn and rice in Ghana is lower than South Korea, but Ghana still can gain the rice from trade by exporting
which is comparatively more efficient in production than the corn from South Korea, while importing corn with relatively lower productivity.
According to Redding and Vera–Martin (2002) provided, different from technology–based comparative advantage, Heckscher–Ohlin supported that
comparative advantage arises from the difference in endowed resources such as land, labor, and capital, rather than the difference in productivity. For
example, Saudi Arabia has long been a substantial exporter of oil, but it is an importer of fruits, reflecting its relative local abundance of oil field
while the local scarcity of land on planting fruit.

Moreover, factor endowment theory has been subjected to numerous tests, but the thing which is some situations cannot be accounted. Such as the
United State who is abundant in capital imports more capital–intensive goods than its export of that (Redding, & Vera–Martin, 2002). The Leontief
Paradox exists mostly because that Heckscher–Ohlin developed the theory under the assumption that technologies are the same over the world.
However, the validity of the factor endowment theory is not affected,
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Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis Paper
1.Introduction
The escalating liberalization of international trade that occurred during the decades following World War II under the impulse of various multilateral
agreements and organizations has brought about a dramatic change in the geographic scope of logistics and freight transportation systems. While new
trade ties have emerged with East Asia, long–time trading partners such as the United States and European nations have also intensified their trade
relationships, to the point that the European Union is the largest trading partner of the United States and this trade represents 4% of U.S. gross domestic
product (BEA, 2010).
The intensification of long–haul trade routes has reinforced the critical role of seaports, as gateways to...show more content...
We look at competition and positioning of these ports with respect to shippers and their geographic location on the European continent. We separately
consider their linkages with U.S. ports of entry; finally, we also look at port traffic from the angle of the types of commodity handled. Each analysis
produces a functional space of European forwarding ports from one of the three perspectives. All three perspectives are also brought together in a
synthetic analysis of inter–port competition.
Commodity flow databases constitute a rich and multidimensional data source, but this information will not be useful unless some rules and patterns
are extracted from data in the form of functional space, for instance. Exploratory spatial data analysis methods play an increasing role in analyzing huge
databases. It helps to understand, summarize, and classify the huge unorganized data, and, more importantly, provides new hypotheses about data that
can be subsequently applied in spatial modeling. Multivariate statistical methods such as factor analysis, principle component analysis,
multidimensional scaling, and self–organizing maps deal with data reduction and have been used effectively comprehend functional space, either
implicitly or explicitly. Berry (1966) applied factor analysis approaches to identify India's salient commodity flow patterns. R–mode analysis identifies
clusters of destination locations with similar profiles of incoming flows,

International Trade of Developing Countries
International trade of developing countries is the classic weak vs. strong dichotomy, and underdeveloped or developing countries cannot make it solely
on their own efforts; the have nots need help from the haves. Developed nations trumpet the claim that the answer to developing nations' international
trade issues is untrammeled or open market activity as opposed to government intervention by developed nations' governments. This begs the question
as to what extent the governments of developed nations are or should be responsible for supporting developing countries' growth in international
trading markets. Often the protectionist actions of developed nations' governments to enhance their own international trading activities are the very
...show more content...
511):
Recent literature on international trade negotiation accords considerable attention to the ways in which developing countries increasingly coalesce to
effect gains for themselves in negotiation, mostly with the developed world. This is both appropriate and important: from the Uruguay Round to the
Doha Round, coalitions have facilitated the gains (and, at times, the losses) made by the weak against the strong. (Singh, 2006, p. 499).
Regional agreements and export–import aid by developed nations to developing nations have provided some relief through the U.S. Export–Import
Bank (Ex–Im Bank), the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and the European
Union/Common Market, among others (Carbaugh, 2013).
Import Substitution and Export–led Growth
The two key approaches by developing nations to implement their own trade policies are import substitution and export–led growth. Import substitution
strategy is inward oriented: trade and industrial incentives favor the domestic market over the export market of developing nations, a strategy utilized
extensively in Latin America by Argentine, Brazil, and Mexico (Carbaugh, 2013, p. 247). Advantages of this approach include:
Risks of developing the domestic industry to replace imports are low because the market already

