Intro.pptx

Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
I
Introduction

I-2 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Objectives
After completing this lesson, you should be
able to do the following:
• Discuss the theoretical and physical aspects
of a relational database
• Describe the Oracle implementation of the
RDBMS and ORDBMS
• Describe how SQL and PL/SQL are used in
the Oracle product set
• Describe the use and benefits of PL/SQL

System Development Life Cycle
Strategy
and
Analysis
Design
Build
and
Document
Transition
Production

Data Storage on Different Media
Electronic
spreadsheet
Filing cabinet
Database
SALGRADE
GRADE LOSAL HISAL
--------- --------- ---------
1 700 1200
2 1201 1400
3 1401 2000
4 2001 3000
5 3001 9999
DEPT
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
--------- -------------- ----------
10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
20 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON

Relational Database Concept
• Dr. E. F. Codd proposed the relational model
for database systems in 1970.
• It is the basis for the relational database
management system (RDBMS).
• The relational model consists of the following:
– Collection of objects or relations
– Set of operators to act on the relations
– Data integrity for accuracy and consistency

Definition of a
Relational Database
A relational database is a collection of
relations or two-dimensional tables.
Database
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
20 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO
Table Name: DEPT
EMPNO ENAME JOB DEPTNO
7839 KING PRESIDENT 10
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 10
7566 JONES MANAGER 20
Table Name: EMP

Data Models
Model of
system
in client’s
mind
Entity model of
client’s model
Table model
of entity model
Tables on disk
Server

• Create an entity relationship diagram from
business specifications or narratives
• Scenario
– “. . . Assign one or more employees to a
department . . .”
– “. . . Some departments do not yet have
assigned employees . . .”
Entity Relationship Model
EMPLOYEE
#* number
* name
o job title
DEPARTMENT
#* number
* name
o location
assigned to
composed of

Entity Relationship
Modeling Conventions
Entity
Soft box
Singular, unique name
Uppercase
Synonym in parentheses
Attribute
Singular name
Lowercase
Mandatory marked with “*”
Optional marked with “o”
Unique Identifier (UID)
Primary marked with “#”
Secondary marked with “(#)”
EMPLOYEE
#* number
* name
o job title
DEPARTMENT
#* number
* name
o location
assigned to
composed of

Relational Database Terminology
1
2 3 4
5
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO
------------- ------------ --------------------- -------- ---------------- ----------- -------------- -----------
7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000 10
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2450 10
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975 20
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400 30
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 300 30
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 1500 0 30
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950 30
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500 30
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000 20
7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 800 20
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 09-DEC-82 3000 20
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 12-JAN-83 1100 20
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300 10
6

Relating Multiple Tables
• Each row of data in a table is uniquely
identified by a primary key (PK).
Table Name: EMP Table Name: DEPT
Primary key Primary key
• You can logically relate data from
multiple tables using foreign keys (FK).
Foreign key
EMPNO ENAME JOB DEPTNO
7839 KING PRESIDENT 10
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 10
7566 JONES MANAGER 20
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
20 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO

Relational Database Properties
A relational database
• Can be accessed and modified by
executing structured query language
(SQL) statements
• Contains a collection of tables with no
physical pointers
• Uses a set of operators

Communicating with a RDBMS
Using SQL
Database
SQL> SELECT loc
2 FROM dept;
SQL statement
is entered Statement is sent to
database
LOC
-------------
NEW YORK
DALLAS
CHICAGO
BOSTON
Data is displayed

Relational Database
Management System
User tables Data
dictionary
Server

Oracle8: Object Relational
Database Management System
• User-defined data types and objects
• Fully compatible with relational
database
• Support of multimedia and large objects
• High-quality database server features

Defining an Object
An object
• Is a person, place, or thing
• Knows things about itself and performs
actions
• Has an identity
I am a clock. I know
my time zone, and I
can display time.

Using an Object Model
• Objects model a problem to solve.
• The model is stated in terms of the
interactions between objects.
• Object models closely resemble the real
world.
Customers Business
Buy
Sell

Characteristics of Object Systems
• Present information in object form
• Classify objects into object types
• Inherit attributes and code
• Hide data, code, and attributes
• Interact with other objects
• Recognize different objects without
analysis
• Interpret the same command in
different ways

Oracle Complete Solution
SQL PL/SQL
Oracle7/8
Applications
HR
Financials
Manufacturing
... Oracle Designer
Oracle Developer
Data tables
Data
dictionary
Database
SQL* Plus
Discoverer

SQL Statements
SELECT
INSERT
UPDATE
DELETE
CREATE
ALTER
DROP
RENAME
TRUNCATE
COMMIT
ROLLBACK
SAVEPOINT
GRANT
REVOKE
Data retrieval
Data manipulation language (DML)
Data definition language (DDL)
Transaction control
Data control language (DCL)

About PL/SQL
• PL/SQL is an extension to SQL with
design features of programming
languages.
• Data manipulation and query
statements of SQL are included within
procedural units of code.

PL/SQL Environment
PL/SQL
block
PL/SQL engine
Oracle Server
Procedural
Statement
Executor
PL/SQL
SQL
SQL Statement Executor
PL/SQL
block

Tables Used in the Course
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO
--------- ---------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000 10
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2450 10
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975 20
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400 30
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 300 30
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 1500 0 30
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950 30
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500 30
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000 20
7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 800 20
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 09-DEC-82 3000 20
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 12-JAN-83 1100 20
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300 10
EMP
DEPT
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
--------- -------------- ----------
20 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO
GRADE LOSAL HISAL
--------- --------- ---------
1 700 1200
2 1201 1400
3 1401 2000
4 2001 3000
5 3001 9999
SALGRADE

Summary
• Relational databases are composed of
relations, managed by relational
operations, and governed by data
integrity constraints.
• The Oracle Server allows you to store
and manage information by using the
SQL language and PL/SQL engine.
• PL/SQL is an extension to SQL with
design features of programming
languages.

Intro.pptx

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Intro.pptx