# 109448 Cust: Pearson Education / NJ / B & E Au: Scarborough Pg. No. 690
Title: Essentials of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management 7e Server:
C / M / Y / K
Short / Normal / Long
DESIGN SERVICES OF
S4carliSle
Publishing Services
Case 2
Mixed Chicks
Should a Small Company Battle a Large
Competitor in Court over Trademark
Infringement?
Best friends Kim Etheridge and Wendi Levy are of mixed
race and for years struggled to find the right hair treatments
to tame their unruly curls. “When you are multicultural, you
have a blend of hair,” explains Etheridge, but, she adds, the
hair products on the market do not address that fact. Instead,
the companies that make them merely target various ethnic
groups with products that are not tailored to the particular
characteristics of their hair. In 2003, Etheridge and Levy
decided that they could create better hair care products for
the growing multicultural market and began working with a
chemist to create them. Their first product was a conditioner
designed specifically to work on their type of hair. Within a
year, the duo had created a shampoo and launched a business,
Mixed Chicks, from Wendi’s garage to sell their hair care
products through salons and beauty supply stores nationwide.
Five years later, their small company’s sales accelerated when
star Halle Berry endorsed Mixed Chicks products in an inter-
view that appeared in three national magazines.
A short time later, Etheridge and Levy were working
the Mixed Chicks booth at a trade show when a representa-
tive from a large national beauty supply company with more
than 3,000 stores and $3 billion in annual sales stopped and
expressed interest in their products. Although the entrepre-
neurs initially were excited about the prospects of selling
Mixed Chicks products to a large national chain, they de-
cided not to pursue the opportunity when they learned about
the retail chain’s strict return and liberal discount policies.
Neither would be good for their small company.
About a year later, Etheridge received an e-mail from a
retail customer telling her that the same large national chain
had created its own line of products aimed at mixed-race
women. Not only was the product line’s name, Mixed Silk,
similar to the name that Etheridge and Levy were using for
their products, but the bottles the large company was using
also had the same shape as Mixed Chicks’ bottles. The only
significant difference between the products was the price;
the large retailer was selling Mixed Silk products for about
$8, compared to $14 to $20 for Mixed Chicks products.
Alarmed, Etheridge and Levy purchased samples of the
copycat products and began testing them. They were unim-
pressed. When Etheridge went into one of the chain’s stores,
she asked an employee about the Mixed Silk products on
display near the register. “It’s a generic version of Mixed
Chicks,” explained the clerk. “Virtually the same thing.” ...
(U) WHAT INSIGHTS ARE DERIVED FROM OPERATION ANACONDA IN REGARDS TMoseStaton39
(U) WHAT INSIGHTS ARE DERIVED FROM OPERATION ANACONDA IN REGARDS TO THE NCO COMMON CORE COMPENTENCY (NCOCCC) OF OPERATIONS?
The NCOCCC of Operations is a combination of operational skill sets that, when mastered by senior leaders can save lives and ensure effective unified action. Some of its key tenets include: Large-scale combat operations; understanding operational and mission variables; resolving complex, ill-structured problems with the use of Mission Command; and understanding how to integrate the different branches of the military into successful joint operations (Department of the Army [DA], 2020, pp. 2-3). This final principle of conducting joint operations becomes increasingly important as contemporary conflicts continue to venture further into the realm of multi-domain warfare (Marr, 2018, pp. 10-11). In order to execute such a complex task, Joint Force Commanders (JFC) must “integrate, synchronize, and direct joint operations” through the use of seven Joint Functions (Joint Chiefs of Staff [JCS], 2017, p. III-1). One of these functions, Command and Control, is how the JFC directs the forces toward accomplishment of the mission, and its essential task is to “Communicate and ensure the flow of information across the staff and joint force” (JCS, 2017, p. III-2). This task is critical to the creation of a shared understanding, which allows the separate branches to work seamlessly together toward a common goal. The absence of this unifying component hinders missions and increases casualties. In Operation ANACONDA, JFC Major General (MG) Hagenbeck failed to create such a shared understanding with his subordinate Air Force assets, which contributed to increasing the amount of casualties his forces incurred. Although the warning order was published on 6 January, MG Hagenbeck did not notify the Combined Force Air Component Commander of Operation ANACONDA until 23 February, just days before the operation began (Fleri et al., 2003). This failure to ensure the flow of information across the joint force, caused downstream effects in planning and preparation that led to diminished air support during the initial stages of the operation. As noted by Lambeth (2005) in his comprehensive analysis, “because so little air support had been requested…coalition troops entered the fight virtually unprotected by any preparatory and suppressive fire” (pp. 204-205). Operation Anaconda provides a clear case of how proficiency in the realm of Operations can result in fewer U.S. casualties.
M451: Decisive Action
Case Study Defense Support of Civil Authorities
1. Scenario
Good morning, welcome to VNN -- local officials are celebrating this morning as a new industrial
park is being christened in our community, there’s a ribbon-cutting scheduled for 10am this
morning. Officials say the new Hampton Industrial Park will bring millions of dollars of new tax
revenues and thousands of new jobs to state and local communities. But a group of activi ...
(Remarks)Please keep in mind that the assiMoseStaton39
(Remarks)
Please keep in mind that the assignment states, "Each of your sections’ content must be at least one full page in length, in Times New Roman 12-pt. font, double-spaced, with 1” margins." When you turn something in that is about half of the required length, you take a bit of a double hit. The first hit is for not meeting minimum expectations for the assignment. The second hit is for not going into as much detail as needed to get a high grade. I can see that you are ahead on the sections. That is not a problem as those have not been graded yet. However, understand that as is, they will also have significant point deductions.
1
4
A Pollution Prevention Plan (P3) Pre-Assessment Study
[Student name here…remove brackets]
Columbia Southern University
ENV 4301: Pollution Prevention
[Instructor name here…remove brackets]
[Date here…remove brackets]
Abstract
Block one full paragraph (no indenting the first line or any subsequent lines). Provide one full sentence here for each unit as you complete a level 1 heading section, describing what material or calculations were presented in that section. By the time the Unit VII material is complete, you will have six or seven sentences in this abstract (one for each unit, for Units II–VII).
Pollution Prevention Plan (P3) Pre-Assessment Study
General Operational Characteristics
Start typing here for Unit II in non-italicized font (despite the different font types and sizes allowed with APA 7th edition, please stay in Times New Roman 12-pt. font for this document, since this template is already in that font and size), citing with
CSU APA Citation Guide p. 6 styled citations to defend what you state as fact.
Potential Ecological Health Impacts
Fill this in for Unit II. Remove each blank section before submittal in each unit.
Potential Human Health Impacts
Fill this in for Unit III.
Potential Societal Health Impacts
Fill this in for Unit IV.
Risk Assessment and Regulatory Requirements
Fill this in for Unit V.
Pollution Prevention Technologies
Fill this in for Unit VI.
Engineering Opportunities for Pollution Prevention
Fill this in for Unit VII.
References
Brusseau, M. L., Pepper, I. L., & Gerba, C. P. (2019).
Environmental and pollution science (3rd ed.). Academic Press. https://online.vitalsource.com/#/books/9780128147207
List additional references here alphabetically (you may need to list some before the textbook reference). Be sure to double-space and use a hanging indent for each subsequent line in each reference entry, formatting according to CSU APA Citation Guide pp. 8–11.
1
4
A Pollution Prevention Plan (P4) Pre-Assessment Study
Abstract
This undertaking essentially entails a Pre-Assessment study on behalf of the board of directors at ABC Agriculture Production Inc; it explores the general operational characteristics, potential ecological health effects, potential human health impacts, potential societal health impacts, risk ...
(This is provided as an example of the paper layout and spacMoseStaton39
This document provides an outline and instructions for a business report on improving the hiring process at Maryland Technology Consultants (MTC). The report should include: an introduction explaining the context and purpose of the report; an analysis of how improving hiring supports MTC's business strategy and competitive advantage; objectives and metrics for strategic goals; how decision-making roles would use information from the new system; and a process analysis of the current and improved hiring processes. The report should follow APA style guidelines and include references.
(Student Name)Date of EncounterPreceptorClinical SiteClMoseStaton39
(Student Name)
Date of Encounter:
Preceptor/Clinical Site:
Clinical Instructor: Grivel J. Hera Gomez APRN, FNP-C
Soap Note # ____ Main Diagnosis ______________
PATIENT INFORMATION
Name:
Age:
Gender at Birth:
Gender Identity:
Source:
Allergies:
Current Medications:
·
PMH:
Immunizations:
Preventive Care:
Surgical History:
Family History:
Social History:
Sexual Orientation:
Nutrition History:
Subjective Data:
Chief Complaint:
Symptom analysis/HPI:
The patient is …
Review of Systems (ROS)
CONSTITUTIONAL:
NEUROLOGIC:
HEENT:
RESPIRATORY:
CARDIOVASCULAR:
GASTROINTESTINAL:
GENITOURINARY:
MUSCULOSKELETAL:
SKIN:
Objective Data:
VITAL SIGNS:
GENERAL APPREARANCE:
NEUROLOGIC:
HEENT:
CARDIOVASCULAR:
RESPIRATORY:
GASTROINTESTINAL:
MUSKULOSKELETAL:
INTEGUMENTARY:
ASSESSMENT:
Main Diagnosis
(Include the name of your Main Diagnosis along with its ICD10 I10. (Look at PDF example provided) Include the in-text reference/s as per APA style 6th or 7th Edition.
Differential diagnosis (minimum 3)
-
-
-
PLAN:
Labs and Diagnostic Test to be ordered (if applicable)
· -
· -
Pharmacological treatment:
-
Non-Pharmacologic treatment:
Education (provide the most relevant ones tailored to your patient)
Follow-ups/Referrals
References (in APA Style)
Examples
Codina Leik, M. T. (2014). Family Nurse Practitioner Certification Intensive Review (2nd ed.).
ISBN 978-0-8261-3424-0
Domino, F., Baldor, R., Golding, J., Stephens, M. (2010). The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2010
(25th ed.). Print (The 5-Minute Consult Series).
(Student Name)
Date of Encounter:
Preceptor/Clinical Site:
Clinical Instructor: Dr. David Trabanco DNP, APRN, AGNP-C, FNP-C
Soap Note # Main Diagnosis ( Exp: Soap Note #3 DX: Hypertension)
PATIENT INFORMATION
Name: Mr. DT
Age: 68-year-old
Gender at Birth: Male
Gender Identity: Male
Source: Patient
Allergies: PCN, Iodine
Current Medications:
· Atorvastatin tab 20 mg, 1-tab PO at bedtime
· ASA 81mg po daily
· Multi-Vitamin Centrum Silver
PMH: Hypercholesterolemia
Immunizations: Influenza last 2018-year, tetanus, and hepatitis A and B 4 years ago.
Preventive Care: Coloscopy 5 years ago (Negative)
Surgical History: Appendectomy 47 years ago.
Family History: Father- died 81 does not report information
Mother-alive, 88 years old, Diabetes Mellitus, HTN
Daughter-alive, 34 years old, healthy
Social History: No smoking history or illicit drug use, occasional alcoholic beverage consumption on social celebrations. Retired, widow, he lives alone.
Sexual Orientation: Straight
Nutrition History: Diets off and on, Does not each seafood
Subjective Data:
Chief Complaint: “headaches” that started two weeks ago
Symptom analysis/HPI:
The patient is 65 years old male who complaining of episodes of headaches and on 3 different occasions blood pressure was measured, which was high (159/100, 158/98 and 160/100 respectively). Patient noticed the problem started two weeks ago and somet ...
(TITLE)Sung Woo ParkInternational American UniversityFINMoseStaton39
(TITLE)
Sung Woo Park
International American University
FIN 500: Financial management
Vahick Yedgarian, Ph.D., J.D., M.B.A., M.S.
April 15th, 2021
TITLE
According to the market analysis of Walmart, the retail firm is considered an unstoppable retail force. It is ranked as the first or number retail firm and the largest business organization in revenue and employee size. The company's total number of employees is estimated to be 2.2 million employees across its different stores. Apart from the retail business line, it also undertakes wholesale business activities (Tan, 2017). It provides all types of assortment merchandise as well as services for affordable costs. In this research paper, the main objective is to undertake a cash flow analysis statement of Walmart and its Relevance to its investors (Tan, 2017).
A cash flow statement is an important financial statement. A cash flow statement is understood as the financial statement that summarizes the financial or cash amounts. It is a summary of the amount in cash and cash equivalents (Murphy, 2021). In other words, it reflects the amount of cash entering and leaving an organization. The cash flow statement provides measures of a company’s financial strength and reflects its position in terms of revenue (Murphy, 2021). Besides, it helps investors to make the right financial decision.
The cash flow statement is an important financial document to investors. Investors always have a trait of looking at how a company is performing by evaluating the progress, the trends among other issues, and deciding whether to invest in the company. Investment decision-making in an in-depth analysis is usually achieved by looking at the cash flow performance based on an analysis of different elements of the statement.
The cash flow statement for Walmart is an important document to its investors. The cash flow statement of Walmart is an important measure of the profitability of the company. Besides, it provides investors with a clear picture and future projection outlook of how the company will be. Based on the analysis of the company’s cash flow statement company has been recording high levels of revenue over the past few years. As a result, it has been ranked as the largest company in terms of revenue collected. Such a specific entity of the company is a clear reflection that Walmart is indeed a profitable firm in profitability (Tan, 2017). Hence, it is a clear reflection to the investors that the company is making money instead of losses. For instance, over the past few years, the company has recorded a revenue increment and stability. The economic analysis measures the company revenue growth in terms of net sales changes to be 7.2% (WMT | Walmart Inc. Annual Cash Flow Statement | Market Watch. Market Watch, 2021). Such a growth rate is indeed admirable and attractive to investors searching for companies to invest in. The company's revenue level is a general overview and clear or direct instant and r ...
(Student Name) UniversityDate of EncounterPreceptorCliniMoseStaton39
(Student Name)
University
Date of Encounter:
Preceptor/Clinical Site:
Clinical Instructor:
Soap Note # Main Diagnosis ( Exp: Soap Note #3 DX: Hypertension)
PATIENT INFORMATION
Name: Mr. DT
Age: 68-year-old
Gender at Birth: Male
Gender Identity: Male
Source: Patient
Allergies: PCN, Iodine
Current Medications:
· Atorvastatin tab 20 mg, 1-tab PO at bedtime
· ASA 81mg po daily
· Multi-Vitamin Centrum Silver
PMH: Hypercholesterolemia
Immunizations: Influenza last 2018-year, tetanus, and hepatitis A and B 4 years ago.
Preventive Care: Coloscopy 5 years ago (Negative)
Surgical History: Appendectomy 47 years ago.
Family History: Father- died 81 does not report information
Mother-alive, 88 years old, Diabetes Mellitus, HTN
Daughter-alive, 34 years old, healthy
Social History: No smoking history or illicit drug use, occasional alcoholic beverage consumption on social celebrations. Retired, widow, he lives alone.
Sexual Orientation: Straight
Nutrition History: Diets off and on, Does not each seafood
Subjective Data:
Chief Complaint: “headaches” that started two weeks ago
Symptom analysis/HPI:
The patient is 65 years old male who complaining of episodes of headaches and on 3 different occasions blood pressure was measured, which was high (159/100, 158/98 and 160/100 respectively). Patient noticed the problem started two weeks ago and sometimes it is accompanied by dizziness. He states that he has been under stress in his workplace for the last month. Patient denies chest pain, palpitation, shortness of breath, nausea or vomiting.
Review of Systems (ROS)
CONSTITUTIONAL: Denies fever or chills. Denies weakness or weight loss. NEUROLOGIC: Headache and dizziness as describe above. Denies changes in LOC. Denies history of tremors or seizures.
HEENT: HEAD: Denies any head injury, or change in LOC. Eyes: Denies any changes in vision, diplopia or blurred vision. Ear: Denies pain in the ears. Denies loss of hearing or drainage. Nose: Denies nasal drainage, congestion. THROAT: Denies throat or neck pain, hoarseness, difficulty swallowing.
RESPIRATORY: Patient denies shortness of breath, cough or hemoptysis.
CARDIOVASCULAR: No chest pain, tachycardia. No orthopnea or paroxysmal nocturnal
dyspnea.
GASTROINTESTINAL: Denies abdominal pain or discomfort. Denies flatulence, nausea, vomiting or
diarrhea.
GENITOURINARY: Denies hematuria, dysuria or change in urinary frequency. Denies difficulty starting/stopping stream of urine or incontinence.
MUSCULOSKELETAL: Denies falls or pain. Denies hearing a clicking or snapping sound.
SKIN: No change of coloration such as cyanosis or jaundice, no rashes or pruritus.
Objective Data:
VITAL SIGNS: Temperature: 98.5 °F, Pulse: 87, BP: 159/92 mmhg, RR 20, PO2-98% on room air, Ht- 6’4”, Wt 200 lb, BMI 25. Report pain 2/10.