Introduction to International Trade
Introduction to International trade
International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories or in other words is the process of import
and export. international trade has been present throughout much of history its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent
centuries. Industrialization, advanced in technology transportation, globalization, multinational corporations, and outsourcing are all having a major
impact on the international trade system. While In most countries, such trade represents a significant share of gross domestic product (GDP). Increasing
international trade is crucial to the continuance of globalization this is because without...show more content...
Advantages and disadvantages of international trade
The advantage of international trade is greater variety of goods available for consumption and international trade brings in different varieties of a
particular product from different destinations. This gives consumers wider arrays of choices which is will not only improve their quality of life but
as a whole it will help to the country grow. Better utilization and efficient allocation of resources since countries tend to produce goods in which they
have a comparative advantage and its lead to when the countries produce through comparative advantage, wasteful duplication of resources is
prevented and helps save the environment from harmful gases being leaked into the atmosphere and also provide countries with a better marketing
power. Promotes efficiency in production as countries will try to adopt better methods of production to keep costs down in order to remain
competitive. For those countries that can produce a product at the lowest possible cost, will be able to gain a larger share in the market. Therefore an
incentive to produce efficiently arises. This will help standards of the product to increase and consumers will have a good quality product to consume.
As the market for the countries' goods widens through trade more employment could

Essay On International Trade
International Trade
In today's world there are many issues in need of reformation, one of which is international trade, otherwise known as globalization. Although there are
a great deal of rules, regulations, and policies imposed on international trade, the manner in which those rules have been enforced is a major
controversy that seems to be escalating day by day.
At the center of the controversy is the World TradeOrganization (WTO). The WTO was established in 1995 in order to transform the General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) into an enforceable globalcommercial code. Critics of the WTO say that instead of being run democratically
and in the interest of member countries, it has become the enforcer of corporate managed...show more content...
Once again they are demonstrating that the pursuit of wealth is it's number one goal and ignoring massive protests launched by American labor unions
who argue that the pact could cost hundreds of thousands of American jobs due to an increase in Chinese imports and companies who may decide to
relocate factories to China, where cheap labor can be utilized.
Another prominent issue concerning the WTO is organically produced foods, which have become a highly demanded product in the last few years.
Countries take part in distributing and manufacturing foods because it has led to an increased amount of trade (increasing exports and minimizing
imports). The parties that have benefited most from organically produced foods are farmers and agricultural businesses in other countries. But a
negative impact would be increased competition among businesses. This represents a rational point of view. Competitors are only concerned with their
own wealth and distinction. The company and its well–being is their self interest. Their primary goal is success. Businesses expect other businesses,
along with the customers, to show obedience.
Companies, individuals and countries alike all view the perspective of the rational dimension. The economy as a whole is rational. Groups such as the
World Trade Organization (WTO) are using their hierarchy of power to benefit themselves. The WTO has enforced it's own laws on the opening of

International Trade Essay
International Trade: Germany, Belgium, The Netherlands and Luxembourg
Overview of International Trade Flows The European Union is a major player when it comes to international trade. Accounting for 16.5% of the
world's imports and exports, the EU is founded on principles of free trade and fair trade. The organization negotiates agreements around the world in
hopes of creating growth and jobs for Europeans. Furthermore, through trade policy, the EU aims to reduce child labor, forced labor, and
environmental destruction which can contribute to price volatility. Every day, the countries of the EU export hundreds of millions of goods and
services. In 2016, The EU's top trading partners were the United States at 17.8 % of total trade, China...show more content...
1). Although Germany currently enjoys a strong economy and low unemployment, the country faces challenges once Britain officially exits the
European Union. With the loss of support from Britain, Germany will be expected to contribute more, which ultimately puts more of an economic strain
on the country. This will force the country to reevaluate the current economic structure and possibly lead to the redistribution of funds. Germany
already makes the largest net contribution to the EU each year with more than 15 billion in funds. Once Britain leaves the EU this net contribution is
expected to need to increase to 20 billion in funds. Germany's success is additionally seen in other measures such as life expectancy, education,
healthcare, and immigration. Germany's population sports high longevity and a well–educated workforce. Germany continually receives record
numbers of immigrants which is often an indicator of a strong economic market and a successful country. Germany appears well–positioned to handle
future economic changes and thrive.
Profile of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg Luxembourg is the financial powerhouse of the European Union. At one time the nation's economy was
based on the steel and iron industry. When iron ore deposits became exhausted, the country turned to the financial sector and never looked back.
Although the country is mainly focused on international banking and financial services, information technology and electronic commerce

