Tuberculosis and it's treatment

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Neerajkalyan Gandholi

Brief overview of Tuberculosis, it's causative organism, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

Health & Medicine

1
Tuberculosis
By
Gandholi Neeraj Kalyan
B.Sc Biosciences

2
Outline
• What is tuberculosis?
• Why tuberculosis should be eradicated?
• Characteristics of M.tuberculosis
• Symptoms of tuberculosis
• Diagnosis of the disease
• Treatment

3
What is Tuberculosis?
Tuberculosis is caused by the bacteria called
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

4
Why TB should be eradicated?
• The WHO estimates that 1/3 of the planet's population harbor
this bacterium, yet only 2-23% will develop disease during
their lifespan
• Every year more than 10.6 million people worldwide
fall ill
Around 1.7 million die from tuberculosis every year
a quarter of the world has latent TB, which will
develop into active tuberculosis for one in ten victims
years or even decades later

5
• An estimated 279,000 patients were diagnosed with
tuberculosis (TB) in India and 423,000 died of the
highly contagious lung disease in 2016.
• An estimated 147,000 patients in India have MDR-
TB.
• India Tops List of Tuberculosis Fatalities in 2016

6
Characteristics of M.tuberculosis
► Slightly curved, rod shaped
bacilli
► THICK LIPID CELL WALL
► Multiplies slowly (every 18 - 24
hrs)
► CAN REMAIN DORMANT
FOR DECADES
► Aerobic
► Non-motile

8
Symptoms
Cough Loss of appetite
Difficulty in breathing
Cold Fever Chest pain

Diagnosis 9
• (Mantoux) Tuberculin skin test (TST)
• Interferon-gamma release assay
(IGRA)
• Sputum cultures

Treatment
► Isoniazid (INH)
► Rifampin (RIF)
► Pyrazinamide (PZA)
► Ethambutol (EMB)
Two new drugs have been licensed: bedaquiline and
delamanid
10
Vaccine: Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine

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www.slideshare.ne www.slideshare.ne Tuberculosis (TB) is fatal contagious disease that affects the lungs and other part of body which is a public health problem but curable and preventable disease . Caused organism : bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis Human : Mycobacterium tuberculosis Pulmonary TB Extra pulmonary TB Animals : Mycobacterium Bovis Bovine tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic disease of animals caused by a bacteria called Mycobacterium bovis, (M.bovis) which is closely related to the bacteria that cause human

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Tuberculosis Tuberculosis is a serious chronic pulmonary and systemic disease caused most often by M. tuberculosis. The source of transmission is humans with active tuberculosis who release mycobacteria present in sputum. Oropharyngeal and intestinal tuberculosis contracted by drinking milk contaminated with M. bovis is rare in countries where milk is routinely pasteurized, but it is still seen in countries that have tuberculous dairy cows and unpasteurized milk. Epidemiology According to the World Health Organization (WHO), tuberculosis is estimated to affect more than a billion individuals worldwide, with 8.7 million new cases and 1.4 million deaths each year. But there is significant progress toward WHO targets for reduction in cases of tuberculosis. Globally, between 2010 and 2011, new cases of tuberculosis fell at a rate of 2.2%, and mortality has decreased by 41% since 1990. Infection with HIV makes people susceptible to rapidly progressive tuberculosis; 13% of the people who developed tuberculosis in 2011 were HIV-positive. In 2011 there were 10,528 new cases of tuberculosis in the United States, 62% of which occurred in foreign-born people. Tuberculosis flourishes wherever there is poverty, crowding, and chronic debilitating illness. In the United States, tuberculosis is mainly a disease of older adults, immigrants from high-burden countries, racial and ethnic minorities, and people with AIDS. Certain disease states also increase the risk: diabetes mellitus, Hodgkin lymphoma, chronic lung disease (particularly silicosis), chronic renal failure, malnutrition, alcoholism, and immunosuppression. It is important that infection with M. tuberculosis be differentiated from active disease. Most infections are acquired by person-to-person transmission of airborne organisms from an active case to a susceptible host. In most healthy people primary tuberculosis is asymptomatic, although it may cause fever and pleural effusion. Generally, the only evidence of infection, if any remains, is a tiny, fibrocalcific pulmonary nodule at the site of the infection. Viable organisms may remain dormant in such lesions for decades. If immune defenses are lowered, the infection may be reactivated, producing communicable and potentially life-threatening disease. Causative Organism Tubercle bacillus or Koch’s bacillus (named after discovery of the organism by Robert Koch in 1882) called Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis in the lungs and other tissues of the human body. The organism is a strict aerobe and thrives best in tissues with high oxygen tension such as in the apex of the lung. Out of various pathogenic strains for human disease included in Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, currently most common is M. tuberculosis hominis (human strain), while M. tuberculosis bovis (bovine strain) used to be common pathogen to human beings during the era of consumption of unpasteurised milk but presently constitutes a small number of human cases.

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Tuberculosis and it's treatment

1. 1 Tuberculosis By Gandholi Neeraj Kalyan B.Sc Biosciences

2. 2 Outline • What is tuberculosis? • Why tuberculosis should be eradicated? • Characteristics of M.tuberculosis • Symptoms of tuberculosis • Diagnosis of the disease • Treatment

3. 3 What is Tuberculosis? Tuberculosis is caused by the bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

4. 4 Why TB should be eradicated? • The WHO estimates that 1/3 of the planet's population harbor this bacterium, yet only 2-23% will develop disease during their lifespan • Every year more than 10.6 million people worldwide fall ill Around 1.7 million die from tuberculosis every year a quarter of the world has latent TB, which will develop into active tuberculosis for one in ten victims years or even decades later

5. 5 • An estimated 279,000 patients were diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB) in India and 423,000 died of the highly contagious lung disease in 2016. • An estimated 147,000 patients in India have MDR- TB. • India Tops List of Tuberculosis Fatalities in 2016

6. 6 Characteristics of M.tuberculosis ► Slightly curved, rod shaped bacilli ► THICK LIPID CELL WALL ► Multiplies slowly (every 18 - 24 hrs) ► CAN REMAIN DORMANT FOR DECADES ► Aerobic ► Non-motile

7. Transmission 7

8. 8 Symptoms Cough Loss of appetite Difficulty in breathing Cold Fever Chest pain

9. Diagnosis 9 • (Mantoux) Tuberculin skin test (TST) • Interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) • Sputum cultures

10. Treatment ► Isoniazid (INH) ► Rifampin (RIF) ► Pyrazinamide (PZA) ► Ethambutol (EMB) Two new drugs have been licensed: bedaquiline and delamanid 10 Vaccine: Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine

11. THANK YOU 11

Tuberculosis and it's treatment

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