GENERAL APPREARANCE: The patient is alert and oriented x 3. No acute distress noted. NEUROLOGIC: Alert, CNII-XII grossly intact, oriented to person, ...
(Student Name)Miami Regional UniversityDate of EncounterMoseStaton39
(Student Name)
Miami Regional University
Date of Encounter:
Preceptor/Clinical Site:
Clinical Instructor: Patricio Bidart MSN, APRN, FNP-C
Soap Note # ____ Main Diagnosis ______________
PATIENT INFORMATION
Name:
Age:
Gender at Birth:
Gender Identity:
Source:
Allergies:
Current Medications:
·
PMH:
Immunizations:
Preventive Care:
Surgical History:
Family History:
Social History:
Sexual Orientation:
Nutrition History:
Subjective Data:
Chief Complaint:
Symptom analysis/HPI:
The patient is …
Review of Systems (ROS) (This section is what the patient says, therefore should state Pt denies, or Pt states….. )
CONSTITUTIONAL:
NEUROLOGIC:
HEENT:
RESPIRATORY:
CARDIOVASCULAR:
GASTROINTESTINAL:
GENITOURINARY:
MUSCULOSKELETAL:
SKIN:
Objective Data:
VITAL SIGNS:
GENERAL APPREARANCE:
NEUROLOGIC:
HEENT:
CARDIOVASCULAR:
RESPIRATORY:
GASTROINTESTINAL:
MUSKULOSKELETAL:
INTEGUMENTARY:
ASSESSMENT:
(In a paragraph please state “your encounter with your patient and your findings ( including subjective and objective data)
Example : “Pt came in to our clinic c/o of ear pain. Pt states that the pain started 3 days ago after swimming. Pt denies discharge etc… on examination I noted this and that etc.)
Main Diagnosis
(Include the name of your Main Diagnosis along with its ICD10 I10. (Look at PDF example provided) Include the in-text reference/s as per APA style 6th or 7th Edition.
Differential diagnosis (minimum 3)
-
-
-
PLAN:
Labs and Diagnostic Test to be ordered (if applicable)
· -
· -
Pharmacological treatment:
-
Non-Pharmacologic treatment:
Education (provide the most relevant ones tailored to your patient)
Follow-ups/Referrals
References (in APA Style)
Examples
Codina Leik, M. T. (2014). Family Nurse Practitioner Certification Intensive Review (2nd ed.).
ISBN 978-0-8261-3424-0
Domino, F., Baldor, R., Golding, J., Stephens, M. (2010). The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2010
(25th ed.). Print (The 5-Minute Consult Series).
Nutrition and Diet.
Semester:
Spring
Course:
MSN6150C Advanced Practice Pediatrics
Preceptor:
REYES-CHOUZA, CARLOS
Clinical Site:
IDEAL MEDICAL CENTER
Setting Type:
Patient Demographics
Age:
12 years
Race:
Black or African American
Gender:
Male
Insurance:
Medicaid
Referral:
No referral
Clinical Information
Time with Patient:
25 minutes
Consult with Preceptor:
15 minutes
Type of Decision-Making:
Moderate complexity
Reason for Visit:
New Consult
Chief Complaint:
Felling pressure behaving my eyes
Type of HP:
Detailed
Social Problems Addressed:
Sanitation/Hygiene
Emotional
Prevention
Procedures/Skills (Observed/Assisted/Performed)
Physical Assessment - Physical Assessment (Perf)
General Skills - Vital Signs (Perf)
ICD-10 Diagnosis Codes
#1 -
J01.10 - ACUTE FRONTAL SINUSITIS, UNSPECIFIED
CPT Billing Codes
#1 -
99214 - OFFICE/OP VISIT, EST PT, MEDICALLY APPROPRIATE HX/EXAM; MODERATE LEVEL MED DECISION; 30-39 MIN
Birth & Delivery
Medications
# OTC Drugs taken regularly:
0
# Prescriptions currently pre ...
(Student Name)Miami Regional UniversityDate of EncounterPMoseStaton39
(Student Name)
Miami Regional University
Date of Encounter:
Preceptor/Clinical Site:
Clinical Instructor: Dr. David Trabanco DNP, APRN, AGNP-C, FNP-C
Soap Note #1 DX: Allergic Rhinitis
PATIENT INFORMATION
Name: Ms. JD
Age: 23-year-old
Gender at Birth: Female
Gender Identity: Female
Source: Patient
Allergies: NKDA
Current Medications:
· Cetirizine 10mg/d
· Mucinex-D
PMH:
Immunizations: Tetanus.
Preventive Care: No history.
Surgical History: No history of surgery.
Family History: Father- alive, 60 years old, healthy.
Mother-alive, 54 years old, HTN, hyperlipidemia.
Sister-alive, 20 years old, Asthma.
Social History: Denies alcohol, tobacco or illicit drugs use. College student, lives alone in campus hostels. Physically active and occasionally does exercise.
Sexual Orientation: Active
Nutrition History: Eats balance diet but avoids excessive junk food.
Subjective Data:
Chief Complaint: “stuffy nose” that has lasted for two weeks.
Symptom analysis/HPI:
Ms. JD is a 23-year-old patient who presents with complaints of a stuffy nose, rhinorrhea, congestion and sneezing. She reports a spontaneous start of the symptoms that have remained consistent. Indicates no particular aggravating symptoms but reports higher severity of the symptoms in the morning. She complains of a sore throat and itchy eyes. She reports an all-day clear runny nose. She indicates consistent outdoor handball practice routine. She reports using Cetirizine and Mucinex-D which do not help. She denies vision or taste changes. She denies fever or chills. Denies diagnosis with allergies.
Review of Systems (ROS)
CONSTITUTIONAL: Denies change in weight, fatigue, fever, night sweats or chills. NEUROLOGIC: Denies seizure, numbness or blackout.
HEENT: HEAD: Denies headache. Eyes: Reports itchy eyes. Denies vision change. Ear: Denies hearing loss, pain or discharge. Nose: Admits stuffiness, nasal congestion and clear discharge. Denies nose bleeds. THROAT: Reports a sore throat.
RESPIRATORY: Patient denies breathing difficulties, cough, wheezing, TB, pneumonia.
CARDIOVASCULAR: No palpitations or chest pain. No edema, PND or orthopnea.
GASTROINTESTINAL: Denies nausea, abdominal pains, vomiting and diarrhea. Denies ulcers hx.
GENITOURINARY: Denies change in urine color, urgency and frequency. Regular menses cycle. Denies ovulation pain. Denies hematuria and dysuria.
MUSCULOSKELETAL: Denies back and joint pains or stiffness.
SKIN: No skin rashes or lesions.
Objective Data:
VITAL SIGNS: Temperature: 36.7 °C, Pulse: 78, BP: 119/87 mmHg, RR 20, PO2-97% on room air, Ht- 1.60m, Wt 67kg, BMI 26.
GENERAL APPREARANCE: Healthy appearing. Alert and oriented x 3. No acute distress. Well-groomed and responds appropriately.
NEUROLOGIC: Alert, oriented, posture erect, clear speech. gait. to person, place, and time.
HEENT: Head: Normocephalic, atraumatic, symmetric, non-tender. Maxillary sinuses mild tenderness. Eyes: Bilateral conjunctival inject ...
(U) WHAT INSIGHTS ARE DERIVED FROM OPERATION ANACONDA IN REGARDS TMoseStaton39
(U) WHAT INSIGHTS ARE DERIVED FROM OPERATION ANACONDA IN REGARDS TO THE NCO COMMON CORE COMPENTENCY (NCOCCC) OF OPERATIONS?
The NCOCCC of Operations is a combination of operational skill sets that, when mastered by senior leaders can save lives and ensure effective unified action. Some of its key tenets include: Large-scale combat operations; understanding operational and mission variables; resolving complex, ill-structured problems with the use of Mission Command; and understanding how to integrate the different branches of the military into successful joint operations (Department of the Army [DA], 2020, pp. 2-3). This final principle of conducting joint operations becomes increasingly important as contemporary conflicts continue to venture further into the realm of multi-domain warfare (Marr, 2018, pp. 10-11). In order to execute such a complex task, Joint Force Commanders (JFC) must “integrate, synchronize, and direct joint operations” through the use of seven Joint Functions (Joint Chiefs of Staff [JCS], 2017, p. III-1). One of these functions, Command and Control, is how the JFC directs the forces toward accomplishment of the mission, and its essential task is to “Communicate and ensure the flow of information across the staff and joint force” (JCS, 2017, p. III-2). This task is critical to the creation of a shared understanding, which allows the separate branches to work seamlessly together toward a common goal. The absence of this unifying component hinders missions and increases casualties. In Operation ANACONDA, JFC Major General (MG) Hagenbeck failed to create such a shared understanding with his subordinate Air Force assets, which contributed to increasing the amount of casualties his forces incurred. Although the warning order was published on 6 January, MG Hagenbeck did not notify the Combined Force Air Component Commander of Operation ANACONDA until 23 February, just days before the operation began (Fleri et al., 2003). This failure to ensure the flow of information across the joint force, caused downstream effects in planning and preparation that led to diminished air support during the initial stages of the operation. As noted by Lambeth (2005) in his comprehensive analysis, “because so little air support had been requested…coalition troops entered the fight virtually unprotected by any preparatory and suppressive fire” (pp. 204-205). Operation Anaconda provides a clear case of how proficiency in the realm of Operations can result in fewer U.S. casualties.
M451: Decisive Action
Case Study Defense Support of Civil Authorities
1. Scenario
Good morning, welcome to VNN -- local officials are celebrating this morning as a new industrial
park is being christened in our community, there’s a ribbon-cutting scheduled for 10am this
morning. Officials say the new Hampton Industrial Park will bring millions of dollars of new tax
revenues and thousands of new jobs to state and local communities. But a group of activi ...
(Remarks)Please keep in mind that the assiMoseStaton39
(Remarks)
Please keep in mind that the assignment states, "Each of your sections’ content must be at least one full page in length, in Times New Roman 12-pt. font, double-spaced, with 1” margins." When you turn something in that is about half of the required length, you take a bit of a double hit. The first hit is for not meeting minimum expectations for the assignment. The second hit is for not going into as much detail as needed to get a high grade. I can see that you are ahead on the sections. That is not a problem as those have not been graded yet. However, understand that as is, they will also have significant point deductions.
1
4
A Pollution Prevention Plan (P3) Pre-Assessment Study
[Student name here…remove brackets]
Columbia Southern University
ENV 4301: Pollution Prevention
[Instructor name here…remove brackets]
[Date here…remove brackets]
Abstract
Block one full paragraph (no indenting the first line or any subsequent lines). Provide one full sentence here for each unit as you complete a level 1 heading section, describing what material or calculations were presented in that section. By the time the Unit VII material is complete, you will have six or seven sentences in this abstract (one for each unit, for Units II–VII).
Pollution Prevention Plan (P3) Pre-Assessment Study
General Operational Characteristics
Start typing here for Unit II in non-italicized font (despite the different font types and sizes allowed with APA 7th edition, please stay in Times New Roman 12-pt. font for this document, since this template is already in that font and size), citing with
CSU APA Citation Guide p. 6 styled citations to defend what you state as fact.
Potential Ecological Health Impacts
Fill this in for Unit II. Remove each blank section before submittal in each unit.
Potential Human Health Impacts
Fill this in for Unit III.
Potential Societal Health Impacts
Fill this in for Unit IV.
Risk Assessment and Regulatory Requirements
Fill this in for Unit V.
Pollution Prevention Technologies
Fill this in for Unit VI.
Engineering Opportunities for Pollution Prevention
Fill this in for Unit VII.
References
Brusseau, M. L., Pepper, I. L., & Gerba, C. P. (2019).
Environmental and pollution science (3rd ed.). Academic Press. https://online.vitalsource.com/#/books/9780128147207
List additional references here alphabetically (you may need to list some before the textbook reference). Be sure to double-space and use a hanging indent for each subsequent line in each reference entry, formatting according to CSU APA Citation Guide pp. 8–11.
1
4
A Pollution Prevention Plan (P4) Pre-Assessment Study
Abstract
This undertaking essentially entails a Pre-Assessment study on behalf of the board of directors at ABC Agriculture Production Inc; it explores the general operational characteristics, potential ecological health effects, potential human health impacts, potential societal health impacts, risk ...
(This is provided as an example of the paper layout and spacMoseStaton39
This document provides an outline and instructions for a business report on improving the hiring process at Maryland Technology Consultants (MTC). The report should include: an introduction explaining the context and purpose of the report; an analysis of how improving hiring supports MTC's business strategy and competitive advantage; objectives and metrics for strategic goals; how decision-making roles would use information from the new system; and a process analysis of the current and improved hiring processes. The report should follow APA style guidelines and include references.
(Student Name)Date of EncounterPreceptorClinical SiteClMoseStaton39
(Student Name)
Date of Encounter:
Preceptor/Clinical Site:
Clinical Instructor: Grivel J. Hera Gomez APRN, FNP-C
Soap Note # ____ Main Diagnosis ______________
PATIENT INFORMATION
Name:
Age:
Gender at Birth:
Gender Identity:
Source:
Allergies:
Current Medications:
·
PMH:
Immunizations:
Preventive Care:
Surgical History:
Family History:
Social History:
Sexual Orientation:
Nutrition History:
Subjective Data:
Chief Complaint:
Symptom analysis/HPI:
The patient is …
Review of Systems (ROS)
CONSTITUTIONAL:
NEUROLOGIC:
HEENT:
RESPIRATORY:
CARDIOVASCULAR:
GASTROINTESTINAL:
GENITOURINARY:
MUSCULOSKELETAL:
SKIN:
Objective Data:
VITAL SIGNS:
GENERAL APPREARANCE:
NEUROLOGIC:
HEENT:
CARDIOVASCULAR:
RESPIRATORY:
GASTROINTESTINAL:
MUSKULOSKELETAL:
INTEGUMENTARY:
ASSESSMENT:
Main Diagnosis
(Include the name of your Main Diagnosis along with its ICD10 I10. (Look at PDF example provided) Include the in-text reference/s as per APA style 6th or 7th Edition.
Differential diagnosis (minimum 3)
-
-
-
PLAN:
Labs and Diagnostic Test to be ordered (if applicable)
· -
· -
Pharmacological treatment:
-
Non-Pharmacologic treatment:
Education (provide the most relevant ones tailored to your patient)
Follow-ups/Referrals
References (in APA Style)
Examples
Codina Leik, M. T. (2014). Family Nurse Practitioner Certification Intensive Review (2nd ed.).
ISBN 978-0-8261-3424-0
Domino, F., Baldor, R., Golding, J., Stephens, M. (2010). The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2010
(25th ed.). Print (The 5-Minute Consult Series).
(Student Name)
Date of Encounter:
Preceptor/Clinical Site:
Clinical Instructor: Dr. David Trabanco DNP, APRN, AGNP-C, FNP-C
Soap Note # Main Diagnosis ( Exp: Soap Note #3 DX: Hypertension)
PATIENT INFORMATION
Name: Mr. DT
Age: 68-year-old
Gender at Birth: Male
Gender Identity: Male
Source: Patient
Allergies: PCN, Iodine
Current Medications:
· Atorvastatin tab 20 mg, 1-tab PO at bedtime
· ASA 81mg po daily
· Multi-Vitamin Centrum Silver
PMH: Hypercholesterolemia
Immunizations: Influenza last 2018-year, tetanus, and hepatitis A and B 4 years ago.
Preventive Care: Coloscopy 5 years ago (Negative)
Surgical History: Appendectomy 47 years ago.
Family History: Father- died 81 does not report information
Mother-alive, 88 years old, Diabetes Mellitus, HTN
Daughter-alive, 34 years old, healthy
Social History: No smoking history or illicit drug use, occasional alcoholic beverage consumption on social celebrations. Retired, widow, he lives alone.
Sexual Orientation: Straight
Nutrition History: Diets off and on, Does not each seafood
Subjective Data:
Chief Complaint: “headaches” that started two weeks ago
Symptom analysis/HPI:
The patient is 65 years old male who complaining of episodes of headaches and on 3 different occasions blood pressure was measured, which was high (159/100, 158/98 and 160/100 respectively). Patient noticed the problem started two weeks ago and somet ...
(TITLE)Sung Woo ParkInternational American UniversityFINMoseStaton39
(TITLE)
Sung Woo Park
International American University
FIN 500: Financial management
Vahick Yedgarian, Ph.D., J.D., M.B.A., M.S.
April 15th, 2021
TITLE
According to the market analysis of Walmart, the retail firm is considered an unstoppable retail force. It is ranked as the first or number retail firm and the largest business organization in revenue and employee size. The company's total number of employees is estimated to be 2.2 million employees across its different stores. Apart from the retail business line, it also undertakes wholesale business activities (Tan, 2017). It provides all types of assortment merchandise as well as services for affordable costs. In this research paper, the main objective is to undertake a cash flow analysis statement of Walmart and its Relevance to its investors (Tan, 2017).