International Trade Theories Essay
International Trade Theories Mercantilism
Mercantilism was a sixteenth–century economic philosophy that maintained that a country's wealth was measured by its holdings of gold and silver
(Mahoney, Trigg, Griffin, & Pustay, 1998). This recquired the countries to maximise the difference between its exports andimports by promoting
exports and discouraging imports. The logic was transparent to sixteenth–century policy makers–if foreigners buy more goods from you than you buy
from them, then the foreigners have to pay you the difference in gold and silver, enabling you to amass more treasure. With the treasure acquired the
realm could build greater armies and navies and hence expand the nation's global influence....show more content...
In An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), Smith attacked the intellectual basis of mercantilism and demonstrated that
mercantilism actually weakens a country. Smith maintained that a country's true wealth is measured by the wealth of all its citizens, not just that of its
monarch (Mahoney, Trigg, Griffin, & Pustay, 1998).
A country is said to be more productive than another country, if it can produce more output (goods) for a given quantity of input, such as labour or
energy inputs. An example is that there are only two countries, Australia and Japan. They both produce computers and wine, and only one factor of
production, labour. Japan produces 6 computers for every 1 bottle of wine, where as Australia produces only 4 computers for every 3 bottles of wine.
This suggests that Australia should export some of its wine to Japan, and Japan should export some of its computers to Australia. Australia has an
absolute advantage over Japan, when producing wine, and Japan has an absolute advantage over Australia, when producing computers (Gandolfo,
1998).
Economists use the term absolute advantage when comparing the productivity of one person, firm or nation with that of another. The producer that
requires a smaller quantity of inputs to produce a good is said to have an absolute advantage in producing that good (Gans, King, & Mankiw, 1999).
Comparative Advantage
The

United States On International Trade
The CITES is an international agreement that entered in force the 1st of July 1975. It is designed to prevent any threat, caused by international trade,
towards the survival of specimens of wild animals and plants. The global scale of the trading network nowadays imposes this convention to have an
international scope, thus to include 181 parties protecting more than 35,000 species
This treaty has 2 main purposes: it aims to improve the working of the Convention, also, ensure that CITES policy developments are mutually
supportive of international environmental priorities and new international initiatives.
The species included in this convention are sorted into three appendices: Appendix I includes species threatened with extinction and...show more
content...
There are also more broad metrics like the Living Planet Index (measure of biodiversity).
A difficulty to address this problem
A convention such as CITES can impose total trade bans on certain species. While the reason is environmentally sound, politicians don't always
agree. The reason behind this are the commercial and economic benefits that countries get out of specific trades. For instance, the main challenge in
2013 was to add to the CITES Appendix II several species of sharks. This proposal faced a strong resistance from China, Japan and their allies, where
the shark fin trade is a tradition, causing horrific changes in the population of these species. The same problem happened in 2013 during the CoP16
when Canada rejected the decision to enlist the Polar Bear in the Appendix I, due to its impact on the lives of the Inuit
Cooney, R., & Abensperg–Traun, M., (2013)
.
Evaluating the success
This agreement has been at the origin of some positive movements and actions, however, it has also showed weaknesses in terms of policy and

