Clinical and biomedical applications of imaging therapy. mri XRAY

1. CLINICAL AND BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF
IMAGING THERAPY
INTRODUCTION
Molecular imaging is a method of medical development that combines
molecular imaging, cell biology and diagnostic imaging. Itinvolves the avail
of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Nuclear Imaging, and ultrasound.
Molecular imaging deals with two basic applications that comprises of
diagnostic imaging and therapy. Diagnostic imaging is an application to
direct the site and degree of targeted molecules particular to the disease
being determined, and therapy is used to diagnosethe specific targeted
molecular disease.
In order to study disease action distinguished by identification of certain
receptor sites related with targeted molecules procured fromcapability of
cell and molecular biologists leads to the fundamental proposition of
diagnostic imaging application. Agents of molecular imaging are further
developed by biological teams, which bind particularly to area of interest.
The molecular targeting therapy can be used on the concept based on an
appendage of diagnostic imaging principle.

2. Fig.1
CLINICAL AND BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF MRI:
MRI is used for softtissueimaging with excellent contrastdetail and
anatomic structures like gray and white matter in the brain and small
metastatic lesions in the liver whereas x-rays aregood for densestructures
such as bone imaging with good resolution. MRI can be used in clinical
neurology for segmentation and classification. The measuring volumes of
brain structures along with the multiple sclerosis, neurodegeneracy ,
stroke. Itis used for detection of different cancers like breast, liver,
colorectal, prostateand also for soft tissue damage to image cartilages and
ligaments. MRI is also used to study cancer growth and brain function. Itis
used in cardiology to image fast and to detect the motion of heart. In
musculoskeletalsystemit’s application include in assessmentof joint
disease, spinal imaging, soft tissuetumors.

3. MRI steered the stroketherapy as- clinical situations indicated below as:
1. Spontaneous enhancement
2. Improvementin responseto therapy
3. No unbidden improvementor responseto therapy
Only outcome 2 is really effective while outcome 1 and 3 could be worsen
by the side effects.
Fig.2

4. f
Fig .3
 Even small amount of noise can change the classification.

5. Fig.4
 The segmentation of brain tissue depends upon evaluating
the possibility of each category at individual voxel x and then
iteratively updating and transmitting these estimates to the
neighbors.
 Hidden Markov Random Fields are used in this case.
Steps involved in this process :

6. Fig.5
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS:
 Multiple sclerosis are visible as the both spots of plaque,
indicating it, in the below figure.
 As T1-Weighted image gives white grey matter, while white
matter appears black.

7. Fig.6
 MR image of horizontal slice through the brain
BREAST CANCER
Breast cancer is predominant cancer found in women and it is a second leading
cause of death in worldwide. In India every one out of 22 women may have a
possibility of carcinoma in breast. It is most common non skin cancer in women
as it is a cancer of tissues.
Early breast cancer often does not show any symptoms. That’s why regular breast
examination and mammograms are important, so cancer that does not show
symptoms may be detected earlier. Deform ductal, connective tissues and micro
calcifications are largely causes of malignancy. There is high probability of cancer
in upper lateral quadrant of breast. X-ray mammography has demonstrated to be
precise and easy method of detecting breast cancer, but it is not perform easily.
The radiographer and support staff must have exceptional knowledge, skill, and
caring.

8. In 1992, the US government mandated regulations in the Mammography Quality
Standard Act (MQSA), which set standard dose, personnel qualifications, and
examination procedures.
Most common symptoms of breast cancer are:
 Breast lump
 Nipple discharge
 Change in size, shape or feel of breast or nipple
 Breast pain or discomfort.
 Skin ulcers
 Swelling of the lymph nodes in the armpit
 Weight loss
Risk of breast cancer:
In 2010, approximately 2, 60,000
new cases of breast cancer were reported in the United States, and it is
growing rapidly. More than 90% of women diagnosed with early
stage of disease will survive due to early detection. In 1995, the
National Cancer Institute survey the first reduction in breast cancer
mortality in 50 years and this trend continues.
Age : The older the person, the higher the risk
Family history : Mother, sister with breast cancer
Genetics : Presence of the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene
Breast architecture : Dense breast tissue and obesity
Menstruation : Onset before age 12 years
Menopause : Onset after 55 years
Hormonal therapy : Prolonged use of estrogen
Late age at birth of first child or no children
Previous radiation therapy to the chest at an early age
Socioeconomics:Risk increases with higher socioeconomic status
Education: Risk increases with higher level of education
Breast MRI, Breast ultrasound, Breast biopsy, CT scan, PET scan can
also use as tests to diagnose breast cancer.

9. Refrences:
1. www.imaginis.com/mri-scan/applications-and-clinical-benefits-of-mr-
imaging.
2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12817419.
3. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/41089445_fig2_Figure-1-Magnetic-
resonance-imaging-MRI-guided-stroke-therapy-Three-clinical (figure 2)
4. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/MolecularImagingTher
apy.jpg (figure 1)
5. https://www.google.co.in/search?q=segmentation+and+measurement+of+brain
+tissue+diagram&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=-
iH8HscFu9B76M%253A%252Cp3zBWhNmZDMQcM%252C_&usg=__q6ENF2FVZZ
FjAltPFw7sXyZd30k%3D&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjan7_fvonYAhUHS48KHZIVA8YQ9
QEILTAA#imgrc=RObIfLNDhfW7LM (figure 5)
6. www.robots.ox.ac.uk/~jmb/lectures/medimanallecture2.pdf. (figure 3,4,6)