A cash flow statement is an important financial statement. A cash flow statement is understood as the financial statement that summarizes the financial or cash amounts. It is a summary of the amount in cash and cash equivalents (Murphy, 2021). In other words, it reflects the amount of cash entering and leaving an organization. The cash flow statement provides measures of a company’s financial strength and reflects its position in terms of revenue (Murphy, 2021). Besides, it helps investors to make the right financial decision.
The cash flow statement is an important financial document to investors. Investors always have a trait of looking at how a company is performing by evaluating the progress, the trends among other issues, and deciding whether to invest in the company. Investment decision-making in an in-depth analysis is usually achieved by looking at the cash flow performance based on an analysis of different elements of the statement.
The cash flow statement for Walmart is an important document to its investors. The cash flow statement of Walmart is an important measure of the profitability of the company. Besides, it provides investors with a clear picture and future projection outlook of how the company will be. Based on the analysis of the company’s cash flow statement company has been recording high levels of revenue over the past few years. As a result, it has been ranked as the largest company in terms of revenue collected. Such a specific entity of the company is a clear reflection that Walmart is indeed a profitable firm in profitability (Tan, 2017). Hence, it is a clear reflection to the investors that the company is making money instead of losses. For instance, over the past few years, the company has recorded a revenue increment and stability. The economic analysis measures the company revenue growth in terms of net sales changes to be 7.2% (WMT | Walmart Inc. Annual Cash Flow Statement | Market Watch. Market Watch, 2021). Such a growth rate is indeed admirable and attractive to investors searching for companies to invest in. The company's revenue level is a general overview and clear or direct instant and r ...
(Student Name) UniversityDate of EncounterPreceptorCliniMoseStaton39
(Student Name)
University
Date of Encounter:
Preceptor/Clinical Site:
Clinical Instructor:
Soap Note # Main Diagnosis ( Exp: Soap Note #3 DX: Hypertension)
PATIENT INFORMATION
Name: Mr. DT
Age: 68-year-old
Gender at Birth: Male
Gender Identity: Male
Source: Patient
Allergies: PCN, Iodine
Current Medications:
· Atorvastatin tab 20 mg, 1-tab PO at bedtime
· ASA 81mg po daily
· Multi-Vitamin Centrum Silver
PMH: Hypercholesterolemia
Immunizations: Influenza last 2018-year, tetanus, and hepatitis A and B 4 years ago.
Preventive Care: Coloscopy 5 years ago (Negative)
Surgical History: Appendectomy 47 years ago.
Family History: Father- died 81 does not report information
Mother-alive, 88 years old, Diabetes Mellitus, HTN
Daughter-alive, 34 years old, healthy
Social History: No smoking history or illicit drug use, occasional alcoholic beverage consumption on social celebrations. Retired, widow, he lives alone.
Sexual Orientation: Straight
Nutrition History: Diets off and on, Does not each seafood
Subjective Data:
Chief Complaint: “headaches” that started two weeks ago
Symptom analysis/HPI:
The patient is 65 years old male who complaining of episodes of headaches and on 3 different occasions blood pressure was measured, which was high (159/100, 158/98 and 160/100 respectively). Patient noticed the problem started two weeks ago and sometimes it is accompanied by dizziness. He states that he has been under stress in his workplace for the last month. Patient denies chest pain, palpitation, shortness of breath, nausea or vomiting.
Review of Systems (ROS)
CONSTITUTIONAL: Denies fever or chills. Denies weakness or weight loss. NEUROLOGIC: Headache and dizziness as describe above. Denies changes in LOC. Denies history of tremors or seizures.
HEENT: HEAD: Denies any head injury, or change in LOC. Eyes: Denies any changes in vision, diplopia or blurred vision. Ear: Denies pain in the ears. Denies loss of hearing or drainage. Nose: Denies nasal drainage, congestion. THROAT: Denies throat or neck pain, hoarseness, difficulty swallowing.
RESPIRATORY: Patient denies shortness of breath, cough or hemoptysis.
CARDIOVASCULAR: No chest pain, tachycardia. No orthopnea or paroxysmal nocturnal
dyspnea.
GASTROINTESTINAL: Denies abdominal pain or discomfort. Denies flatulence, nausea, vomiting or
diarrhea.
GENITOURINARY: Denies hematuria, dysuria or change in urinary frequency. Denies difficulty starting/stopping stream of urine or incontinence.
MUSCULOSKELETAL: Denies falls or pain. Denies hearing a clicking or snapping sound.
SKIN: No change of coloration such as cyanosis or jaundice, no rashes or pruritus.
Objective Data:
VITAL SIGNS: Temperature: 98.5 °F, Pulse: 87, BP: 159/92 mmhg, RR 20, PO2-98% on room air, Ht- 6’4”, Wt 200 lb, BMI 25. Report pain 2/10.
GENERAL APPREARANCE: The patient is alert and oriented x 3. No acute distress noted. NEUROLOGIC: Alert, CNII-XII grossly intact, oriented to person, ...
(Student Name)Miami Regional UniversityDate of EncounterMoseStaton39
(Student Name)
Miami Regional University
Date of Encounter:
Preceptor/Clinical Site:
Clinical Instructor: Patricio Bidart MSN, APRN, FNP-C
Soap Note # ____ Main Diagnosis ______________
PATIENT INFORMATION
Name:
Age:
Gender at Birth:
Gender Identity:
Source:
Allergies:
Current Medications:
·
PMH:
Immunizations:
Preventive Care:
Surgical History:
Family History:
Social History:
Sexual Orientation:
Nutrition History:
Subjective Data:
Chief Complaint:
Symptom analysis/HPI:
The patient is …
Review of Systems (ROS) (This section is what the patient says, therefore should state Pt denies, or Pt states….. )
CONSTITUTIONAL:
NEUROLOGIC:
HEENT:
RESPIRATORY:
CARDIOVASCULAR:
GASTROINTESTINAL:
GENITOURINARY:
MUSCULOSKELETAL:
SKIN:
Objective Data:
VITAL SIGNS:
GENERAL APPREARANCE:
NEUROLOGIC:
HEENT:
CARDIOVASCULAR:
RESPIRATORY:
GASTROINTESTINAL:
MUSKULOSKELETAL:
INTEGUMENTARY:
ASSESSMENT:
(In a paragraph please state “your encounter with your patient and your findings ( including subjective and objective data)
Example : “Pt came in to our clinic c/o of ear pain. Pt states that the pain started 3 days ago after swimming. Pt denies discharge etc… on examination I noted this and that etc.)
Main Diagnosis
(Include the name of your Main Diagnosis along with its ICD10 I10. (Look at PDF example provided) Include the in-text reference/s as per APA style 6th or 7th Edition.
Differential diagnosis (minimum 3)
-
-
-
PLAN:
Labs and Diagnostic Test to be ordered (if applicable)
· -
· -
Pharmacological treatment:
-
Non-Pharmacologic treatment:
Education (provide the most relevant ones tailored to your patient)
Follow-ups/Referrals
References (in APA Style)
Examples
Codina Leik, M. T. (2014). Family Nurse Practitioner Certification Intensive Review (2nd ed.).
ISBN 978-0-8261-3424-0
Domino, F., Baldor, R., Golding, J., Stephens, M. (2010). The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2010
(25th ed.). Print (The 5-Minute Consult Series).
Nutrition and Diet.
Semester:
Spring
Course:
MSN6150C Advanced Practice Pediatrics
Preceptor:
REYES-CHOUZA, CARLOS
Clinical Site:
IDEAL MEDICAL CENTER
Setting Type:
Patient Demographics
Age:
12 years
Race:
Black or African American
Gender:
Male
Insurance:
Medicaid
Referral:
No referral
Clinical Information
Time with Patient:
25 minutes
Consult with Preceptor:
15 minutes
Type of Decision-Making:
Moderate complexity
Reason for Visit:
New Consult
Chief Complaint:
Felling pressure behaving my eyes
Type of HP:
Detailed
Social Problems Addressed:
Sanitation/Hygiene
Emotional
Prevention
Procedures/Skills (Observed/Assisted/Performed)
Physical Assessment - Physical Assessment (Perf)
General Skills - Vital Signs (Perf)
ICD-10 Diagnosis Codes
#1 -
J01.10 - ACUTE FRONTAL SINUSITIS, UNSPECIFIED
CPT Billing Codes
#1 -
99214 - OFFICE/OP VISIT, EST PT, MEDICALLY APPROPRIATE HX/EXAM; MODERATE LEVEL MED DECISION; 30-39 MIN
Birth & Delivery
Medications
# OTC Drugs taken regularly:
0
# Prescriptions currently pre ...
(Student Name)Miami Regional UniversityDate of EncounterPMoseStaton39
(Student Name)
Miami Regional University
Date of Encounter:
Preceptor/Clinical Site:
Clinical Instructor: Dr. David Trabanco DNP, APRN, AGNP-C, FNP-C
Soap Note #1 DX: Allergic Rhinitis
PATIENT INFORMATION
Name: Ms. JD
Age: 23-year-old
Gender at Birth: Female
Gender Identity: Female
Source: Patient
Allergies: NKDA
Current Medications:
· Cetirizine 10mg/d
· Mucinex-D
PMH:
Immunizations: Tetanus.
Preventive Care: No history.
Surgical History: No history of surgery.
Family History: Father- alive, 60 years old, healthy.
Mother-alive, 54 years old, HTN, hyperlipidemia.
Sister-alive, 20 years old, Asthma.
Social History: Denies alcohol, tobacco or illicit drugs use. College student, lives alone in campus hostels. Physically active and occasionally does exercise.
Sexual Orientation: Active
Nutrition History: Eats balance diet but avoids excessive junk food.
Subjective Data:
Chief Complaint: “stuffy nose” that has lasted for two weeks.
Symptom analysis/HPI:
Ms. JD is a 23-year-old patient who presents with complaints of a stuffy nose, rhinorrhea, congestion and sneezing. She reports a spontaneous start of the symptoms that have remained consistent. Indicates no particular aggravating symptoms but reports higher severity of the symptoms in the morning. She complains of a sore throat and itchy eyes. She reports an all-day clear runny nose. She indicates consistent outdoor handball practice routine. She reports using Cetirizine and Mucinex-D which do not help. She denies vision or taste changes. She denies fever or chills. Denies diagnosis with allergies.
Review of Systems (ROS)
CONSTITUTIONAL: Denies change in weight, fatigue, fever, night sweats or chills. NEUROLOGIC: Denies seizure, numbness or blackout.
HEENT: HEAD: Denies headache. Eyes: Reports itchy eyes. Denies vision change. Ear: Denies hearing loss, pain or discharge. Nose: Admits stuffiness, nasal congestion and clear discharge. Denies nose bleeds. THROAT: Reports a sore throat.
RESPIRATORY: Patient denies breathing difficulties, cough, wheezing, TB, pneumonia.
CARDIOVASCULAR: No palpitations or chest pain. No edema, PND or orthopnea.
GASTROINTESTINAL: Denies nausea, abdominal pains, vomiting and diarrhea. Denies ulcers hx.
GENITOURINARY: Denies change in urine color, urgency and frequency. Regular menses cycle. Denies ovulation pain. Denies hematuria and dysuria.
MUSCULOSKELETAL: Denies back and joint pains or stiffness.
SKIN: No skin rashes or lesions.
Objective Data:
VITAL SIGNS: Temperature: 36.7 °C, Pulse: 78, BP: 119/87 mmHg, RR 20, PO2-97% on room air, Ht- 1.60m, Wt 67kg, BMI 26.
GENERAL APPREARANCE: Healthy appearing. Alert and oriented x 3. No acute distress. Well-groomed and responds appropriately.
NEUROLOGIC: Alert, oriented, posture erect, clear speech. gait. to person, place, and time.
HEENT: Head: Normocephalic, atraumatic, symmetric, non-tender. Maxillary sinuses mild tenderness. Eyes: Bilateral conjunctival inject ...
(Monica)Gender rarely shapes individual experience in isolation buMoseStaton39
(Monica)Gender rarely shapes individual experience in isolation but is instead linked to other social statuses in the effects it has on our lives. The gender distinction reflects what we see as appropriate “masculine” or “feminine.” For example, some societies expect men to be more aggressive and competitive and women to be emotionally nurturing. I was playing with dolls one day and was playing with two dolls: a female doll and a male doll. Upon passing by, an uncle of mine saw me playing with my toys and frowned. When I asked what was wrong, he seemed uncomfortable. In this statement, he suggested that girls should act like girls and play with girlie things, while boys should play with boy things, including boy dolls. The family experiences that taught me about gender and gender roles are vividly in my memory. Throughout my childhood, my mother and father stressed how essential it is for me to understand and know that I am a girl, and I should always act and carry myself accordingly.
I found conversations like that to be overly exaggerated at the time, but I subsequently understood why my parents did what they did. We were a family of six, with five girls and one boy. As a child, my parents, specifically my mother, stressed what clothing the girls wore. Our mother was always careful not to let us wear anything provocative, and we were to get married and have our own families. Girls are often told that it's alright to cry because girls cry, and if I was a boy, I'd be made to suck it up and deal with it. In addition, my mother taught me that women nurture and that we take care of the home, including cooking, cleaning, and taking care of the children. As girls, we could not play any sports that were deemed "too rough" or to be performed by boys. From a young age, we chose professional careers. All these careers involved female dominating industries, such as nursing, teaching, caretaking, and hairdressing. They all contributed to the construction of my gender.
Multiple ways are available to conceptualize gender; essentialists see it as a binary division, which classifies you as male or female at birth. In contrast, mainstream social scientists take a constructionist approach to gender. Page 242 argues that gender is a constructed concept that has been shaped through culture and history. Finally, people internalize the social expectations they are introduced to.(Ferris & Stein, 2020) (Links to an external site.)
Resources
Ferris, T., & Stein, J. (2020). Chapter 9/ Page 242. In The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology (7th ed., pp. 236–242). essay, W.W. Norton.
...
(Monica) A summary of my decision-making process starts with flippMoseStaton39
(Monica) A summary of my decision-making process starts with flipping through ads to find a job, I was concerned with what companies offered for pay, the type of work I would be doing, and how long would the job last. There were a few companies that were only looking to hire temporarily and again not an ideal situation if I am already concerned with having a steady income. Between the three ads, Office temp, a server at a restaurant making $2.13hr plus tips with hours varying, and a warehouse position, starting at $14Hr with hours from 12 pm to 7 pm. I chose to pick the warehouse position since it offers the most money and a set schedule. Continuing with the simulation, my monthly take-home pay after taxes is $1,224, making my weekly pay only $306. Ideally $1,224 is not enough funds to help sustain a family, barely one person. During this time, I have to pick my insurance, which is a requirement through the Affordable Care Act. Luckily my child is covered and I picked the cheapest plan that I could afford, the bronze plan and it costs $303 a month, which averages to almost $76 a paycheck. I have to ensure I have a place to live, paying rent over $720 and traveling puts my monthly rental and traveling costs at more than 800 dollars a month. The results of me living further away from my job, so that my rent is lower also increased gas costs. According to the simulation, every working household that saves a dollar spends 77 cents on transportation. My balance jumps from $1000 to $192 after paying rent only to find out my apartment is too small for my things, so I chose to have a yard sale. I only made $150 from the yard sale and made the decision to get paid by the piece, since I am barely making a living wage on an hourly paycheck, and in doing so my paycheck decreased by 25cents. I skipped my grandfather’s memorial service because I can not afford to travel, I paid $25 to replace a broken item I fixed, even though considered hiding the evidence. Grocery shopping is next on my to-do list, spending only 30 for things I needed, I felt was hardly enough food, but could not really afford to splurge and spend on extra things. During this time my stress levels are at an all-time high, but I turn the offer for a cigarette down because I do not want to get addicted. As a result, the simulation states there is a misconception that smoking relieves stress during difficult situations in life.
Now that I have come to payday, I decided to start my fitness journey by asking a friend to be my running partner. On the way to work, something blew in the car and needed to get fixed, and asking a friend to look at the issue saved money. The landlord decided to raise rent and $150 had to be paid or I could spend more on legal fees fighting it in court. On the way out to work, someone stole my gas from my car, so I had to make the decision to take the bus and the result where it took me three buses and fives times longer to get there, making me miss a few hours of p ...
(Note This case study is based on many actual cases. All the nameMoseStaton39
Marci is a 22-year-old college student who was arrested five months ago for a DUI. She has a history of regular alcohol and marijuana use since high school. Her family has a history of substance use disorders and mental health issues. While Marci's grades have declined due to her substance use, she does not feel she has a problem with alcohol or marijuana. She is concerned about legal and academic consequences but does not want to change her substance use behaviors.
(Individuals With Disabilities Act Transformation Over the Years)DMoseStaton39
(Individuals With Disabilities Act Transformation Over the Years)
Discussion Forum Instructions:
1. You must post at least three times each week.
2. Your initial post is due Tuesday of each week and the following two post are due before Sunday.
3. All post must be on separate days of the week.
4. Post must be at least 150 words and cite all of your references even it its the book.
Discussion Topic:
Describe how the lives of students with disabilities from culturally and/or linguistically diverse backgrounds have changed since the advent of IDEA. What do you feel are some things that can or should be implemented to better assist with students that have disabilities? Tell me about these ideas and how would you integrate them?