Why Is International Trade?
Why Trade?
Why is international trade even important? Why can't a country just use what it can produce? The answers to these questions are varied in so many
ways. International trade is important to different countries for different reasons. Developed countries like the US could very well get by strictly
get by on products that they produced. When we think about the products that the US specializes in though, we can get a clearer picture of all the
amazing products we would be missing out on. If we look at developing countries that don't have the resources the US does, or smaller countries
whose land mass is in all one climate zone we can get a better idea of the difficulties they would face trying to farm all of their own products as the
crops that would be available to them in that region may be quite limited.
The European Commission published a 10–fact list regarding the importance of international trade and the numerous benefits it brings to the countries
involved. The EC pointed out that international trade partners countries in a positive way creating a sense of unity. Trade also promotes innovation
of new products to bring to the market as well as more competitive pricing as well as foreign direct investment. One of the most important facts that
EC points out in their article is the benefit of open trade to countries. Open trade provides wider business opportunities for local companies by
providing access to new and larger markets. Lowering trade barriers makes it

International Trade Case Study
ELECTRONIC BUSINESS (BEB3014) CHAPTER3: CASE STUDY CASE STUDY: Microsoft and the People's Republic of China Software piracy
has been a major challenge for software makers such as Microsoft that want to sell software in the global marketplace. Laws that protect intellectual
property vary from country to country, and the laws in many countries provide little or no protection. Governments in developing countries are
reluctant to increase the protections afforded by their intellectual property laws because they see no point in passing laws that protect the profits of
foreign corporations by imposing higher costs on their struggling local businesses and citizens. In the late 1990s, after years of holding firm on its
global pricing,...show more content...
Juliet Wu, former general manager of Microsoft China, published a book in 2000 that was highly critical of the company. The book was widely
read in the PRC and received many good reviews. PRC officials have often criticized Microsoft for many things ranging from high prices to the
company's use of Taiwanese programmers (the PRC does not officially recognize Taiwan as an independent nation separate from the PRC).
Government officials in the PRC are also concerned about security. Microsoft has always maintained that the code to its software products is a trade
secret and has refused to allow its publication or distribution. Companies that develop software that runs on Microsoft Windows, for example, must
sign a nondisclosure agreement with Microsoft to obtain information they need about how Windows operates so they can make their software
compatible with it. Many PRC officials believe that Microsoft, as a U.S.–based company, might include secret code in its software that would allow the
U.S. government to enter PRC government computers undetected in a time of international conflict or war. At a very basic level, the ideology of the
PRC's socialist government is a polar opposite to the highly competitive capitalist principles that have driven Microsoft to success. But the greatest
challenge that Microsoft must overcome in the PRC is the attraction of open–source software. Open–source programs' code is

Essay on International Business
Today's world of rapid increase in and expansion of technology is the reasons for recent International Business growth. The rapid growth in international
business makes an understanding of organizational behavior all the more important for contemporary managers. Businesses have expanded
internationally to increase their market share, as the domestic markets were too small to sustain growth. Business transactions are also becoming
increasing blurred across national boundaries.
Companies engage in international business to expand sales, acquire resources, diversify their sources of sales and supplies, and minimize competitive
risk. When operating abroad, companies may have to adjust their usual methods of carrying on business. This is...show more content...
When dealing with international finance, risk is calculated in many different areas. Here, I will discuss the financial risks associated with international
business, with an emphasis on the risk of foreign exchange rates. Country Risk When a business decides to become an international trader, one type of
risk that must be examined is the country risk. When a company accepts or approves credit to a foreign customer, they are not only assuming the
foreign company's risk, but also the country's risk. Country risk analysis means determining the country credit–worthiness. In terms of the ability and
willingness of a foreign government to make available to local companies foreign exchange necessary to service their foreign currency denominated
obligations or debts to foreign suppliers. (www.bcfm.com/financial_manager/szabo%20internationalfm98.htm)
Mitigation of Country Risk
One way a company can help to mitigate country risk is by fully researching the foreign country they wish to do business with. This is accomplished
by conducting a country risk assessment. This assessment takes into consideration the probability of credit loss or delayed payment, and uses the
results to determine if the corporation will extend credit with the foreign business. Foreign Exchange Risks Foreign exchange risks are often the result
of country risks. Foreign exchange risks can be defined as the ability and willingness of the

