1. 1
ROOTS
Internationa
l School/
College
ROOTS IVY INTERNATIONAL SCHOOLS
LahoreCampus 550/1,SectorG,DHAPhase5,Lahore, 54000
December Online Mid Term Examination 2020
December 2018
Nome: Muhammad Hamza Sikandar Sultan Raja
Section: IG3A/B
Subject: PAKISTAN STUDIES
Subject Teacher: ALIYA AZHAR
Exam Instructions:
Date: 17-12-2020
Time Allowed: 3PM to 11:55PM
Maximum Marks: 100
MarksObtained:
Percentage %:
Teacher‘s Comments:
DECEMBER ONLINE MIDTERM EXAM 2020
IG 3B
4. 4
Answer (a): Several soldiers died as they were already wounded. They were trapped in a very small
cell with poor ventilation and scorching heat of summer. They desperately struggled to reach out for fresh
air and water for survival. In the panic many were trampled and crushed to death. The guards on duty
remained oblivious to the misery of the prisoners.
Answer (b): Physical condition of the afflicted people shows that the famine has been there for a long
time. Their bodies have been reduced to skeleton, with poor clothing and bare feet. They look quite weak
due to the effects of a prolonged state of malnutrition. The man receiving the food also carries visible
effect of the famine. Victims of this disaster include men, women and children who are eagerly waiting
for food and relied. The man in the bowler hat seems to be a government official, appointed bt the British
government to supervise the relief operation. Despite and organized effort to help the affected population,
the British would have to face fierce opposition by the Indians, especially the people of Bengal.
Answer (c): Robert Clive was a skilled and experienced military commander. His victorious journey
started from his victory in the Battle of Arcot in 1751. In this he defeated the combined army of the
Nawab of Carnatic and the French EIC. This gave him more confidence against the Nawab of Bengal,
Siraj ud Daulah whom he defeated in 1757 by using both military strategy and clever tactic of bringing
the Nawab’s key men, Mir Jafar. Jafar’s defection weakened the Nawab’s army, which Clive was able
to use to his advantage. Jafar did not mobilize his troops when the battle began.
In the course of the battle, heavy rainfall affected the scenario. Clive, acting cleverly, ordered
his men to cover their cannon when it rained. The Nawab’s army kept their weapons uncovered, and
continued to fire aimlessly during the rain. As a result of this, their weapons became wet. When the rain
stopped, Clive ordered his soldiers to start firing against the enemy. The Nawab’s army tried to respond
to this attack but their cannons and guns could not fire due to wet powder.
Finally, the tables were turned against them. The Nawab’s army had to retreat due to their
ineffective weapons caused by the Nawab’s poor strategy. Clive’s army, with a renewed spirit, attacked
with full force. While retreating, the Nawab’s army lost 500 troops against only 22 soldiers of Clive’s
5. 5
army. This disparity of casualties proved decisive in favor of Robert Clive.
Answer (d): The British government took many steps to restructure the East India Company (EIC). In
1874, the India Act, also known as the Pitt’s India Act, was passed by the Prime Minister William Pitt.
The Act empowered the British Government to take direct control of Indian possessions. Under this the
Governor General was made a royal appointment, and the Company’s Board of Directors was replaced
by a Board of Control comprising six members including the Secretary of State and the Chancellor of
Exchequer. Lord Cornawallis was this appointed as the Governor General in 1786 to rule the three
presidencies of Calcutta/Kolkatta, Bombay/Mumbai and Madras/Chennai. He was assisted by three
governors, and a Commander in-Chief of the armed forces. The status of the EIC thus changed from a
trading concern to a sovereign body in which the Crown (British government) directly controlled Bengal.
Moreover, a police system was introduced that would help in the administration of justice and maintaining
law and order in India. This way the powers of the EIC were cleverly restricted while preparing the ground
for the British government ruling India directly. The British took many other measures to strengthen its
grip on India in later years. Lord Cornwallis enforced the Permanent Settlement Act in 1793. The Act
made the Zamindars of Bengal landowners on the condition of paying a fixed amount of tax to the British.
In 1793 the amount of this tax was 10% of the amount collected from the Zamindars. Hence, the
Permanent Settlement secured the financial interests of the East India Company and helped Bengal to
become the richest province of India enabling the British to expand their influence beyond Bengal.