ANOVA
ANOVA
• Analysis of Variance
• Statistical method to analyzes variances to determine if the means from more than
two populations are the same
• compare the between-sample-variation to the within-sample-variation
• If the between-sample-variation is sufficiently large compared to the within-sample-
variation it is likely that the population means are statistically different
• Compares means (group differences) among levels of factors. No
assumptions are made regarding how the factors are related
• Residual related assumptions are the same as with simple regression
• Explanatory variables can be qualitative or quantitative but are categorized
for group investigations. These variables are often referred to as factors
with levels (category levels)
ANOVA Assumptions
• Assume populations , from which the response values for the groups
are drawn, are normally distributed
• Assumes populations have equal variances
• Can compare the ratio of smallest and largest sample standard deviations.
Between .05 and 2 are typically not considered evidence of a violation
assumption
• Assumes the response data are independent
• For large sample sizes, or for factor level sample sizes that are equal,
the ANOVA test is robust to assumption violations of normality and
unequal variances
ANOVA and Variance
Fixed or Random Factors
• A factor is fixed if its levels are chosen before the ANOVA investigation
begins
• Difference in groups are only investigated for the specific pre-selected factors
and levels
• A factor is random if its levels are choosen randomly from the
population before the ANOVA investigation begins
Randomization
• Assigning subjects to treatment groups or treatments to subjects
randomly reduces the chance of bias selecting results
ANOVA hypotheses statements
One-way ANOVA
One-Way ANOVA
Hypotheses statements
Test statistic
=
𝐵𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑊𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Under the null hypothesis both the between and within group variances estimate the
variance of the random error so the ratio is assumed to be close to 1.
Null Hypothesis
Alternate Hypothesis
One-Way ANOVA
One-Way ANOVA
One-Way ANOVA Excel Output
Treatme
(Kaitlyn)To be very honest I know next to nothing about mythology,MoseStaton39
(Kaitlyn)To be very honest I know next to nothing about mythology, it has never been something that I have had around me or taught in school, I guess it was one of those subjects that got kind of, overlooked. But history is history and in my opinion, it’s important to know what happened in the past to prevent future mishaps or wrongdoings. Therefore I don't know anything about mythology to start, but I am eager to learn more about all these different gods, goddesses, etc., and am surprised to find out that entire towns or civilizations would support the myths or people I am reading about.
The gods and goddesses seem to all have their sanction of what was claimed as their own, one wraps his arms around the earth floating the continents with his aqua arms, and another is essentially the undertaker and decides whose soul belongs where. The people are peasants and they are unequal to those that are considered the higher power, they are the protected and shall not reach out to become a protector. From what I have read it doesn't seem like the gods step on each other’s territory or have competitions to push each other out, it seems as though all that made it up there are respected and get to look down on those that are less than them.
While reading I noticed that there is a bit of a divide between men and women the same as we have today. A big part of societal issues today is gender equality and the general outlook on how each gender is portrayed without any prior information. Men are supposed to be large, strong, and tall, to protect and conquer for the interest of mankind. Women are supposed to be dainty and spread love, make a house a home, and show endearing qualities. I can see the reverse argument for Cupid who is the God of Love being that Eros is a male, being portrayed as the, "fairest of the deathless gods," (Hamilton, 36) but that is one instance in an array of different people. It seems that even though we have come a long way to today with working on gender-specific stereotypes, for these "myths" to be ancient and long ago, it doesn't seem like we have come that far. Yes women are seen as loving and they can be attractive to people around them, but in the man’s brain, they are simply there to be of service to the man, and to man the home when they are not present. It's interesting because even though the language of the reading may be hard for me to get used to, being that it is not in modern English, I can still very well understand one thing. Women like Aphrodite would "...[laugh] sweetly or mockingly at those her wiles had conquered, the irresistible goddess who stole away even the wits of the wise" (Hamilton, 32). Being a woman I translated this to essentially smiling in the faces of those who either are factually in the wrong, or have done wrong to you, and that is something that is still very much alive today. From history, we know that women were seen as property or disposable at the discretion of the man that homed her, and f ...
(Harry)Dante’s Inferno is the first of the three-part epic poem, DMoseStaton39
(Harry)Dante’s Inferno is the first of the three-part epic poem, Divine Comedy, written by Dante Alighieri. The Inferno depicts Dante’s journey through Hell, accompanied and guided by the ancient Roman poet Virgil. In his poem, Dante describes Hell’s topography consisting of nine circles, each representing the seriousness of the sin committed by its offenders, these sins are categorized (by the Catholic Church), grouped, and commonly known as the nine deadly sins. Each level of Hell represent places of torment where the first level is home to less serious offenders, and increase in severity in each circle. As they go deeper into each level, our characters, Dante and Virgil encounter offenders within each ring of hell who have committed more serious offenses and the sins are more egregious. We find that the lowest part of hell houses the betrayers, and punishment here is more severe. Punishment in the poem is handed out in a poetic justice fashion Dante calls contrapasso. In this last (deepest) level or ring of Hell the betrayers of Julius Caesar: Brutus and Cassius are prime tenants, along with Judas, who had betrayed Jesus.
As I read this poem, I can agree with how Hell was organized, and as it sits currently, those guilty of child sexual abuse could reside along with those who are being tortured in the second circle: Lust. But Dante seemed to portray these sins as less severe. But personally, I think that those guilty of committing child sexual abuse should be in the ninth circle of Hell, along with those committing treachery because what is child sexual abuse if not treachery! It is treacherous against the innocent children, who fall betrayed by those who they must respect and obey (adults or those older then they), it is an act of treason to the victim who may have trusted the person committing such a heinous act. But after much contemplation, I still cannot agree with this placement. Child sexual abuse and child sexual assault is, in a very real way, equal to those types of betrayals. The innocence of a child makes those crimes so bad that I feel so uncomfortable writing about. As defined on their website, child sexual abuse includes: any sexual act between an adult and a minor, or between two minors, when one exerts power over the other, forcing, coercing or persuading a child to engage in any type of sexual act, non-contact acts such as exhibitionism, exposure to pornography, voyeurism, and communicating in a sexual manner by phone or Internet. In Dante’s world, those guilty of child sexual assault are far more wicked than those guilty of other sexual sins, and even worse than those guilty of aberrant sexual behavior (as it was understood at the time). Therefore, these sinners would have their very own special place below the ninth circle.
For sinners tormented in the tenth circle, the torture must be as gruesome as the act committed by the sinners. For someone who has committed such a abominable act as is child sexual abuse, assault, ...
(Lucious)Many steps in the systems development process may cause aMoseStaton39
(Lucious)Many steps in the systems development process may cause a project to balloon out of control, affecting the scope's size, where the budget and timeline remain the same. Unfortunately, this is a widespread problem known as scope creep during an IS development. Scope creep is an unexpected demand that moves a project past its predetermined limits. Projects are always documented with a planning outline, which covers in-depth details on boundaries, schedules, major deliverables, time, and budget. Unfortunately, individuals involved in the project may intentionally or unintentionally cause a project to not meet its goals due to the unpredictable nature of adding tasks to a project in progress. Project managers can ensure that the scope is clear by referring to the project planning outline, where all the boundaries and parameters of the project stipulate all deliverables. Spending extra time finalizing the plan can dial in a clear and detailed scope for everyone involved in the project. A project manager needs to engage directly with the clients by speaking with them and thoroughly walking them through all the parameters and deliverables. Closely collaborating with clients throughout the various stages of the project can prevent hiccups that may occur. If issues arise during project development, it is always best to be transparent with the client about every problem. Being able to work through solutions with clients will ease the anxieties as strategies are planned. To ensure deliverables are to the client's expectations, necessary features should be identified as critical for delivering a usable end product. For example, managing a scope creep can be difficult if not handled correctly. However, managing change in a project development does not have to be a battle of wills. Knowing how to address change can be beneficial. It can be outlined in the project planning document with parameters that will deliver the best product for the client without derailing the project. (Joseph S. Valacich, 2015)
REFERENCES
Joseph S. Valacich, J. F. (2015). Essentials of Systems Analysis and Design Sixth Edition. Pearson Education, Inc.
i1v2e5y5pubs
W21153
NEDBANK GROUP: LEADERSHIP AND ADAPTIVE SPACE FOR
DIGITAL INNOVATION
Caren Scheepers, Jill Bogie, and Michael Arena wrote this case solely to provide material for class discussion. The authors do not
intend to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of a managerial situation. The authors may have disguised certain names
and other identifying information to protect confidentiality.
This publication may not be transmitted, photocopied, digitized, or otherwise reproduced in any form or by any means without the
permission of the copyright holder. Reproduction of this material is not covered under authorization by any reproduction rights
organization. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, contact Ivey Publishing, Ivey Business Sch ...
(Eric)Technology always seems simple when it works and it is when MoseStaton39
The document summarizes the history of Versare, a company that manufactures portable room partitions. It describes how Versare was initially dependent on a large distributor for 95% of its sales. Over time, the relationship with the distributor became increasingly contentious as the distributor demanded price cuts and changes to Versare's products. By 2005, Versare's profitability had declined significantly due to its reliance on the problematic distributor relationship.
(ELI)At the time when I first had to take a sociology class in higMoseStaton39
(ELI)At the time when I first had to take a sociology class in high school, I was staunchly anti-feminism, as I felt it was unnecessary in first world countries and primarily focused on encouraging immodesty and considering women to be worth more than men. At that time, my only education on feminism or feminist issues had come from my parents during homeschooling. I clearly remember getting into a heated debate with a classmate whom I considered "the feminist equivalent of a vegan," (referring to the stereotypical joke, "How do you know if someone is a vegan? Don't worry, they'll tell you,") and I told her I simply could not see any situations in real life where women aren't being represented without a real reason. She introduced me to the term Bechdel Test, and encouraged me to spend a few weeks watching my usual shows, but counting how many times the female characters spoke to each other about anything other than men.
As my understanding of feminism and of the world around me has evolved, I have seen an increase in media that passes the Bechdel Test, but have also been surprised to find it is significantly less common than I expected. Additionally, the Bechdel Test only looks at named female characters who discuss something other than men. It does not look at factors of race, sexuality, topics of conversation, or visual presentation. Some argue that although media increasingly passes the test, the quality of that media is lacking and therefore the value of the Bechdel Test does not hold up (How does the Bechdel Test measure up in evaluating film representations of women, 2021). More detailed studies show that women remain underrepresented in media, both behind and before the camera (Smith et. al, 2016). The female characters that are portrayed in trend towards being young and traditionally attractive, reinforcing the "ideal" image as the standard and further raising the standard for the average woman. Additionally, women of color and women belonging to other racial or social minority groups are even less visible, impacting the expectations that society has of women based on how they are shown, and influencing what women consider "normal" in themselves.
How does the Bechdel Test measure up in evaluating film representations of women? (2021, April 19). UWIRE Text, 1.
Smith, S., Choueiti, M., & Pieper, K. (2016). Inclusion or invisibility? Comprehensive Annenberg Report on diversity in entertainment. Media, Diversity & Social Change Initiative. USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism.
...
(Executive Summary)MedStar Health Inc, a leader in the healthcMoseStaton39
(Executive Summary)
MedStar Health Inc, a leader in the healthcare industry regionally and nation-wide, is a constant target of the malicious attempts of cyber criminals. Over the past 6 years MedStar Health Inc. has faced several instances of data breach most notably, the 2016 breach that compromised 370 computer systems and halted its operations. As the organization continues to digitize and broaden the use of electronic medical records across its facilities, the threat of cyber-attack remains even more pervasive. The purpose of this report is to provide an overview of MedStar Health Inc cybersecurity vulnerabilities, examine the overall causes and impact of the breaches and explore solutions to meet the organization’s cybersecurity challenges.
With a focal point on MedStar Health breaches, a literature-based study was conducted, and various news articles, academic journals and company publications were analyzed. It was found that the 2016 and 2020 data breaches were attacks on the organization’s internet servers. The 2020 hack compromised the records of 668 patients, whereas the 2016 hack was a result of a ransomware infection that compromised 7500 individuals’ records and halted the organizations’ operations. The cost of the virus infection was greater than the $19,000 ransom requested due to additional recovery and remediation costs. It was also revealed that the 2019 breach was due to human error.
To best combat the efforts of cyber criminals, it is recommended that MedStar Health Inc. place greater emphasis on cyber awareness training for employees/professionals, implementing multiple factor authentications and a strong password and identity management system to reinforce its IT infrastructure against future hacks. Failure to effectuate these measures pose significant risk to MedStar Health Inc., its affiliates and patients that extend beyond ransom payments, fines, imprisonment, lawsuits and costs incurred for subsequent identity theft protection services. The damage caused by data security breaches may prove fatal for patients, the company’s most valued asset, compromising public perception and the company’s mission to provide the highest quality of medical care and build long-term relationships with the patients they serve.)
Actual Technical Report
MedStar Medical Vs. Cybercrime
In the health sector, experts "see persistent cyber-attacks as the single greatest threat to the protection of healthcare data" (Moffith & Steffen, 2017). To the world at large, this is not the most absurd news or revelation. Healthcare data embodies some of the most marketable information, and for the black market this is Eldorado – the fictional tale of the city of gold. Healthcare organizations are tasked with fighting the uphill battle of providing quality medical care to their number one stakeholder – patients – while also ensuring that their valuable information is kept safe and secure. Despite their efforts, healthcare organizations sometimes fail in ...
(Diquan)Analog Transmission of Digital DataBefore describing theMoseStaton39
(Diquan)Analog Transmission of Digital Data
Before describing the analog transmission of digital data there are a few terms that we should be familiar with, modem, encoding and carrier wave. A modem is modulator, demodulator device that converts digital to analog and analog to digital. Encoding is the conversion of data to a format required and in this case the conversion of digital data to analog data. Carrier wave is a basic wave of constant frequency transmitted through a circuit.
To transmit digital data in an analog format first you must be connected to a modem which encodes the data and converts the digital data into analog data. It does this by populating the analog signal with a carrier wave and modulating the characteristics of the carrier wave which allows for the analog data to be encoded to digital data and digital data to be decoded to analog.
Digital Transmission of Analog Data
An example of the digital transmission of analog data would be Voice over IP (VOIP) or a more modern and relatable example would be a Zoom meeting. This is done through a couple different technologies a Codec and Pulse-code modulation (PCM). Codec stands for Code, Decode and it is a device or software that converts analog signal into digital form and vice versa. PCM on the other hand converts analog to digital by sampling the analog signal at regular intervals, measuring the amplitude of each sample, and then encoding or quantizing the amplitude as binary data. Through this sampling analog data such as your voice is encoded into digital data via the technologies previously mentioned.
Reference:
Samoilenko, S. (n.d.). Physical Layer: Data and Data Transmission.
...
(Christopher)With packet-switched networks its services allow multMoseStaton39
This document provides guidelines and a rubric for students to submit progress on their Historical Analysis Essay assignment. The essay is analyzing a historical event and its impact on American society. For this progress check, students are asked to submit portions of their essay body describing the causes, course, and consequences of the event as well as evidence supporting their analysis. They also communicate their essay's message tailored to the intended audience. The rubric evaluates these elements and provides criteria for receiving exemplary, proficient, needs improvement, or not evident scores.
(Chelsey)Das Bett, Katharina Grosse, 2004, Acrylic on various objeMoseStaton39
Voyage Airlines is a mock airline founded in 2011 with hubs on the west coast of the US and in the Caribbean. Its mission is to inspire excellence and dedication. The airline focuses on safety as its top priority and revenue generation. It analyzes customer location data to locate hubs in popular tourist areas. The airline sees higher passenger volumes in the summer and around Christmas. It adjusts flight numbers seasonally between hubs based on demand. The primary focus is achieving excellence in customer service as outlined in its mission statement.
(1) See page 20 for a discussion of non-IFRS measures.(2MoseStaton39
This document provides a summary of CWB Financial Group's annual report for 2020. It includes a 5-year financial summary, performance dashboard, messages from the President/CEO and Board Chair, and discusses the company's strategy and priorities. Key points include:
- Revenue grew to $897 million in 2020, with net income of $249 million.
- Total loans increased 6% to $30 billion and total assets grew 8% to $33.9 billion.
- The company is focused on transforming its business through initiatives like enhancing digital capabilities and transitioning to an AIRB capital methodology.
- CWB was recognized as one of Canada's best workplaces and aims to be an employer of choice
(Adams) While a database may seem like the solution to all data stMoseStaton39
(Adams) While a database may seem like the solution to all data storage problems, there are a few disadvantages you need to account for. The first one that comes to mind is the complexity. While anyone with the bare minimum technical experience can navigate a file system, you need someone trained to work on and navigate a database. The added level of complexity will require you to pay for training or likely hire someone with more technical experience, which would cost more. The other big disadvantage of a database is the single point of failure. It is certainly a best and wise practice to keep backups of your database, if you forget or lose those as well all of your data is gone. That one file being corrupted could lead to a disaster where losing a single file in a file system would only result in losing a single piece of data.