International Trade Essay
International Trade
What is International Trade? International trade is defined as trade between two or more partners from different countries in the exchange of goods and
services. In order to understand International trade, we need to first know and understand what trade is, which is the buying and selling of products
between different countries. International Trade simply is globalization of the world and enables countries to obtain products and services from other
countries effortlessly and expediently. International trade has been in existence throughout history and has aneconomic impact on the participating
countries. Trade in most countries has a share of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and helps to boost the...show more content...
Free Trade is the concept we use when referring to selling of products between countries without tariffs, fees, or trade barriers. Free Trade simply is
the absence of government interference or numerous restrictions, which has been labeled as laissez fair economics. Free Trade grants easier access to
goods and services, promote faster growth for the economy, and also allows for the outsourcing of production of goods, which hurts the economy.
Many believe that the free trade hurts developed countries and nations, due to the loss of jobs by international competition and can reduce the country's
GDP. Overall, free trade agreement with other countries can save time and money and increase participating countries economy.
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) There are various tradeagreements the United States have with many other countries and I will do a
brief overview of a few of them. The most noticeable one is the North American Free Trade Agreement, which include the United States, Mexico, and
Canada. This agreement was constructed and approved in January of 1992 and formed the largest free trade area. NAFTA eliminated and reduce tariffs
and non–tariff barriers in addition to comprehensive provisions in the way trade was conducted between these countries.
Conclusion
NAFTA was born out of the original Canada–US Free Trade Agreement of 1988, which did change the existing agreement concepts, but essentially

WhatВґs International Trade
Introduction
International trade is to explain why countries to import and export cargo, and barriers to trade and many different steps and trade barriers have been
taken down and explain some economic factors must be protected trade.
When foreign trade is not strongly change, government spending and taxes, like most of the headlines, it aroused some people's blood in economics.
Both exports and imports will affect the livelihood and way of life.
These people are very anxious, but those who worry about their personal liveway. Economists generally believe that almost, overseas trade will be in a
free global market a large number of people have done a lot of good.
Forms of Restriction on International Trade
Free trade is the...show more content...
This problem has been greatly reduced due to estimation in cross–border trade goods agreement between countries is now. The Reason of Trade Barriers
Free trade is in many countries and most of the traditional media. They believe that free trade will slow economic growth, employment, let the injured.
These are some of the reasons of economic and trade protection:
Continue to save local work from the "cheap" foreign labor. Although, output per worker is higher, are high in general wage industrialized countries.
The highest wages can reflect the maximum work rate or no benefit. Owners must reduce wages and production efficiency.
Increased trade deficit. Trade barriers make imports more expensive, reduce the demand for imports. However, trading partners can also raise prices,
international trade. This policy will not solve the problem, if the domestic production of goods without competition or may not be high quality. The
country is willing to spend not so much if they fall in exports imports.
Continue to save the infant industry. Countries to emerging industries. A long time, become aggressive. However, some government protection will
never end, these industries will from trade barriers have given their interests become aggressive.

Trade barriers supporters do not agree with the overseas industry often engaged in unfair trade practices, "unfair" competition environment. A common
differences, overseas imports sold to domestic

Aggressive Tax Planning Essay
I – Introduction
Globalization, over time, has acquired an important role in domestic as well as international economy. With the rise of new developing economies and
increase in international trade, the volume of trade and the complexity of markets have increased significantly. Remarkable reduction in trade barriers,
free movement of capital and goods, wider choice of preference for Permanent Establishment , technological advancements in field of communication,
increased awareness about legal aspects of intellectual property and rights associated with it have contributed to a more globalized world. The
production of consumable goods has soared to a new level. This increased production and trade has now involved many previously...show more
content...
This has led paradigm shift from traditionally invert looking tendencies of locally operating corporations to look beyond conventional consumers and
venture into global markets with sophisticated organizational and management structures and integrated and centralized supply chains at regional
/global levels.
The development of Internet can be accredited for the growing importance of digital economy and other new business practices. This has brought the
service sector of the economy into limelight attracting heavy investments by corporations around the globe. New enhanced service sector has allowed
corporations to operate in areas which are distant from their physical location thereby providing them an opportunity for arbitrage and dodging tax rules
through Aggressive Tax Planning by exploiting acceptable tax planning practices.
Citizens have become more aware and the issue of tax fairness has gained momentum, making it important for Governments around the world to
address the issue of tax erosion and tax evasion by corporations. The erosion and evasion of taxes by corporations harm the Governments as they result
in loss of revenue. This is particularly harmful for developing nations which struggle for financial independence for creation of infrastructure and other
necessary spending on social welfare schemes.
While tax erosion not only affects tax collection, it also results

