Concept, Health Risk and Management of Human Excreta and vulnerability assessment in the community

1. Concept, Health Risk Analysis of infection,
Management of Human Excreta
And
Vulnerability assessment in the community.
MOHAN BASTOLA
BPH 4TH SEM
ROLL NO: 18
EDENBURGH INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE

2. Concept
 Human waste, also known as fecal matter, is a waste type usually
used to refer to byproducts of digestion, such as feces and urine.
 Human faeces may contain a range of disease-causing organisms,
including viruses, bacteria and eggs or larvae of parasites.
 It is an important cause of environmental pollution, every society has
a responsibility for its safe removal and disposal so that it does not
constitute a threat to public health.

3. Contd………..
 The microorganisms contained in human faeces may enter the body
through contaminated food, water, eating and cooking utensils and
by contact with contaminated objects.
 Human excreta and the lack of adequate personal and domestic
hygiene have been implicated in the transmission of many infectious
diseases including cholera, typhoid, hepatitis, polio,
cryptosporidiosis, ascariasis, and schistosomiasis.

4. Contd…….
 These diseases are not only a burden on the community in term of
sickness, mortality and a low expectation of life, but a basic
deterrent to social and economic progress.
 Proper disposal of human excreta, therefore a fundamental
environmental health service without which there cannot be any
improvement in the state of community.

5. Excreta: the source of infection
 Contain both pathogenic & non pathogenic organism.
 Excreta of a sick person or a carrier of disease is the main focus of
infection. It contains the disease agent which is transmitted to a new
host through various channels :
 Water/Fluid
 finger
 flies
 food and
 soil

6. Transmission of faecal borne diseases

7. SANITATION BARRIER
 The disease cycle may be broken at various levels:
 Segregation of faeces,
 Protection of water supplies,
 Protection of foods,
 Personal hygiene,
 Protect from the contact with contaminated soil
 And control of flies.
 The most effective step would be to segregate the faeces and arrange
for its proper disposal so that the disease agent cannot reach the new
host, directly or indirectly.

8. SANITATION BARRIER TO TRANSMISSION OF
FAECAL-BORNE DISEASES

9. Contd…..
 This figure shows the segregation of the faces by imposing a barrier
is called sanitation barrier.
 This barriers can be primary as well as secondary,
 Primary barrier can be provided by a ‘sanitary latrine’ and a disposal
pit.
 Secondary barrier can be achieved by protection of food from flies
and other pathological microbes.

10. Health Risk:
 Human faeces may contain a range of disease-causing organisms,
including viruses, bacteria and eggs or larvae of parasites.
 The microorganisms contained in human faeces may enter the body
through contaminated food, water, eating and cooking utensils and
by contact with contaminated objects. Diarrhoea, cholera and
typhoid are spread in this way and are major causes of sickness and
death in disasters and emergencies.
.

11. Contd…..
 Bacterial infections that can be transmitted include cholera, typhoid
and other infectious diarrhea (also called dysentery) such as E coli
diarrhea, salmonella or shigella,
 Viral infections that are transmitted fecally include rotavirus,
norovirus (which causes food poisoning on cruise ships), and
hepatitis A and E .
 Parasites such as giardia and cryptosporidium, and various different
kinds of worms including pinworms, ascariasis and tapeworms.

12. Contd…..
 Some fly species (and cockroaches) are attracted to or breed in
faeces, but while they theoretically can carry faecal material on their
bodies, there is no evidence that this contributes significantly to the
spread of disease.
 However, high fly densities will increase the risk of transmission of
trachoma and Shigella dysentery.

13. Contd…
 Intestinal worm infections (hookworm, whipworm and others) are
transmitted through contact with soil contaminated with faeces and
may spread rapidly where open defecation occurs and people are
barefoot.
 These infections will contribute to anemia and malnutrition, and
therefore also render people more susceptible to other diseases.

14. Contd…
 The intestinal form of schistomiasis (also known as bilharzia), caused
by parasitic worm species living in the veins of the intestinal tract
and liver, is transmitted through faeces.
 Its complex lifecycle requires the faeces to reach water bodies where
the parasite larvae hatch, pass a stage in aquatic snails and then
become free-swimming infective larvae. Infection occurs through
skin contact (wading, swimming) with contaminated water.

15. Methods of excreta disposal
 The aim of safe excreta disposal is to provide a sanitation barrier
between faeces and man. There are different method of excreta
disposal.
 Choice of method depends on income/ purchasing capacity of people,
nature of soil , availability of water and land , prevailing customs and
habits of people, degree of simplicity to construction and operation etc.

16. Classification of the methods of excreta
disposal
1. Service type (conservancy system):
 It is unhygienic and unsocial method.
 This method involves manual collection and removal of human excreta to the
disposal point.

17. 2. Non-service type (sanitary latrines):
 A sanitary latrine is one, which fulfills the following criteria:
 Excreta should not contaminate the ground or surface water.
 Excreta should not pollute the soil.
 Excreta should not be accessible to files, rodents, animals and other vehicles of
transmission.
 Excreta should not create a nuisance due to odour or unsightly appearance.