The file system comes with its own disadvantages though. The biggest disadvantage of a file system vs a database is losing the ability to query. The book defines a database query as a: specific request for data manipulation issued by the user (Coronel & Morris, 2018). Being able to query all data across the database can return valuable information at nearly the snap of a finger that could have taken days to sort through your file system. Another disadvantage is the potential for your file system to get messy and unorganized leading to data inconsistency. In a database you have each entity represented one time in a neat manner that protects data integrity. In a file system, you could mistakenly create a new entity when you need to update one or you could mistakenly update an old one when you were meant to create a new one. Either of the above mistakes you make in a database would lead to bad data, that you wouldn’t otherwise create in a database. Finally, relying on the file system can become unwieldy. If you end up creating thousands of entries, it is difficult to go through them all. With a database, you are able to continue adding data and merely query what you need.
Reference:
Coronel, C., & Morris, S. (2018). Database Principles: Fundamentals of Design, Implementation, and Management. Cengage.
...
(Adam)In an example like the Odebrecht case study from the book, iMoseStaton39
(Adam)In an example like the Odebrecht case study from the book, it is easy to find the fault of the firm as they were the ones conducting the business side of all the shady dealings. Their practice of using bribes and kickbacks is an obvious ethical problem. The amount of money they were throwing around to be awarded contracts would have been obvious to plenty of people in the organization and the misconduct went on for years before they were caught. While they likely had an anti-corruption plan, when people ignore or don’t follow it the plan is useless.
The other guilty parties are not as obvious and don’t get the same blame for their part in the scandal. The governments, organizations, and non-profits that accepted the bribes and/or kickbacks also have ethical questions. The book stated that Odebrecht paid nearly $100 million in bribes in Venezuela and some quick searching has shown zero convictions from anyone in that country (Pinto, 2019). The parties accepting the payments are just as ethically dubious as the parties offering the money.
It shouldn’t be difficult to establish corporate policies that create an ethical workplace, but it seems like there is always a corruption story somewhere in the world on the news. Most companies that deal with contracting have something on their external web page and/or an internal training that employees are mandated to take, but that isn’t enough. I think since the people who make these decisions and handle this type of money are almost always going to be near the top of the organization, it is going to come to the old cliché of “it starts at the top”. Hiring ethical executives who are accountable for the people directly beneath them is probably the best method to maintain integrity.
The idea of rewards and punishments is complicated when it comes to corruption. Punishments are easy, there should be a zero-tolerance policy. On top of the zero-tolerance policy I would explain that the organization would be looking at legal action against the individual. Regarding rewards, I think you could justify a payment to whistleblowers. At the same time, I don’t know if you should go too far because the employee would be doing something they are supposed to do anyway.
References:
Pinto, J. K. (2019). Project Management: Achieving Competitive Advantage. Pearson.
1 | I n t r o d u c t i o n t o C u r r i c u l u m f o r E a r l y C h i l d h o o d E d u c a t i o n
El Camino College
Childhood Education Department
CDEV 115 Introduction to Curriculum
Introduction to Curriculum
for
Early Childhood Educators
An Open Educational Resources Publication by College of the Canyons
2 | I n t r o d u c t i o n t o C u r r i c u l u m f o r E a r l y C h i l d h o o d E d u c a t i o n
Introduction to Curriculum for Early Childhood
Education
An Open Educational Resources Publication by College of the
Canyons
Created by Jennifer Paris, Kristin Beeve, and Clint Spri ...
(Alex)There are four phases of the systems development life cycle MoseStaton39
(Alex)There are four phases of the systems development life cycle (SDLC). The four phases are planning and selection, analysis, design, and implementation. (Valacich, George, & Hoffer, 2015) While the different phases are generally sequential in nature, a system may move from a later phase to an earlier phase as problems or issues arise during the SDLC. The analysis, design, and implementation phase have different fundamental purposes. In the planning phase, the need for a system is established and general expectations are laid out. The analysis phase has the primary purpose of exploring these expectations and requirements in more detail. The analysis phase is where the systems analyst conducts interviews with users, management, and other stakeholders to thoroughly determine the requirements, while also researching the current capabilities of the previous system, if there was one. The analyst generates rough solutions for the problem set, presents them to management, and enters the design phase once a potential solution is accepted by the customer. The design phase is where the system starts to take shape. Using the research conducted during the analysis phase, a logical design is developed. The logical design is essentially the steps and processes that the system should go through, independent of the hardware or software of the system. It is the blueprint that the physical design is based off of. With the physical design in hand, the implementation phase begins. “Construction” begins on the process with coders writing programs, testers testing the solution, and the implementation team installs the system onto new or existing hardware. This phase also includes training to users, evaluation of user experiences with the system, and ongoing support. This phase continues until the system no longer meets the needs of the organization, starting the cycle all over again. While these phases make up three fourths of the SDLC, the fundamental purposes are different in that they each correlate to different steps in the overall design process.
REFERENCES
Valacich, J. S., George, J. F., & Hoffer, J. A. (2015). Essentials of Systems Analysis and Design. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc.
...
(2) conditions for language and literacy developmentConditioMoseStaton39
(2) conditions for language and literacy development
Conditions for Learning- Responsibility
Description- Encourage children to be accountable for their own learning
Implications for Educators - Include choice and problem solving in activities.
Conditions for Learning- Engagement
Description- Create a climate of meaningful language use.
Implications for Educators- Encourage children to read along
and engage in conversations.
...
(Monica)Gender rarely shapes individual experience in isolation buMoseStaton39
(Monica)Gender rarely shapes individual experience in isolation but is instead linked to other social statuses in the effects it has on our lives. The gender distinction reflects what we see as appropriate “masculine” or “feminine.” For example, some societies expect men to be more aggressive and competitive and women to be emotionally nurturing. I was playing with dolls one day and was playing with two dolls: a female doll and a male doll. Upon passing by, an uncle of mine saw me playing with my toys and frowned. When I asked what was wrong, he seemed uncomfortable. In this statement, he suggested that girls should act like girls and play with girlie things, while boys should play with boy things, including boy dolls. The family experiences that taught me about gender and gender roles are vividly in my memory. Throughout my childhood, my mother and father stressed how essential it is for me to understand and know that I am a girl, and I should always act and carry myself accordingly.
I found conversations like that to be overly exaggerated at the time, but I subsequently understood why my parents did what they did. We were a family of six, with five girls and one boy. As a child, my parents, specifically my mother, stressed what clothing the girls wore. Our mother was always careful not to let us wear anything provocative, and we were to get married and have our own families. Girls are often told that it's alright to cry because girls cry, and if I was a boy, I'd be made to suck it up and deal with it. In addition, my mother taught me that women nurture and that we take care of the home, including cooking, cleaning, and taking care of the children. As girls, we could not play any sports that were deemed "too rough" or to be performed by boys. From a young age, we chose professional careers. All these careers involved female dominating industries, such as nursing, teaching, caretaking, and hairdressing. They all contributed to the construction of my gender.
Multiple ways are available to conceptualize gender; essentialists see it as a binary division, which classifies you as male or female at birth. In contrast, mainstream social scientists take a constructionist approach to gender. Page 242 argues that gender is a constructed concept that has been shaped through culture and history. Finally, people internalize the social expectations they are introduced to.(Ferris & Stein, 2020) (Links to an external site.)
Resources
Ferris, T., & Stein, J. (2020). Chapter 9/ Page 242. In The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology (7th ed., pp. 236–242). essay, W.W. Norton.
...
(Monica) A summary of my decision-making process starts with flippMoseStaton39
(Monica) A summary of my decision-making process starts with flipping through ads to find a job, I was concerned with what companies offered for pay, the type of work I would be doing, and how long would the job last. There were a few companies that were only looking to hire temporarily and again not an ideal situation if I am already concerned with having a steady income. Between the three ads, Office temp, a server at a restaurant making $2.13hr plus tips with hours varying, and a warehouse position, starting at $14Hr with hours from 12 pm to 7 pm. I chose to pick the warehouse position since it offers the most money and a set schedule. Continuing with the simulation, my monthly take-home pay after taxes is $1,224, making my weekly pay only $306. Ideally $1,224 is not enough funds to help sustain a family, barely one person. During this time, I have to pick my insurance, which is a requirement through the Affordable Care Act. Luckily my child is covered and I picked the cheapest plan that I could afford, the bronze plan and it costs $303 a month, which averages to almost $76 a paycheck. I have to ensure I have a place to live, paying rent over $720 and traveling puts my monthly rental and traveling costs at more than 800 dollars a month. The results of me living further away from my job, so that my rent is lower also increased gas costs. According to the simulation, every working household that saves a dollar spends 77 cents on transportation. My balance jumps from $1000 to $192 after paying rent only to find out my apartment is too small for my things, so I chose to have a yard sale. I only made $150 from the yard sale and made the decision to get paid by the piece, since I am barely making a living wage on an hourly paycheck, and in doing so my paycheck decreased by 25cents. I skipped my grandfather’s memorial service because I can not afford to travel, I paid $25 to replace a broken item I fixed, even though considered hiding the evidence. Grocery shopping is next on my to-do list, spending only 30 for things I needed, I felt was hardly enough food, but could not really afford to splurge and spend on extra things. During this time my stress levels are at an all-time high, but I turn the offer for a cigarette down because I do not want to get addicted. As a result, the simulation states there is a misconception that smoking relieves stress during difficult situations in life.
Now that I have come to payday, I decided to start my fitness journey by asking a friend to be my running partner. On the way to work, something blew in the car and needed to get fixed, and asking a friend to look at the issue saved money. The landlord decided to raise rent and $150 had to be paid or I could spend more on legal fees fighting it in court. On the way out to work, someone stole my gas from my car, so I had to make the decision to take the bus and the result where it took me three buses and fives times longer to get there, making me miss a few hours of p ...
(Note This case study is based on many actual cases. All the nameMoseStaton39
Marci is a 22-year-old college student who was arrested five months ago for a DUI. She has a history of regular alcohol and marijuana use since high school. Her family has a history of substance use disorders and mental health issues. While Marci's grades have declined due to her substance use, she does not feel she has a problem with alcohol or marijuana. She is concerned about legal and academic consequences but does not want to change her substance use behaviors.
(Individuals With Disabilities Act Transformation Over the Years)DMoseStaton39
(Individuals With Disabilities Act Transformation Over the Years)
Discussion Forum Instructions:
1. You must post at least three times each week.
2. Your initial post is due Tuesday of each week and the following two post are due before Sunday.
3. All post must be on separate days of the week.
4. Post must be at least 150 words and cite all of your references even it its the book.
Discussion Topic:
Describe how the lives of students with disabilities from culturally and/or linguistically diverse backgrounds have changed since the advent of IDEA. What do you feel are some things that can or should be implemented to better assist with students that have disabilities? Tell me about these ideas and how would you integrate them?
ANOVA
ANOVA
• Analysis of Variance
• Statistical method to analyzes variances to determine if the means from more than
two populations are the same
• compare the between-sample-variation to the within-sample-variation
• If the between-sample-variation is sufficiently large compared to the within-sample-
variation it is likely that the population means are statistically different
• Compares means (group differences) among levels of factors. No
assumptions are made regarding how the factors are related
• Residual related assumptions are the same as with simple regression
• Explanatory variables can be qualitative or quantitative but are categorized
for group investigations. These variables are often referred to as factors
with levels (category levels)
ANOVA Assumptions
• Assume populations , from which the response values for the groups
are drawn, are normally distributed
• Assumes populations have equal variances
• Can compare the ratio of smallest and largest sample standard deviations.
Between .05 and 2 are typically not considered evidence of a violation
assumption
• Assumes the response data are independent
• For large sample sizes, or for factor level sample sizes that are equal,
the ANOVA test is robust to assumption violations of normality and
unequal variances
ANOVA and Variance
Fixed or Random Factors
• A factor is fixed if its levels are chosen before the ANOVA investigation
begins
• Difference in groups are only investigated for the specific pre-selected factors
and levels
• A factor is random if its levels are choosen randomly from the
population before the ANOVA investigation begins
Randomization
• Assigning subjects to treatment groups or treatments to subjects
randomly reduces the chance of bias selecting results
ANOVA hypotheses statements
One-way ANOVA
One-Way ANOVA
Hypotheses statements
Test statistic
=
𝐵𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑊𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Under the null hypothesis both the between and within group variances estimate the
variance of the random error so the ratio is assumed to be close to 1.
Null Hypothesis
Alternate Hypothesis
One-Way ANOVA
One-Way ANOVA
One-Way ANOVA Excel Output
Treatme
(Kaitlyn)To be very honest I know next to nothing about mythology,MoseStaton39
(Kaitlyn)To be very honest I know next to nothing about mythology, it has never been something that I have had around me or taught in school, I guess it was one of those subjects that got kind of, overlooked. But history is history and in my opinion, it’s important to know what happened in the past to prevent future mishaps or wrongdoings. Therefore I don't know anything about mythology to start, but I am eager to learn more about all these different gods, goddesses, etc., and am surprised to find out that entire towns or civilizations would support the myths or people I am reading about.
The gods and goddesses seem to all have their sanction of what was claimed as their own, one wraps his arms around the earth floating the continents with his aqua arms, and another is essentially the undertaker and decides whose soul belongs where. The people are peasants and they are unequal to those that are considered the higher power, they are the protected and shall not reach out to become a protector. From what I have read it doesn't seem like the gods step on each other’s territory or have competitions to push each other out, it seems as though all that made it up there are respected and get to look down on those that are less than them.
While reading I noticed that there is a bit of a divide between men and women the same as we have today. A big part of societal issues today is gender equality and the general outlook on how each gender is portrayed without any prior information. Men are supposed to be large, strong, and tall, to protect and conquer for the interest of mankind. Women are supposed to be dainty and spread love, make a house a home, and show endearing qualities. I can see the reverse argument for Cupid who is the God of Love being that Eros is a male, being portrayed as the, "fairest of the deathless gods," (Hamilton, 36) but that is one instance in an array of different people. It seems that even though we have come a long way to today with working on gender-specific stereotypes, for these "myths" to be ancient and long ago, it doesn't seem like we have come that far. Yes women are seen as loving and they can be attractive to people around them, but in the man’s brain, they are simply there to be of service to the man, and to man the home when they are not present. It's interesting because even though the language of the reading may be hard for me to get used to, being that it is not in modern English, I can still very well understand one thing. Women like Aphrodite would "...[laugh] sweetly or mockingly at those her wiles had conquered, the irresistible goddess who stole away even the wits of the wise" (Hamilton, 32). Being a woman I translated this to essentially smiling in the faces of those who either are factually in the wrong, or have done wrong to you, and that is something that is still very much alive today. From history, we know that women were seen as property or disposable at the discretion of the man that homed her, and f ...
(Harry)Dante’s Inferno is the first of the three-part epic poem, DMoseStaton39
(Harry)Dante’s Inferno is the first of the three-part epic poem, Divine Comedy, written by Dante Alighieri. The Inferno depicts Dante’s journey through Hell, accompanied and guided by the ancient Roman poet Virgil. In his poem, Dante describes Hell’s topography consisting of nine circles, each representing the seriousness of the sin committed by its offenders, these sins are categorized (by the Catholic Church), grouped, and commonly known as the nine deadly sins. Each level of Hell represent places of torment where the first level is home to less serious offenders, and increase in severity in each circle. As they go deeper into each level, our characters, Dante and Virgil encounter offenders within each ring of hell who have committed more serious offenses and the sins are more egregious. We find that the lowest part of hell houses the betrayers, and punishment here is more severe. Punishment in the poem is handed out in a poetic justice fashion Dante calls contrapasso. In this last (deepest) level or ring of Hell the betrayers of Julius Caesar: Brutus and Cassius are prime tenants, along with Judas, who had betrayed Jesus.
As I read this poem, I can agree with how Hell was organized, and as it sits currently, those guilty of child sexual abuse could reside along with those who are being tortured in the second circle: Lust. But Dante seemed to portray these sins as less severe. But personally, I think that those guilty of committing child sexual abuse should be in the ninth circle of Hell, along with those committing treachery because what is child sexual abuse if not treachery! It is treacherous against the innocent children, who fall betrayed by those who they must respect and obey (adults or those older then they), it is an act of treason to the victim who may have trusted the person committing such a heinous act. But after much contemplation, I still cannot agree with this placement. Child sexual abuse and child sexual assault is, in a very real way, equal to those types of betrayals. The innocence of a child makes those crimes so bad that I feel so uncomfortable writing about. As defined on their website, child sexual abuse includes: any sexual act between an adult and a minor, or between two minors, when one exerts power over the other, forcing, coercing or persuading a child to engage in any type of sexual act, non-contact acts such as exhibitionism, exposure to pornography, voyeurism, and communicating in a sexual manner by phone or Internet. In Dante’s world, those guilty of child sexual assault are far more wicked than those guilty of other sexual sins, and even worse than those guilty of aberrant sexual behavior (as it was understood at the time). Therefore, these sinners would have their very own special place below the ninth circle.