Globalization and International Trade Essay
International Business is a term used to collectively describe topics relating to the operations of firms with interests in several countries. International
trade occurs because no single country has the resources to produce everything well. Nations specialize in the production of certain goods and trade
with other nations for those they do not produce. More and more companies are recognizing that pursuing opportunities in the global marketplace is the
key to their present and future success. There are many advantages of going global such as, new markets, new sources of capital abroad, swifter
technological advancement, and more choices for consumers, just to name a few. One of the results on the increasing success of international...show
more content...
International Trade Organization
International trade theories play a major role in globalization. Free trade is an example of the international trade theory. Free trade is "where a
government does not attempt to influence through quotas or duties what its citizens can buy from another country or what they can produce and sell to
another country" (www.investorworld.com). The barriers to international trade and foreign direct investment occurred in the early 1900.
Sometimes countries engage in trade practices that are deemed unfair by the host country. To prevent trade disputes from escalating into full–blown
trade wars, and to ensure that international business is conducted in a fair and orderly fashion, the countries of the world have created a number of
agreements. According to investorworld.com, the major trade agreements include The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), The World
Trade Organization (WTO), The Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Council (APEC), and several regional trading blocs.
The GATT is a worldwide trade pact that was first established in the aftermath of World War II. Nondiscrimination has been the guiding principle. Any
trade advantage an GATT member gives to one country must be given to all GATT members, and no GATT nation can be singled out for punishment.
GATT successfully reduced tariff barriers on manufactured goods. The WTO is a permanent negotiating forum for

Importance Of International Trade
ESSAY17BM
International trade is the interchange of goods and services that happens between two or more countries. Trade is something important to our global
economy and consumers because it can provide goods and services for the consumers that aren't available to a country. The imports are the products
that were bought from the global market and exports are the ones that are sold to the global market. Also, international trade allowed rich countries to
use their resources more efficiently. A country can also use specialization which that means a country that isn't efficient on producing a specific item,
can secure the item by trading with another country that is able for that product. According to NAFTA, the two largest trading partners for the USA
are Mexico and Canada. Also, NAFTA has been giving the help to companies of every size toexport their services and goods. Furthermore, trading
with Canada and Mexico has given more than 14 million jobs to all Americans and produced $1.3 trillion of goods and services. American economy
can't do without the intranational trade because it provides jobs. Imports are beneficial for the USA because it affects American families. It reduces
prices and have a better variety of goods. The one fourth of the food on U.S. is known as "noncompetitive", by USDA, so that means that the food
isn't produced in the USA territory. Goods that are more possible to be imported have qualified falling movements in prices, equated to goods

Study Plan for Masters Degree in International Trade: Abstract.
The Master Program of International Trade at The department of Economics of shanghai University is one of the leading ones of its kind around. The
program has been created to provide students with the best possible skills and capacity to find employment in the international sector or to pursue
international trade policy research. In response to the changing environment and development of the expertise of the faculty, The Department has
substantially broadened the knowledge base of the program to meet the diverse needs of students.
Introduction
In recent years, field of International Trade has risen to the new heights due to the fact that International Trade is...show more content...
For the case of my country, is having the same situation since it is too developing and needs to improve it's performance in International Trade, I'm
planning to work hard to attain the most out of the course for the entire time so I can do something to it. Through the help of outstanding supervisors
here and my own efforts, I expect to learn and gain a lot. By the end of this course I expect to be able to do the following:
Understand the general equilibrium relationship between factor endowments, the location of production, and international trade.
Use general equilibrium techniques to analyze a variety of issues in international trade including the links between trade and wage inequality and the
effects of trade policy.
Understand the implications of imperfect competition, increasing returns to scale, and transport costs for patterns of international trade, the conduct of
trade policy, and the location of economic activity in space.
Understand the working and applications of models of Foreign Direct Investment.
Know some of the empirical evidence relating to international trade, the geographical concentration of production, and Foreign Direct Investment.
From the fact that the trade partnership between China and African countries, especially Tanzania is getting better and better everyday, I plan to use
that opportunity to do my best to act as a link between my country and China on International Trade matters through the education and