Lord Wellesley became Governor General in 1798 and he introduced the system of subsidiary
alliances. Under this the local rulers were persuaded to accept the British defense and pay its cost in the
form of salaries for the British soldiers. In return, they were allowed to retain their ruler ship while
enhancing the British rule surreptitiously as they had to accept a British resident behavior. They could
not employ any European in their service without consulting the Governor General. The Nizam of
Hyderabad became the first victim of this policy. In 1798, the Nizam was detached from the French and
was also barred from making any alliance with the Marathas. In 1799, Tipu Sultan was defeated and
killed, and the state of Mysore was annexed by Lord Wellesley.
The Nawab of Oudh was forced to accept this policy in 1801, and the Maratha Peshwa Baji Rao-
II also subjugated his stated in 1802. Other Marathas states like Bhosle, Sindia and finally, the Maratha
Confederation, Holkars also surrendered in 1803. The Marathas were decisively defeated in the third
Anglo-Maratha War, 1817-1818. The British army occupied Delhi in 1803, and shifted the Royal Mughal
Family from Red Fort to Qutub Saheb. This way, several states came under the British rule in a slow and
clever way.
The British finally turned towards north-western India. In order to undo the damage to their
prestige by their defeat in Afghanistan in 1841, the British provoked the Amirs of Sindh who attacked the
British resident Charles Napier. The British retaliated with full force and annexed Sindh in 1843. The
Punjab was annexed by exploiting the chaos in the Sikh Darbar/Court following the death of its strong
ruler, Maharaja Ranjeet Singh. The ambitious rival chiefs attacked the British possessions south of the
River Sutlej, giving British an excuse to invade Punjab. After the Treaty of Lahore of 1846, the British,
helped a Hindu chief Gulab Singh Dogra, annexed Kashmir that was given to Gulab Singh as a reward.
Finally, the Punjab and the NWF were annexed fully on 30th
March 1849.
The Pitt’s India Act seems to be the decisive factor in the British expansion in India because it
laid down a strong foundation on which was erected the building of all future victories of the British. The
Act gave the British a sense of success as they began to exploit the India weaknesses including their
inherent disunity.
6. 6
Answer (a): Mir Mithar Ali, who came to be known as Titu Mir, was a disciple of Syed Ahmed. He was
a man of action and believed that fighting one’s enemies was the best course of action. In 1830’s he was
horrified by the sufferings of Muslim farmers in West Bengal. He organized many of them to take a stand
against their oppressive Hindu landlords, the Zamindars, who were being supported by British. Using the
village of Narkelbaria near Calcutta as his headquarters, he set up his own army to defend the
community. British therefore worried for a rebellion and sent a detachment of 100 British soldiers
supported by 300 sepoys at Narkelbaria and Titu Mir was killed in a battle in 1831.
Answer (b): Sir Syed Ahmad Khan tried to have good relations between Muslims and the British. He
wanted to improve the social and economic conditions of the Muslims by making them appear in the civil
services exams and getting posts in civil services and the army. In order to do this, the Muslim community
needed to embrace the British styled education system which would open the door to these roles. It also
helped them improve their status.
He did not wish the other communities to prosper at the expense of the Muslim community as he
knew that if the Muslims did not learn English and receive Modern Education they could not have good
relations with the British. If this happened, the Hindu community would prosper and get all the benefits
at their expense.
He also wrote the ‘Loyal Muhammadans of India’ to prove to the British that the Muslim community
could be trusted after the war of Independence 1857. He made the British realize that the Muslim
forefathers had worked faithfully for the British therefore they must not be blamed and targeted for the
war.
Answer (c): The War of Independence in 1857 was resented by the British. The religious factors
played a great role in pushing towards the war of 1857. The Christian missionaries were brought to teach
Christianity in the Institutions.
They came to India to convert the local population and set up schools. The local religion was
banned. This was greatly resented by the Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs. The British also imposed reforms
on the Indian population such as abandoning the Purdah / Suttee without consultation. This was an
interference in religion of Hindus as the British had also announced the remarriages of the Hindu widows.
This caused much unrest as it appeared that the British also introduced a new gun that used cartridges
coated in grease made from coq and pig fat. The soldiers had to rip open the cartridges with their teeth
before loading. Cow is sacred for the Hindus, they worship it and pig is haram in Islam. The therefore
created great unrest among the Muslims and the Hindus.
Socially, the replacement of Persian and Sanskrit languages by English as the official language
in 1834 deeply upset both Muslims and Hindus as they felt that their culture was being threatened. The
7. 7
‘Minutes on Education Policy 1835’ made by Lord Macaulay was also implemented which imposed the
co-educational system in the institutions, English as a medium of instruction and modern subjects. The
Muslims especially resented to learn English.