For sinners tormented in the tenth circle, the torture must be as gruesome as the act committed by the sinners. For someone who has committed such a abominable act as is child sexual abuse, assault, ...
(Lucious)Many steps in the systems development process may cause aMoseStaton39
(Lucious)Many steps in the systems development process may cause a project to balloon out of control, affecting the scope's size, where the budget and timeline remain the same. Unfortunately, this is a widespread problem known as scope creep during an IS development. Scope creep is an unexpected demand that moves a project past its predetermined limits. Projects are always documented with a planning outline, which covers in-depth details on boundaries, schedules, major deliverables, time, and budget. Unfortunately, individuals involved in the project may intentionally or unintentionally cause a project to not meet its goals due to the unpredictable nature of adding tasks to a project in progress. Project managers can ensure that the scope is clear by referring to the project planning outline, where all the boundaries and parameters of the project stipulate all deliverables. Spending extra time finalizing the plan can dial in a clear and detailed scope for everyone involved in the project. A project manager needs to engage directly with the clients by speaking with them and thoroughly walking them through all the parameters and deliverables. Closely collaborating with clients throughout the various stages of the project can prevent hiccups that may occur. If issues arise during project development, it is always best to be transparent with the client about every problem. Being able to work through solutions with clients will ease the anxieties as strategies are planned. To ensure deliverables are to the client's expectations, necessary features should be identified as critical for delivering a usable end product. For example, managing a scope creep can be difficult if not handled correctly. However, managing change in a project development does not have to be a battle of wills. Knowing how to address change can be beneficial. It can be outlined in the project planning document with parameters that will deliver the best product for the client without derailing the project. (Joseph S. Valacich, 2015)
REFERENCES
Joseph S. Valacich, J. F. (2015). Essentials of Systems Analysis and Design Sixth Edition. Pearson Education, Inc.
i1v2e5y5pubs
W21153
NEDBANK GROUP: LEADERSHIP AND ADAPTIVE SPACE FOR
DIGITAL INNOVATION
Caren Scheepers, Jill Bogie, and Michael Arena wrote this case solely to provide material for class discussion. The authors do not
intend to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of a managerial situation. The authors may have disguised certain names
and other identifying information to protect confidentiality.
This publication may not be transmitted, photocopied, digitized, or otherwise reproduced in any form or by any means without the
permission of the copyright holder. Reproduction of this material is not covered under authorization by any reproduction rights
organization. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, contact Ivey Publishing, Ivey Business Sch ...
(Eric)Technology always seems simple when it works and it is when MoseStaton39
The document summarizes the history of Versare, a company that manufactures portable room partitions. It describes how Versare was initially dependent on a large distributor for 95% of its sales. Over time, the relationship with the distributor became increasingly contentious as the distributor demanded price cuts and changes to Versare's products. By 2005, Versare's profitability had declined significantly due to its reliance on the problematic distributor relationship.
(ELI)At the time when I first had to take a sociology class in higMoseStaton39
(ELI)At the time when I first had to take a sociology class in high school, I was staunchly anti-feminism, as I felt it was unnecessary in first world countries and primarily focused on encouraging immodesty and considering women to be worth more than men. At that time, my only education on feminism or feminist issues had come from my parents during homeschooling. I clearly remember getting into a heated debate with a classmate whom I considered "the feminist equivalent of a vegan," (referring to the stereotypical joke, "How do you know if someone is a vegan? Don't worry, they'll tell you,") and I told her I simply could not see any situations in real life where women aren't being represented without a real reason. She introduced me to the term Bechdel Test, and encouraged me to spend a few weeks watching my usual shows, but counting how many times the female characters spoke to each other about anything other than men.
As my understanding of feminism and of the world around me has evolved, I have seen an increase in media that passes the Bechdel Test, but have also been surprised to find it is significantly less common than I expected. Additionally, the Bechdel Test only looks at named female characters who discuss something other than men. It does not look at factors of race, sexuality, topics of conversation, or visual presentation. Some argue that although media increasingly passes the test, the quality of that media is lacking and therefore the value of the Bechdel Test does not hold up (How does the Bechdel Test measure up in evaluating film representations of women, 2021). More detailed studies show that women remain underrepresented in media, both behind and before the camera (Smith et. al, 2016). The female characters that are portrayed in trend towards being young and traditionally attractive, reinforcing the "ideal" image as the standard and further raising the standard for the average woman. Additionally, women of color and women belonging to other racial or social minority groups are even less visible, impacting the expectations that society has of women based on how they are shown, and influencing what women consider "normal" in themselves.
How does the Bechdel Test measure up in evaluating film representations of women? (2021, April 19). UWIRE Text, 1.
Smith, S., Choueiti, M., & Pieper, K. (2016). Inclusion or invisibility? Comprehensive Annenberg Report on diversity in entertainment. Media, Diversity & Social Change Initiative. USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism.
...
(Executive Summary)MedStar Health Inc, a leader in the healthcMoseStaton39
(Executive Summary)
MedStar Health Inc, a leader in the healthcare industry regionally and nation-wide, is a constant target of the malicious attempts of cyber criminals. Over the past 6 years MedStar Health Inc. has faced several instances of data breach most notably, the 2016 breach that compromised 370 computer systems and halted its operations. As the organization continues to digitize and broaden the use of electronic medical records across its facilities, the threat of cyber-attack remains even more pervasive. The purpose of this report is to provide an overview of MedStar Health Inc cybersecurity vulnerabilities, examine the overall causes and impact of the breaches and explore solutions to meet the organization’s cybersecurity challenges.
With a focal point on MedStar Health breaches, a literature-based study was conducted, and various news articles, academic journals and company publications were analyzed. It was found that the 2016 and 2020 data breaches were attacks on the organization’s internet servers. The 2020 hack compromised the records of 668 patients, whereas the 2016 hack was a result of a ransomware infection that compromised 7500 individuals’ records and halted the organizations’ operations. The cost of the virus infection was greater than the $19,000 ransom requested due to additional recovery and remediation costs. It was also revealed that the 2019 breach was due to human error.
To best combat the efforts of cyber criminals, it is recommended that MedStar Health Inc. place greater emphasis on cyber awareness training for employees/professionals, implementing multiple factor authentications and a strong password and identity management system to reinforce its IT infrastructure against future hacks. Failure to effectuate these measures pose significant risk to MedStar Health Inc., its affiliates and patients that extend beyond ransom payments, fines, imprisonment, lawsuits and costs incurred for subsequent identity theft protection services. The damage caused by data security breaches may prove fatal for patients, the company’s most valued asset, compromising public perception and the company’s mission to provide the highest quality of medical care and build long-term relationships with the patients they serve.)
Actual Technical Report
MedStar Medical Vs. Cybercrime
In the health sector, experts "see persistent cyber-attacks as the single greatest threat to the protection of healthcare data" (Moffith & Steffen, 2017). To the world at large, this is not the most absurd news or revelation. Healthcare data embodies some of the most marketable information, and for the black market this is Eldorado – the fictional tale of the city of gold. Healthcare organizations are tasked with fighting the uphill battle of providing quality medical care to their number one stakeholder – patients – while also ensuring that their valuable information is kept safe and secure. Despite their efforts, healthcare organizations sometimes fail in ...
(Diquan)Analog Transmission of Digital DataBefore describing theMoseStaton39
(Diquan)Analog Transmission of Digital Data
Before describing the analog transmission of digital data there are a few terms that we should be familiar with, modem, encoding and carrier wave. A modem is modulator, demodulator device that converts digital to analog and analog to digital. Encoding is the conversion of data to a format required and in this case the conversion of digital data to analog data. Carrier wave is a basic wave of constant frequency transmitted through a circuit.
To transmit digital data in an analog format first you must be connected to a modem which encodes the data and converts the digital data into analog data. It does this by populating the analog signal with a carrier wave and modulating the characteristics of the carrier wave which allows for the analog data to be encoded to digital data and digital data to be decoded to analog.
Digital Transmission of Analog Data
An example of the digital transmission of analog data would be Voice over IP (VOIP) or a more modern and relatable example would be a Zoom meeting. This is done through a couple different technologies a Codec and Pulse-code modulation (PCM). Codec stands for Code, Decode and it is a device or software that converts analog signal into digital form and vice versa. PCM on the other hand converts analog to digital by sampling the analog signal at regular intervals, measuring the amplitude of each sample, and then encoding or quantizing the amplitude as binary data. Through this sampling analog data such as your voice is encoded into digital data via the technologies previously mentioned.
Reference:
Samoilenko, S. (n.d.). Physical Layer: Data and Data Transmission.
...
(Christopher)With packet-switched networks its services allow multMoseStaton39
This document provides guidelines and a rubric for students to submit progress on their Historical Analysis Essay assignment. The essay is analyzing a historical event and its impact on American society. For this progress check, students are asked to submit portions of their essay body describing the causes, course, and consequences of the event as well as evidence supporting their analysis. They also communicate their essay's message tailored to the intended audience. The rubric evaluates these elements and provides criteria for receiving exemplary, proficient, needs improvement, or not evident scores.
(Chelsey)Das Bett, Katharina Grosse, 2004, Acrylic on various objeMoseStaton39
Voyage Airlines is a mock airline founded in 2011 with hubs on the west coast of the US and in the Caribbean. Its mission is to inspire excellence and dedication. The airline focuses on safety as its top priority and revenue generation. It analyzes customer location data to locate hubs in popular tourist areas. The airline sees higher passenger volumes in the summer and around Christmas. It adjusts flight numbers seasonally between hubs based on demand. The primary focus is achieving excellence in customer service as outlined in its mission statement.
(1) See page 20 for a discussion of non-IFRS measures.(2MoseStaton39
This document provides a summary of CWB Financial Group's annual report for 2020. It includes a 5-year financial summary, performance dashboard, messages from the President/CEO and Board Chair, and discusses the company's strategy and priorities. Key points include:
- Revenue grew to $897 million in 2020, with net income of $249 million.
- Total loans increased 6% to $30 billion and total assets grew 8% to $33.9 billion.
- The company is focused on transforming its business through initiatives like enhancing digital capabilities and transitioning to an AIRB capital methodology.
- CWB was recognized as one of Canada's best workplaces and aims to be an employer of choice
(Adams) While a database may seem like the solution to all data stMoseStaton39
(Adams) While a database may seem like the solution to all data storage problems, there are a few disadvantages you need to account for. The first one that comes to mind is the complexity. While anyone with the bare minimum technical experience can navigate a file system, you need someone trained to work on and navigate a database. The added level of complexity will require you to pay for training or likely hire someone with more technical experience, which would cost more. The other big disadvantage of a database is the single point of failure. It is certainly a best and wise practice to keep backups of your database, if you forget or lose those as well all of your data is gone. That one file being corrupted could lead to a disaster where losing a single file in a file system would only result in losing a single piece of data.
The file system comes with its own disadvantages though. The biggest disadvantage of a file system vs a database is losing the ability to query. The book defines a database query as a: specific request for data manipulation issued by the user (Coronel & Morris, 2018). Being able to query all data across the database can return valuable information at nearly the snap of a finger that could have taken days to sort through your file system. Another disadvantage is the potential for your file system to get messy and unorganized leading to data inconsistency. In a database you have each entity represented one time in a neat manner that protects data integrity. In a file system, you could mistakenly create a new entity when you need to update one or you could mistakenly update an old one when you were meant to create a new one. Either of the above mistakes you make in a database would lead to bad data, that you wouldn’t otherwise create in a database. Finally, relying on the file system can become unwieldy. If you end up creating thousands of entries, it is difficult to go through them all. With a database, you are able to continue adding data and merely query what you need.
Reference:
Coronel, C., & Morris, S. (2018). Database Principles: Fundamentals of Design, Implementation, and Management. Cengage.
...
(Adam)In an example like the Odebrecht case study from the book, iMoseStaton39
(Adam)In an example like the Odebrecht case study from the book, it is easy to find the fault of the firm as they were the ones conducting the business side of all the shady dealings. Their practice of using bribes and kickbacks is an obvious ethical problem. The amount of money they were throwing around to be awarded contracts would have been obvious to plenty of people in the organization and the misconduct went on for years before they were caught. While they likely had an anti-corruption plan, when people ignore or don’t follow it the plan is useless.
The other guilty parties are not as obvious and don’t get the same blame for their part in the scandal. The governments, organizations, and non-profits that accepted the bribes and/or kickbacks also have ethical questions. The book stated that Odebrecht paid nearly $100 million in bribes in Venezuela and some quick searching has shown zero convictions from anyone in that country (Pinto, 2019). The parties accepting the payments are just as ethically dubious as the parties offering the money.
It shouldn’t be difficult to establish corporate policies that create an ethical workplace, but it seems like there is always a corruption story somewhere in the world on the news. Most companies that deal with contracting have something on their external web page and/or an internal training that employees are mandated to take, but that isn’t enough. I think since the people who make these decisions and handle this type of money are almost always going to be near the top of the organization, it is going to come to the old cliché of “it starts at the top”. Hiring ethical executives who are accountable for the people directly beneath them is probably the best method to maintain integrity.
The idea of rewards and punishments is complicated when it comes to corruption. Punishments are easy, there should be a zero-tolerance policy. On top of the zero-tolerance policy I would explain that the organization would be looking at legal action against the individual. Regarding rewards, I think you could justify a payment to whistleblowers. At the same time, I don’t know if you should go too far because the employee would be doing something they are supposed to do anyway.
References:
Pinto, J. K. (2019). Project Management: Achieving Competitive Advantage. Pearson.
1 | I n t r o d u c t i o n t o C u r r i c u l u m f o r E a r l y C h i l d h o o d E d u c a t i o n
El Camino College
Childhood Education Department
CDEV 115 Introduction to Curriculum
Introduction to Curriculum
for
Early Childhood Educators
An Open Educational Resources Publication by College of the Canyons
2 | I n t r o d u c t i o n t o C u r r i c u l u m f o r E a r l y C h i l d h o o d E d u c a t i o n
Introduction to Curriculum for Early Childhood
Education
An Open Educational Resources Publication by College of the
Canyons
Created by Jennifer Paris, Kristin Beeve, and Clint Spri ...
(Alex)There are four phases of the systems development life cycle MoseStaton39
(Alex)There are four phases of the systems development life cycle (SDLC). The four phases are planning and selection, analysis, design, and implementation. (Valacich, George, & Hoffer, 2015) While the different phases are generally sequential in nature, a system may move from a later phase to an earlier phase as problems or issues arise during the SDLC. The analysis, design, and implementation phase have different fundamental purposes. In the planning phase, the need for a system is established and general expectations are laid out. The analysis phase has the primary purpose of exploring these expectations and requirements in more detail. The analysis phase is where the systems analyst conducts interviews with users, management, and other stakeholders to thoroughly determine the requirements, while also researching the current capabilities of the previous system, if there was one. The analyst generates rough solutions for the problem set, presents them to management, and enters the design phase once a potential solution is accepted by the customer. The design phase is where the system starts to take shape. Using the research conducted during the analysis phase, a logical design is developed. The logical design is essentially the steps and processes that the system should go through, independent of the hardware or software of the system. It is the blueprint that the physical design is based off of. With the physical design in hand, the implementation phase begins. “Construction” begins on the process with coders writing programs, testers testing the solution, and the implementation team installs the system onto new or existing hardware. This phase also includes training to users, evaluation of user experiences with the system, and ongoing support. This phase continues until the system no longer meets the needs of the organization, starting the cycle all over again. While these phases make up three fourths of the SDLC, the fundamental purposes are different in that they each correlate to different steps in the overall design process.
REFERENCES
Valacich, J. S., George, J. F., & Hoffer, J. A. (2015). Essentials of Systems Analysis and Design. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc.
...
(2) conditions for language and literacy developmentConditioMoseStaton39
(2) conditions for language and literacy development
Conditions for Learning- Responsibility
Description- Encourage children to be accountable for their own learning
Implications for Educators - Include choice and problem solving in activities.
Conditions for Learning- Engagement
Description- Create a climate of meaningful language use.
Implications for Educators- Encourage children to read along
and engage in conversations.
...
(2) conditions for language and literacy developmentConditio
# 109448 Cust Pearson Education NJ B & E Au Scarboro
1. # 109448 Cust: Pearson Education / NJ / B & E Au:
Scarborough Pg. No. 690
Title: Essentials of Entrepreneurship and Small Business
Management 7e Server:
C / M / Y / K
Short / Normal / Long
DESIGN SERVICES OF
S4carliSle
Publishing Services
Case 2
Mixed Chicks
Should a Small Company Battle a Large
Competitor in Court over Trademark
Infringement?