18. a. Bore hole latrine:
 It was first introduced by Rockefeller foundation
during 1930`s in campaigns of hookworm.
 The latrine consists of a circular hole of 30-40 cm in
diameter and 6 m {20 ft} in depth.
 The hole is lined with bamboo matting or
earthenware rings to prevent caving of soil.
 A concrete squatting plate is placed over the hole.
 A suitable enclosure is put up to provide privacy. It
is not very much use today.

19. b. Dug well latrine or pit latrine
 It is an improvement over the bore hole
latrine. A circular pit about 75 cm (30 inch)
in diameter is dug into the ground.
 The pit may be line with pottery ring or
cement ring.
 A squatting plate is placed on the top of pit
and the latrine is enclosed with supper
structure.

20. Advantages:
 Easy to construct and no special equipment is needed to dig the pit.
 The pit has a longer life that bore hole because of greater capacity,
when the pit is filled up a new pit is constructed.

21. C. Ventilated improved pit latrine (VIP latrine)
 The VIP latrine is essentially a dug well
latrine. In VIP latrine, there is no water
seal and the odor and fly nuisance is
controlled by the use of a vent pipe with
fly screen.
 In VIP latrine, circulatory air current help
escape odor from vent pipe: air from
super structure enters the pit, goes up to
the vent pipe and escapes into the
atmosphere.

22. ADVANTAGES:
 Flies are not attracted to dark place.
 Study show that fly breeding is more than 50 times lower than in simple
dug well latrine.

23. d. Water seal latrine: The water seal
latrines are of two types:
I. Direct type: where the water seal pan
is placed on the pit.
ii. Indirect type: where the pit is sited
away from the squatting plate.

24. Contd….
 The water seal performs two important functions:
i) It prevents access by flies. That is, the night soil is sealed off from
flies, by small depth of water contained in a bent pipe called the
trap.
ii) It prevents escape of odors and foul gases and there by eliminates
the nuisance from smell.

25. e. Aqua privy:
 The privy consists of water tight chamber filled with
water.
 A short length of a drop pipe from the latrine floor
dips into the water.
 The shape of the tank may be circular to
rectangular.
 A capacity of 1 cubic meter (35 cu.ft.) is
recommended for a small family allowing 6 years or
more.

26. Contd….
 Since there is evolution of gases, a vent should be provided for the
escape of gases into the atmosphere.
 The effluent contains finely divided faecal matter in suspension and
may carry parasitic and infective agents.
 The digested sludge, which accumulates in the tank, should be
removed at intervals.

27. f. Septic tank:
 The septic tank is water tight
masonry tank into which household
sewage is admitted for treatment.
It is a satisfactory means of
disposing excreta and liquid wastes
from individual dwelling, small
groups of houses and institutions
which have adequate water
supplies but do not have access to a
public sewerage system.

28. f. Chemical closet:
 The closet consists of a metal tank containing a disinfectant fluid.
 The active ingredients of the fluid are formaldehyde and quaternary
ammonium compounds.
 In addition, a harmless water dye and a deodorizing substance are
usually incorporated.

29. Contd…
 A seat with a cover is placed directly over the tank.
 Nothing except the toilet paper should be thrown into the chemical
closet.
 It is mainly use in personal room, ship, aero plane, train etc.

30. 3: Temporary latrines:
A: Deep trench latrine:
 It is intended for camps for
longer duration, week to
few months. It is about 1.8
to 2.5m(6-6ft) deep and 75
to 90cm(30-35) wide.
Depending upon the local
customs, a seat or a
squatting plate is provided.
A superstructure is built for
privacy and protection .

31. B:Shallow trench latrine:
 A simple improvement to open defecation
fields is to provide shallow trenches in which
people can defecate. This allows users to
cover faeces and improves the overall
hygiene and convenience of an open
defecation system. Trenches need only be
200-300mm wide and 150mm deep, and
shovels may be provided to allow each user
to cover their excreta with soil.

32. Vulnerability assessment for infection in
context with community
 The presence of an environmental hazard (for instance, a pathogen, pollutant or physical
hazard) does not necessarily mean that it will harm someone, and the characteristics of the
individual, household or social group exposed to the hazard also play a role in its effect.
 Certain people or households are more at risk from environmental hazards because they
are:
 Less able to avoid them (e.g. living in a settlement lacking provision for protected water,
sanitation and drainage). •
 More affected by them (e.g. infants are at much greater risk of death from diarrhoea and
acute respiratory infections than older groups).
 Less able to cope with the illness, injury or premature death they cause (e.g. persons who
cannot afford treatment from a doctor or medicine).

33. Contd…
 Such individuals or households are generally termed vulnerable. But to ensure a more
precise understanding (from which more appropriate responses can be developed), it is
worth distinguishing between susceptibility (where the increased risk is related to
endogenous factors such as a person's nutritional status, the state of their immune system
or their genetic makeup) and vulnerability (where it is external social, economic or cultural
conditions that increase the risk – for instance, through an increased likelihood of exposure
to environmental hazards or less capacity to cope with or adapt to an illness or injury).

34. Reference:
 K.park 24th Edition
 https://www.zocdoc.com/answers/20474/what-types-of-risks-do-human-feces-
pose

35. THANK YOU.