Politically the Doctrine of Lapse and the Doctrine of Paramountcy was imposed by Lord Dalhousie
in 1852 which was to snatch lands by British. The laws said that any state not having a direct male heir
had their lands taken over by British and the state which had violence and emergency conditions as the
ruler could not control of was annexed by the British as Jhansi, Sitara, Oudh and Nagpur. This caused
unrest among the local rulers who were losing their power to the British an alien nation.
Economically, the British took away the high posts with high salaries and gave low paid posts to
the Indians. They also dumped their cheap made goods in the Indian markets destroying the cottage
industries of Indians, it led to poverty and weak economy with low purchasing power of the Indians.
In Military, the British forced the Indians to work for them. Their army was paid very low that lived
hand to mouth so they could not conspire against them. The Brahman sepoys working for British thought
that they would lose their higher cast if they sailed in the sea. Therefore, the Indians resented to be a
part of the British army.
However, in my view, the religious reason of the use of greased cartridges was the major and
immediate cause to ignite the war of 1857 from Meerut in the end of April. The use of cartridges created
religious resentment among the Muslims and the Hindus.
Pak. Studies
8. 8
Paper-2
Geography
Timings: 01:00Hour Total Marks: 50
B (gas)
A (oil)
Rock having pores or holes is a porous rock.
They allow liquid or gas to pass through.
Oil is trapped between non-porous impervious layers of rock.
Oil is also trapped between gas above and water below.
11. 11
The White Oil pipeline project takes crude oil from Port Qasim
to PARCO. Then after refining of oil it flows it to other pipelines
to provide it to the petrol pumps of other cities. It reduces rail
and road transport needs and charges. It is the fastest and
cheapest mode to transport oil and meet the demands of
people. It will increase industrialization and employment
opportunities.
Quetta Coking Coal
It has more ash and low carbon content.
It has high Sulphur and moisture content.
12. 12
Pakistan has large reserves of coal and gas, oil is in Attock, Morga, Balochistan
and lower Sindh. Due to availability of gas and coal in Balochistan and Sindh
areas, they become suitable for use in power station to produce electricity.
Coal is a cheap fuel and coal gas can be made. Industrial and domestic needs
can be met by the available fossil fuels in the country. Government feels
problems with transportation of bulk coal, extraction of oil and gas. Also, many
fossil fuels are expensive to import along with extraction, exploration and
provision to areas.
14. 14
Sargodha
35-65%
The area is less than 5% as they are away from indus or its
tributary rivers. Some areas are mountainous, infertile or have a
bad land topography. Some areas are deserted having low rainfall
and high evapo-transpiration. Cultivation is low due to temperature
conditions. The areas of delta are marshy, they do not encourage
cultivation.
Many areas are waterlogged and saline due to seepage from the
un-lined canals or rise in the water table making it uncultivable.
Droughts also make the land too dry to support crops. Floods e.g.,
2010 had washed away the nutrients making the land barren. The
overgrazing of land by the livestock has also decreased the fertility
of the soil as the topsoil is damaged. Siltation in reservoirs has
also reduced or blocked the provision of water for irrigation in
many areas.
15. 15
8%
Unemployment has led to migration as there is less land for
cultivation and no industries.
The cruelty of the landlords and tribal influences had affected them a
lot, there is unrest.
No proper infrastructure is present as there are no proper roads,
electricity, gas and hygienic supply of water.
16. 16
If people migrate to urban areas, there will be less population pressure
on the housing and services such as medical, education etc. Less
employment will be required. People working in urban areas will sent
money to their families in rural areas so their living standard will improve
but there will be less male members in rural areas leading to less labour
workers to support rural services. There will be feeling of isolation
among their families.
Punjab, KPK and Sindh’s Population density increased at a fast rate.
Balochistan at a slow rate.
Sindh became more densely populated than KPK over a time period
but Punjab has the highest density of population.
17. 17
I agree with the second statement that government must spend more
money on development projects in the more densely population provinces
as Punjab, Sindh & KPK as there is more demand of services, housing and
jobs. These provinces have developed cities with extensive transport
networks. More industries and settlements are there. Some areas in Indus
plain are good agricultural areas, they need irrigational facilities. On the
other hand, the Province Balochistan is least populated. It has a large
barren & rocky area lacking agriculture. There are untapped mineral
resources as coal, gas, iron etc. but Saindak Copper-Gold project is
developed with the help of experts from Australia, China, France and
Germany. If coasts as Gwadar, Pasni are developed it will help in exports of
fish, fruits and provide employment opportunities. If government provides
money for this province it can be developed as the other three.