Best friends Kim Etheridge and Wendi Levy are of mixed
race and for years struggled to find the right hair treatments
to tame their unruly curls. “When you are multicultural, you
have a blend of hair,” explains Etheridge, but, she adds, the
hair products on the market do not address that fact. Instead,
the companies that make them merely target various ethnic
groups with products that are not tailored to the particular
characteristics of their hair. In 2003, Etheridge and Levy
decided that they could create better hair care products for
the growing multicultural market and began working with a
chemist to create them. Their first product was a conditioner
designed specifically to work on their type of hair. Within a
2. year, the duo had created a shampoo and launched a business,
Mixed Chicks, from Wendi’s garage to sell their hair care
products through salons and beauty supply stores nationwide.
Five years later, their small company’s sales accelerated when
star Halle Berry endorsed Mixed Chicks products in an inter -
view that appeared in three national magazines.
A short time later, Etheridge and Levy were working
the Mixed Chicks booth at a trade show when a representa-
tive from a large national beauty supply company with more
than 3,000 stores and $3 billion in annual sales stopped and
expressed interest in their products. Although the entrepre-
neurs initially were excited about the prospects of selling
Mixed Chicks products to a large national chain, they de-
cided not to pursue the opportunity when they learned about
the retail chain’s strict return and liberal discount policies.
Neither would be good for their small company.
About a year later, Etheridge received an e-mail from a
retail customer telling her that the same large national chain
had created its own line of products aimed at mixed-race
women. Not only was the product line’s name, Mixed Silk,
similar to the name that Etheridge and Levy were using for
their products, but the bottles the large company was using
also had the same shape as Mixed Chicks’ bottles. The only
significant difference between the products was the price;
the large retailer was selling Mixed Silk products for about
$8, compared to $14 to $20 for Mixed Chicks products.
Alarmed, Etheridge and Levy purchased samples of the
copycat products and began testing them. They were unim-
pressed. When Etheridge went into one of the chain’s stores,
she asked an employee about the Mixed Silk products on
display near the register. “It’s a generic version of Mixed
Chicks,” explained the clerk. “Virtually the same thing.” Over
the next several weeks, the entrepreneurs heard from several
3. of their retailers who told them that more customers were
balking at purchasing Mixed Chicks products because they
had discovered Mixed Silk products, which cost far less.
Etheridge and Levy were furious, and their first reac-
tion was to file a lawsuit against the large retail chain for
trademark infringement. Over the next two months, they re-
searched the problem and consulted with several attorneys.
They considered sending a “cease-and-desist” letter, demand-
ing that the chain stop selling Mixed Silk products. Although
the letter might work, the strategy carries a significant risk: If
the chain stopped selling Mixed Silk products and then chal -
lenged Etheridge and Levy in court and won, their small com-
pany would have to compensate the large chain for its lost
revenue. However, if Mixed Chicks filed a lawsuit for trade-
mark infringement and won, the retail chain would be forced
to take its Mixed Silk products off the market, and Mixed
Chicks would collect damages for lost sales. Filing a trade-
mark infringement suit would be costly, perhaps $250,000
to $500,000 in legal fees per year for, quite possibly, many
years. The young entrepreneurs also knew that filing a law -
suit would distract them from managing their growing busi-
ness, which was now generating annual sales of $7 million.
Yet they were concerned that not taking legal action could be
more expensive in the long run, perhaps even costing them
their entire business. Finally, could they live with themselves
if they did not stand up against a larger, more powerful com-
petitor when they knew they were right?
Questions
1. Why is securing proper intellectual property protection
such as trademarks, patents, and copyrights important
for entrepreneurs?
4. 2. Analyze the advantages and the disadvantages of fil-
ing a trademark infringement lawsuit against the large
chain selling Mixed Silk products? Conduct the same
analysis for not filing the lawsuit.
3. What course of action do you recommend that Ether-
idge and Levy take? Explain.
4. Can you recommend ways that Etheridge and Levy
might be able to use the significant difference in the size
of their company and the national retail chain to their
advantage, especially for marketing their company?
Sources: Adapted from Jennifer Alsever, “Case Study: The
Rival:
Enormous. Its Product Disturbingly Similar. The Question: To
Sue or Not
to Sue?,” Inc., February 2012, pp. 81–83; “Have a Curly Hair
Conundrum?
The Girls at Mixed Chicks Can Solve It,” A Bulls Eye View,
June 6, 2012,
http://abullseyeview.com/interview-mixed-chicks-kim-
etheredge-wendi-
levy; and Janell Hazelwood, “8 Trailblazing Women Then and
Now,”
Black Enterprise, March 31, 2011,
http://www.blackenterprise.com/
small-business/8-trailblazing-women-then-and-now/3.
690
Z03_SCAR6794_07_SE_CASE2.indd 690 10/01/13 1:36 AM
“This Article Won’t Change Your Mind”
Author: Julie Beck
5. “I remember looking at her and thinking, ‘She’s totally lying.’
At the same time, I remember something in my mind saying,
‘And that doesn’t matter.’” For Daniel Shaw, believing the
words of the guru he had spent years devoted to wasn’t blind
faith exactly. It was something he chose. “I remember actually
consciously making that choice.”
There are facts, and there are beliefs, and there are thi ngs you
want so badly to believe that they become as facts to you.
Back in 1980, Shaw had arrived at a Siddha Yoga meditation
center in upstate New York during what he says was a “very
vulnerable point in my life.” He’d had trouble with
relationships, and at work, and none of the therapies he’d tried
really seemed to help. But with Siddha Yoga, “my experiences
were so good and meditation felt so beneficial [that] I really
walked into it more and more deeply. At one point, I felt that I
had found my life’s calling.” So, in 1985, he saved up money
and flew to India to join the staff of Gurumayi Chidvilasananda,
the spiritual leader of the organization, which had tens of
thousands of followers. Shaw rose through the ranks, and spent
a lot of time traveling for the organization, sometimes with
Gurumayi, sometimes checking up on centers around the U.S.
But in 1994, Siddha Yoga became the subject of an exposé in
The New Yorker. The article by Lis Harris detailed allegations
of sexual abuse against Gurumayi’s predecessor, as well as
accusations that Gurumayi forcibly ousted her own brother,
Nityananda, from the organization. Shaw says he was already
hearing “whispers” of sexual abuse when he joined in the 80s,
but “I chose to decide that they couldn’t be true.” One day
shortly after he flew to India, Shaw and the other staff members
had gathered for a meeting, and Gurumayi had explained that
her brother and popular co-leader was leaving the organization
voluntarily. That was when Shaw realized he was being lied to.
And when he decided it didn’t matter—“because she’s still the
guru, and she’s still only doing everything for the best reasons.
So it doesn’t matter that she’s lying.’” (For her part, Gurumayi
has denied banishing her brother, and Siddha Yoga is still going
6. strong. Gurumayi, though unnamed, is presumed to be the
featured guru in Elizabeth Gilbert’s 2006 bestseller Eat, Pray,
Love.)
But that was then. Shaw eventually found his way out of Siddha
Yoga and became a psychotherapist. These days, he dedicates
part of his practice to working with former cult members and
family members of people in cults.
The theory of cognitive dissonance—the extreme discomfort of
simultaneously holding two thoughts that are in conflict—was
developed by the social psychologist Leon Festinger in the
1950s. In a famous study, Festinger and his colleagues
embedded themselves with a doomsday prophet named Dorothy
Martin and her cult of followers who believed that spacemen
called the Guardians were coming to collect them in flying
saucers, to save them from a coming flood. Needless to say, no
spacemen (and no flood) ever came, but Martin just kept
revising her predictions. Sure, the spacemen didn’t show up
today, but they were sure to come tomorrow, and so on. The
researchers watched with fascination as the believers kept on
believing, despite all the evidence that they were wrong.
“A man with a conviction is a hard man to change,” Festinger,
Henry Riecken, and Stanley Schacter wrote in When Prophecy
Fails, their 1957 book about this study. “Tell him you disagree
and he turns away. Show him facts or figures and he questions
your sources. Appeal to logic and he fails to see your point …
Suppose that he is presented with evidence, unequivocal and
undeniable evidence, that his belief is wrong: what will happen?
The individual will frequently emerge, not only unshaken, but
even more convinced of the truth of his beliefs than ever
before.”
This doubling down in the face of conflicting evidence is a way
of reducing the discomfort of dissonance, and is part of a set of
behaviors known in the psychology literature as “motivated
reasoning.” Motivated reasoning is how people convince
themselves or remain convinced of what they want to believe—
they seek out agreeable information and learn it more easily;
7. and they avoid, ignore, devalue, forget, or argue against
information that contradicts their beliefs.
It starts at the borders of attention—what people even allow to
breach their bubbles. In a 1967 study, researchers had
undergrads listen to some pre-recorded speeches, with a catch—
the speeches were pretty staticky. But, the participants could
press a button that reduced the static for a few seconds if they
wanted to get a clearer listen. Sometimes the speeches were
about smoking—either linking it to cancer, or disputing that
link—and sometimes it was a speech attacking Christianity.
Students who smoked were very eager to tune in to the speech
that suggested cigarettes might not cause cancer, whereas
nonsmokers were more likely to slam on the button for the
antismoking speech. Similarly, the more-frequent churchgoers
were happy to let the anti-Christian speech dissolve into static
while the less religious would give the button a few presses.
Outside of a lab, this kind of selective exposure is even easier.
You can just switch off the radio, change channels, only like the
Facebook pages that give you the kind of news you prefer. You
can construct a pillow fort of the information that’s
comfortable.
Most people aren’t totally ensconced in a cushiony cave,
though. They build windows in the fort, they peek out from time
to time, they go for long strolls out in the world. And so, they
will occasionally encounter information that suggests something
they believe is wrong. A lot of these instances are no big deal,
and people change their minds if the evidence shows they
should—you thought it was supposed to be nice out today, you
step out the door and it’s raining, you grab an umbrella. Simple
as that. But if the thing you might be wrong about is a belief
that’s deeply tied to your identity or worldview—the guru
you’ve dedicated your life to is accused of some terrible things,
the cigarettes you’re addicted to can kill you—well, then people
become logical Simone Bileses, doing all the mental gymnastics
it takes to remain convinced that they’re right.
People see evidence that disagrees with them as weaker,
8. because ultimately, they’re asking themselves fundamentally
different questions when evaluating that evidence, depending on
whether they want to believe what it suggests or not, according
to psychologist Tom Gilovich. “For desired conclusions,” he
writes, “it is as if we ask ourselves ‘Can I believe this?’, but for
unpalatable conclusions we ask, ‘Must I believe this?’” People
come to some information seeking permission to believe, and to
other information looking for escape routes.
In 1877, the philosopher William Kingdon Clifford wrote an
essay titled “The Ethics of Belief,” in which he argued: “It is
wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone to believe anything
on insufficient evidence.”
Lee McIntyre takes a similarly moralistic tone in his 2015 book
Respecting Truth: Willful Ignorance in the Internet Age: “The
real enemy of truth is not ignorance, doubt, or even disbelief,”
he writes. “It is false knowledge.”
Whether it’s unethical or not is kind of beside the point,
because people are going to be wrong and they’re going to
believe things on insufficient evidence. And their
understandings of the things they believe are often going to be
incomplete—even if they’re correct. How many people who
(rightly) believe climate change is real could actually explain
how it works? And as the philosopher and psychologist William
James noted in an address rebutting Clifford’s essay, religious
faith is one domain that, by definition, requires a person to
believe without proof.
Still, all manner of falsehoods—conspiracy theories, hoaxes,
propaganda, and plain old mistakes—do pose a threat to truth
when they spread like fungus through communities and take
root in people’s minds. But the inherent contradiction of false
knowledge is that only those on the outside can tell that it’s
false. It’s hard for facts to fight it because to the person who
holds it, it feels like truth.
At first glance, it’s hard to see why evolution would have let
humans stay resistant to facts. “You don’t want to be a denialist
and say, ‘Oh, that’s not a tiger, why should I believe that’s a
9. tiger?’ because you could get eaten,” says McIntyre, a research
fellow at the Center for Philosophy and History of Science at
Boston University.
But from an evolutionary perspective, there are more important
things than truth. Take the same scenario McIntyre mentioned
and flip it on its head—you hear a growl in the bushes that
sounds remarkably tiger-like. The safest thing to do is probably
high-tail it out of there, even if it turns out it was just your
buddy messing with you. Survival is more important than truth.
And of course, truth gets more complicated when it’s a matter
of more than just “Am I about to be eaten or not?” As Pascal
Boyer, an anthropologist and psychologist at Washington
University in St. Louis points out in his forthcoming book The
Most Natural Thing: How Evolution Explains Human Societies:
“The natural environment of human beings, like the sea for
dolphins or the ice for polar bears, is information provided by
others, without which they could not forage, , choose mates, or
build tools. Without communication, no survival for humans.”
In this environment, people with good information are valued.
But expertise comes at a cost—it requires time and work. If you
can get people to believe you’re a good source without actually
being one, you get the benefits without having to put in the
work. Liars prosper, in other words, if people believe them. So
some researchers have suggested motivated reasoning may have
developed as a “shield against manipulation.” A tendency to
stick with what they already believe could help protect people
from being taken in by every huckster with a convincing tale
who comes along.
“This kind of arms-race between deception and detection is
common in nature,” Boyer writes.
Spreading a tall tale also gives people something even more
important than false expertise—it lets them know who’s on their
side. If you accuse someone of being a witch, or explain why
you think the contrails left by airplanes are actually spraying
harmful chemicals, the people who take you at your word are
clearly people you can trust, and who trust you. The people who
10. dismiss your claims, or even those who just ask how you know,
are not people you can count on to automatically side with you
no matter what.
“You spread stories because you know that they’re likely to be a
kind of litmus test, and the way people react will show whether
they’re prepared to side with you or not,” Boyer says. “Having
social support, from an evolutionary standpoint, is far more
important than knowing the truth about some facts that do not
directly impinge on your life.” The meditation and sense of
belonging that Daniel Shaw got from Siddha Yoga, for example,
was at one time more important to his life than the alleged
misdeeds of the gurus who led the group.
Though false beliefs are held by individuals, they are in many
ways a social phenomenon. Dorothy Martin’s followers held
onto their belief that the spacemen were coming, and Shaw held
onto his reverence for his guru, because those beliefs were
tethered to a group they belonged to, a group that was deeply
important to their lives and their sense of self.
Shaw describes the motivated reasoning that happens in these
groups: “You’re in a position of defending your choices no
matter what information is presented,” he says, “because if you
don’t, it means that you lose your membership in this group
that’s become so important to you.” Though cults are an intense
example, Shaw says people act the same way with regard to
their families or other groups that are important to them.
And in modern America, one of the groups that people have
most intensely hitched their identities to is their political party.
Americans are more politically polarized than they’ve been in
decades, possibly ever. There isn’t public-opinion data going
back to the Federalists and the Democratic Republicans, of
course. But political scientists Keith Poole and Howard
Rosenthal look at the polarization in Congress. And the most
recent data shows that 2015 had the highest rates of polarization
since 1879, the earliest year for which there’s data. And that
was even before well, you know.
Party Polarization, 1879-2015
11. Now, “party is a stronger part of our identity,” says Brendan
Nyhan, a professor of government at Dartmouth College. “So
it’s easy to see how we can slide into a sort of cognitive
tribalism.”
Though as the graph above shows, partisanship has been on the
rise in the United States for decades, Donald Trump’s election,
and even his brief time as president, have made partisanship and
its relationship to facts seem like one of the most urgent
questions of the era. In the past couple of years, fake news
stories perfectly crafted to appeal to one party or the other have
proliferated on social media, convincing people that the Pope
had endorsed Trump or that Rage Against the Machine was
reuniting for an anti-Trump album. While some studies suggest
that conservatives are more susceptible to fake news—one fake
news creator told NPR that stories he’d written targeting
liberals never gained as much traction—after the election, the
tables seem to have turned. As my colleague Robinson Meyer
reported, in recent months there’s been an uptick in progressive
fake news, stories that claim Trump is about to be arrested or
that his administration is preparing for a coup.
Though both Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump were disliked
by members of their own parties—with a “Never Trump”
movement blooming within the Republican Party—ultimately
most people voted along party lines. Eighty-nine percent of
Democrats voted for Clinton and 88 percent of Republicans
voted for Trump, according to CNN’s exit polls.
Carol Tavris, a social psychologist and co-author of Mistakes
Were Made, But Not by Me, says that for Never Trump
Republicans, it must have been “uncomfortable to them to feel
they could not be wholeheartedly behind their candidate. You
could hear the dissonance humming within them. We had a year
of watching with interest as Republicans struggled to resolve
this. Some resolved it by: ‘Never Trump but never Hillary,
either.’ Others resolved it by saying, ‘I’m going to hold my
nose and vote for him because he’s going to do the things that
Republicans do in office.’”