International Trade Law Case Study Essay
International Trade Law Case Study Introduction
International trade transaction is essential for the sale of goods with the addition of an international element. In practice, the seller and buyer are in
different countries where the goods must travel from the seller's country to the buyer's country by various means of transports. In international sale of
goods, they usually transit the goods by sea because of the international transactions. Therefore, contracts for the carriage of those goods must be
procured between the seller or buyer and common carrier depending on different types of sale of contracts. Moreover, in...show more content...
Part I
1) The sales contract on c.i.f. terms
As Lord Wright said in the case of T D Bailey, Son & Co v Ross T Smyth & Co Ltd[1], c.i.f. contracts are the most common form of contract for sale of
goods in the international trade transaction. When a sales contract is signed on c.i.f. terms, the seller's obligations ends only when he or she ships the
agreed goods at the port of shipment specified in the contracts[2].
2) Legal relationships between the seller and the buyer under Incoterms2000[3]
The parties are bound to the Incoterms 2000 if expressly incorporated into their sale contracts. Therefore, their obligations differ slightly from the
common law decisions. Under the incorporations of the Incoterms, the seller's primary duty is to make a carriage contract with a carrier ensuring
the goods safely transferred to the buyer. A seller also must insure the goods at his own expense in the favor of the buyer in the event of the loss or
damage for the goods. A seller must also supply goods under the Sale of Goods Act 1979; delivery goods on board the vessel at the port of shipment.
Moreover, a seller must also tender to the buyer the shipping documents: an insurance policy to cover the goods, an invoice with particulars of the
goods and a bill of lading and other documents if required.
The buyer, on the other hand, must accept delivery of the goods

Understanding International Trade Essay
We know that, international relations or affairs among nations could mean many things. It certainly is managed and achieved, through different means
or set of rules. There are negotiations, world crises, humanitarian intervention, global warfare, globalization, nuclear arms races and money/economics.
Money or international trade to be more specific certainly plays a major role, among the relationships that nations form. In addition, it has a huge
political and economic impact, on those decisions that governments chose to engage in, for the betterment of their citizens and country. Money makes
the world go round. Alternatively, as the famous ABBA song goes, "Money, Money, Money, must be funny in a rich man's world". That is precisely
what...show more content...
Portugal could make both wine and cloth with less labor than England, but England was better at cloth making. Therefore, it was natural for England to
export their cloth and import the wine from Portugal. This is the key to how businesses and trade in general functions competition, is the key to any
countries success and so is good negotiations.
The Ricardian Theory of comparative advantage, named for the eighteenth–century classical economist David Ricardo, holds that the general welfare of
two or more countries will be higher for all; if free trade among them is permitted than if each attempts to restrict trade or trade produce only for itself.
This will be true even if some countries are absolutely more efficient in the production of all goods than the others are and even if, hypothetically, each
country could produce everything for itself. (Jones 289)
The "theory of comparative advantage" is the capability of a business/individual to manufacture goods/services at a lower opportunity cost than its
competitors. This means, a country can generate a product that is fairly cheaper than other countries. For example, Albania can manufacture either 100
pairs of plastic flip–flops or 200 pairs of leather shoes in two hours. If it chooses to make 100 pairs of plastic flip–flops in any given hour, it forgoes
the chance to manufacture 200 pairs of leather shoes. The 200 pairs of leather shoes, as a result, are the opportunity cost

Why businesses internationalize: Comparing theories

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