12. “Partisanship has been revealed as the strongest force in U.S.
public life—stronger than any norms, independent of any facts,”
Vox’s David Roberts wrote in his extensive breakdown of the
factors that influenced the election. The many things that,
during the campaign, might have seemed to render Trump
unelectable—boasting about sexual assault, encouraging
violence at his rallies, attacking an American-born judge for his
Mexican heritage—did not ultimately cost him the support of
the majority of his party. Republican commentators and
politicians even decried Trump as not a true conservative. But
he was the Republican nominee, and he rallied the Republican
base.
In one particularly potent example of party trumping fact, when
shown photos of Trump’s inauguration and Barack Obama’s
side by side, in which Obama clearly had a bigger crowd, some
Trump supporters identified the bigger crowd as Trump’s. When
researchers explicitly told subjects which photo was Trump’s
and which was Obama’s, a smaller portion of Trump supporters
falsely said Trump’s photo had more people in it.
While this may appear to be a remarkable feat of self-deception,
Dan Kahan thinks it’s likely something else. It’s not that they
really believed there were more people at Trump’s inauguration,
but saying so was a way of showing support for Trump. “People
knew what was being done here,” says Kahan, a professor of
law and psychology at Yale University. “They knew that
someone was just trying to show up Trump or trying to
denigrate their identity.” The question behind the question was,
“Whose team are you on?”
In these charged situations, people often don’t engage with
information as information but as a marker of identity.
Information becomes tribal.
In a New York Times article called “The Real Story About Fake
News Is Partisanship,” Amanda Taub writes that sharing fake
news stories on social media that denigrate the candidate you
oppose “is a way to show public support for one’s partisan
team—roughly the equivalent of painting your face with team
13. colors on game day.”
This sort of information tribalism isn’t a consequence of people
lacking intelligence or of an inability to comprehend evidence.
Kahan has previously written that whether people “believe” in
evolution or not has nothing to do with whether they understand
the theory of it—saying you don’t believe in evolution is just
another way of saying you’re religious. Similarly, a recent Pew
study found that a high level of science knowledge didn’t make
Republicans any more likely to say they believed in climate
change, though it did for Democrats.
What’s more, being intelligent and informed can often make the
problem worse. The higher someone’s IQ, the better they are at
coming up with arguments to support a position—but only a
position they already agree with, as one study showed. High
levels of knowledge make someone more likely to engage in
motivated reasoning—perhaps because they have more to draw
on when crafting a counterargument.
People also learn selectively—they’re better at learning facts
that confirm their worldview than facts that challenge it. And
media coverage makes that worse. While more news coverage of
a topic seems to generally increase people’s knowledge of it,
one paper, “Partisan Perceptual Bias and the Information
Environment,” showed that when the coverage has implications
for a person’s political party, then selective learning kicks into
high gear.
“You can have very high levels of news coverage of a particular
fact or an event and you see little or no learning among people
who are motivated to disagree with that piece of information,”
says Jennifer Jerit, a professor of political science at Stony
Brook University and a co-author of the partisan-perception
study. “Our results suggest that extraordinary levels of media
coverage may be required for partisans to incorporate
information that runs contrary to their political views,” the
study reads. For example, Democrats are overwhelmingly
supportive of bills to ban the chemical BPA from household
products, even though the FDA and many scientific studies have
14. found it is safe at the low levels currently used. This reflects a
“chemophobia” often seen among liberals, according to Politico.
Fact-checking erroneous statements made by politicians or
cranks may also be ineffective. Nyhan’s work has shown that
correcting people’s misperceptions often doesn’t work, and
worse, sometimes it creates a backfire effect, making people
endorse their misperceptions even more strongly.
Sometimes during experimental studies in the lab, Jerit says,
researchers have been able to fight against motivated reasoning
by priming people to focus on accuracy in whatever task is at
hand, but it’s unclear how to translate that to the real world,
where people wear information like team jerseys. Especially
because a lot of false political beliefs have to do with issues
that don’t really affect people’s day-to-day lives.
“Most people have no reason to have a position on climate
change aside from expression of their identity,” Kahan says.
“Their personal behavior isn’t going to affect the risk that they
face. They don't matter enough as a voter to determine the
outcome on policies or anything like this. These are just badges
of membership in these groups, and that’s how most people
process the information.”
In 2016, Oxford Dictionaries chose “post-truth” as its word of
the year, defined as “relating to or denoting circumstances in
which objective facts are less influential in shaping public
opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief.”
It was a year when the winning presidential candidate lied
almost constantly on the campaign trail, when fake news
abounded, and when people cocooned themselves thoroughly in
social-media spheres that only told them what they wanted to
hear. After careening through a partisan hall of mirrors, the
“facts” that came through were so twisted and warped that
Democrats and Republicans alike were accused of living in a
“filter bubble,” or an “echo chamber,” or even an “alternate
reality.”
Farhad Manjoo’s book, True Enough: Learning to Live in a
Post-Fact Society, sounds like it could have come out
15. yesterday—with its argument about how the media is
fragmenting, how belief beats out fact, and how objective
reality itself gets questioned—but it was actually published in
2008.
“Around the time [the book] came out, I was a little bit unsure
how speculative and how real the idea was,” says Manjoo, who
is now a technology columnist for The New York Times. “One
of my arguments was, in politics, you don’t pay a penalty for
lying.” At the time, a lot of lies were going around about
presidential candidate Barack Obama—that he was a Muslim,
that he wasn’t born in the United States—lies that did not
ultimately sink him.
“Here was a person who was super rational, and believed in
science, and was the target of these factless claims, but won
anyway,” Manjoo says. “It really seemed like that election was
a vindication of fact and truth, which in retrospect, I think it
was just not.”
There was plenty of post-truth to go around during the Obama
administration, whether it was the birther rumors (famously
perpetuated by the current president) that just wouldn’t die, or
the debate over the nonexistent “death panels” in the Affordable
Care Act.
“I started to get a sense that my idea was probably realer than I
thought,” Manjoo says. “And then you had the 2016 election,
which confirmed every worst fear of mine.”
But the problem, Nyhan says, with “post-truth, post-fact
language is it suggests a kind of golden age that never existed
in which political debate was based on facts and truth.”
People have always been tribal and have always believed things
that aren’t true. Is the present moment really so different, or do
the stakes just feel higher?
Partisanship has surely ramped up—but Americans have been
partisan before, to the point of civil war. Today’s media
environment is certainly unique, though it’s following some
classic patterns. This is hardly the first time there have been
partisan publications, or many competing outlets, or even
16. information silos. People often despair at the loss of the mid-
20th-century model, when just a few newspapers and TV
channels fed people most of their unbiased news vegetables. But
in the 19th century, papers were known for competing for
eyeballs with sensational headlines, and in the time of the
Founding Fathers, Federalist and Republican papers were
constantly sniping at each other. In times when communication
wasn’t as easy as it is now, news was more local—you could
say people were in geographical information silos. The mid-
20th-century “mainstream media” was an anomaly.
The situation now is in some ways a return to the bad old days
of bias and silos and competition, “but it’s like a supercharged
return,” Manjoo says. “It’s not just that I’m reading news that
confirms my beliefs, but I’m sharing it and friending other
people, and that affects their media. I think it’s less important
what a news story says than what your friend says about the
news story.” These silos are also no longer geographical, but
ideological and thus less diverse. A recent study in the
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences that analyzed
376 million Facebook users’ interactions with 900 news outlets
reports that “selective exposure drives news consumption.”
Not everyone, however, agrees that the silos exist. Kahan says
he’s not convinced: “I think that people have a preference for
the sources that support their position. That doesn’t mean that
they're never encountering what the other side is saying.”
They’re just dismissing it when they do.
The sheer scale of the internet allows you to find evidence (if
sometimes dubious evidence) for any claim you want to believe,
and counter evidence against any claim you don’t want to have
to believe. And because humans didn’t evolve to operate in such
a large sea of people and information, Boyer says people can be
fooled into thinking some ideas are more widespread than they
really are.
“When I was doing fieldwork in small villages in Africa, I've
seen examples of people who have a strange belief,” he says.
“[For example], they think that if they recite an incantation they
17. can make a small object disappear. Now, most people around
them just laugh and tell them that’s stupid. And that’s it. And
the belief kind of disappears.”
But as a community gets larger, the likelier it is that a person
can find someone else who shares their strange belief. And if
the “community” is everyone in the world with an internet
connection who speaks your language, well.
“If you encounter 10 people who seem to have roughly the same
idea, then it fools your system into thinking that it must be a
probable idea because lots of people agree with it,” Boyer says.
Part of the problem is that society has advanced to the point that
believing what’s true often means accepting things you don’t
have any firsthand experience of and that you may not
completely understand. Sometimes it means disbelieving your
own senses—Earth doesn’t feel like it’s moving, after all, and
you can’t see climate change out your window.
In areas where you lack expertise, you have to rely on trust.
Even Clifford acknowledges this—it’s acceptable, he says, to
believe what someone else tells you “when there is reasonable
ground for supposing that he knows the matter of which he
speaks.”
The problem is that who and what people trust to give them
reliable information is also tribal. Deferring to experts might
seem like a good start, but Kahan has found that people see
experts who agree with them as more legitimate than experts
who don’t.
In the United States, people are less generally trusting of each
other than they used to be. Since 1972, the General Social
Survey has asked respondents: “Generally speaking, would you
say that most people can be trusted or that you can’t be too
careful in dealing with people?” As of 2014, the most recent
data, the number of people saying most others can be trusted
was at a historic low.
(GRAPH OMITTED)
On the other hand, there’s “particularized trust”—specifically,
18. the trust you have for people in your groups. “Particularized
trust destroys generalized trust,” Manjoo wrote in his book.
“The more that people trust those who are like themselves—the
more they trust people in their own town, say—the more they
distrust strangers.”
This fuels tribalism. “Particularized trusters are likely to join
groups composed of people like themselves—and to shy away
from activities that involve people they don’t see as part of
their moral community,” writes Eric Uslaner, a professor of
government and politics at the University of Maryland, College
Park.
So people high on the particularized-trust scale would be more
likely to believe information that comes from others in their
groups, and if those groups are ideological, the people sharing
that information probably already agree with them. And so it
spirals.
This is also a big part of why people don’t trust the media. Not
that news articles are never biased, but a hypothetical perfectly
evenhanded piece of journalism, that fairly and neutrally
represented all sides would still likely be seen as biased by
people on each side. Because, Manjoo writes, everyone thinks
their side has the best evidence, and therefore if the article were
truly objective, it would have emphasized their side more.
This is the attitude Trump has taken toward the media, calling
any unfavorable coverage of him—even if it’s true—“unfair”
and “fake news.” On the other hand, outlets that are biased in
his favor, like Fox and Friends and the pro-Trump conservative
blog The Gateway Pundit, Trump bills as “very honorable” and
he invites them to the White House. (This is a reversal of
fortune for Fox, which got a similar “fake news” style brush-off
in 2009, when Obama’s communications director said the
administration wouldn’t “legitimize them as a news
organization.”) Trump’s is an extreme, id-fueled version of
particularized trust, to be sure, but it’s akin to a mind-set many
are prone to. Objectivity is a valiant battle, but sometimes, a
losing one.
19. Alternative facts” is a phrase that will live in infamy. Trump
counselor Kellyanne Conway famously used it to describe White
House Press Secretary Sean Spicer’s lie that Trump’s
inauguration had drawn the “largest audience to ever witness an
inauguration—period.”
Spicer has also said to reporters, “I think sometimes we can
disagree with the facts.”
These are some of the more explicit statements from an
administration that shows in ways subtle and not-at-all subtle
that it often does not, as McIntyre would put it, “respect the
truth.” This sort of flippant disregard for objective reality is
deeply troubling, but the extreme nature of it also exposes more
clearly something that’s always been true about politics: that
sometimes when we argue about the facts, we’re not arguing
about the facts at all.
The experiment where Trump supporters were asked about the
inauguration photos is one example. In a paper on political
misperceptions, Nyhan suggests another: a survey asking people
whether they agree with the statement “The murder rate in the
United States is the highest it’s been in 45 years,” something
Trump often said on the campaign trail, as well as something
that’s not true. “Because the claim is false,” Nyhan writes, “the
most accurate response is to disagree. But what does it mean if
a person agrees with the statement?”
It becomes unclear whether the person really believes that the
false statement is true, or whether they’re using it as a shortcut
to express something else—their support for Trump regardless
of the validity of his claims, or just the fact that they feel
unsafe and they’re worried about crime. Though for the media
outlets that are fact-checking these things, it’s a matter of truth
and falsehood, for the ordinary person evaluating, adopting,
rejecting, or spreading false beliefs, that may not be what it’s
really about.
These are more often disputes over values, Kahan says, about
what kind of society people want and which group or politician
aligns with that. “Even if a fact is corrected, why is that going
20. to make a difference?” he asks. “That’s not why they were
supporting the person in the first place.”
So what would get someone to change their mind about a false
belief that is deeply tied to their identity?
“Probably nothing,” Tavris says. “I mean that seriously.”
But of course there are areas where facts can make a difference.
There are people who are just mistaken or who are moti vated to
believe something false without treasuring the false belief like a
crown jewel.
“Personally my own theory is that there’s a slide that happens,”
McIntyre says. “This is why we need to teach critical thinking,
and this is why we need to push back against false beliefs,
because there are some people who are still redeemable, who
haven’t made that full slide into denialism yet. I think once
they’ve hit denial, they’re too far gone and there’s not a lot you
can do to save them.”
There are small things that could help. One recent study
suggests that people can be “inoculated” against
misinformation. For example, in the study, a message about the
overwhelming scientific consensus on climate change included a
warning that “some politically motivated groups use misleading
tactics to try to convince the public that there is a lot of
disagreement among scientists.” Exposing people to the fact
that this misinformation is out there should make them more
resistant to it if they encounter it later. And in the study at
least, it worked.
While there’s no erasing humans’ tribal tendencies, muddying
the waters of partisanship could make people more open to
changing their minds. “We know people are less biased if they
see that policies are supported by a mix of people from each
party,” Jerit says. “It doesn’t seem like that’s very likely to
happen in this contemporary period, but even to the extent that
they see within party disagreement, I think that is meaningful.
Anything that's breaking this pattern where you see these two
parties acting as homogeneous blocks, there’s evidence that
motivated reasoning decreases in these contexts.”
21. It’s also possible to at least imagine a media environment that’s
less hospitable to fake news and selective exposure than our
current one, which relies so heavily on people’s social-media
networks.
I asked Manjoo what a less fake-newsy media environment
might look like.
“I think we need to get to an information environment where
sharing is slowed down,” Manjoo says. “A really good example
of this is Snapchat. Everything disappears after a day—you
can’t have some lingering thing that gets bigger and bigger.”
Facebook is apparently interested in copying some of
Snapchat’s features—including the disappearing messages. “I
think that would reduce virality, and then you could imagine
that would perhaps cut down on sharing false information,”
Manjoo says. But, he caveats: “Things must be particularly bad
if you’re looking at Snapchat for reasons of hope.”
So much of how people view the world has nothing to do with
facts. That doesn’t mean truth is doomed, or even that people
can’t change their minds. But what all this does seem to suggest
is that, no matter how strong the evidence is, there’s little
chance of it changing someone’s mind if they really don’t want
to believe what it says. They have to change their own.
As previously noted, Daniel Shaw ultimately left Siddha Yoga.
But it took a long time. “Before that [New Yorker] article came
out,” he says, “I started to learn about what was going to be i n
that article, and the minute I heard it is the minute I left that
group, because immediately it all clicked together. But it had
taken at least five years of this growing unease and doubt,
which I didn’t want to know about or face.”
It seems like if people are going to be open-minded, it’s more
likely to happen in group interactions. As Manjoo noted in his
book, when the U.S. government was trying to get people to eat
organ meat during World War II (you know, to save the good
stuff for our boys), researchers found that when housewives had
a group discussion about it, rather than just listening to a
nutritionist blather on about what a good idea it was, they were
22. five times more likely to actually cook up some organs. And
groups are usually better at coming up with the correct answers
to reasoning tasks than individuals are.
Of course, the wisdom of groups is probably diminished if
everyone in a group already agrees with each other.
“One real advantage of group reasoning is that you get critical
feedback,” McIntyre says. “If you’re in a silo, you don’t get
critical feedback, you just get applause.”
But if the changes are going to happen at all, it’ll have to be
“on a person-to-person level,” Shaw says.
He tells me about a patient of his, whose family is invol ved in
“an extremely fundamentalist Christian group. [The patient] has
come to see a lot of problems with the ideology and maintains a
relationship with his family in which he tries to discuss in a
loving and compassionate way some of these issues,” Shaw
says. “He is patient and persistent, and he chips away, and he
may succeed eventually.”
“But are they going to listen to a [news] feature about why
they’re wrong? I don’t think so.”
When someone does change their mind, it will probably be more
like the slow creep of Shaw’s disillusionment with his guru. He
left “the way most people do: Sort of like death by a thousand
cuts.”
Beck, Julie. “This Article Won’t Change Your Mind.” The
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