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Lecture 1- Referencing MKML 1.pptx
1. Lecture 1: Referencing and its Software
1
Mr. Mukemil A. (MSc Maternity & RH and candidate of
MSc in Epidemiology)
SLU, College of health science, Dep. of
midwifery
Jan , 2021
3/13/2023
Mukemil A.
2. 3/13/2023
2
Who am I?
What is my level of education?
What are my experiences?
Research area and Publication?
Skill on data analysis software?
Who are you? And what is your professional
background?
Mukemil A.
3. What do you expect from this
class?
?
3
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Referencing
A standardised method of acknowledging sources of
information and ideas that you have used in your document.
Texts (direct quotation), facts and figures, as well as
ideas and theories, from published and unpublished
works, must be referenced.
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Reference List & Bibliography
Reference list: A list of sources(reference) that
you have cited in your text.
Bibliography: A full list of (books, articles,
review…) that were consulted for a particular
document, regardless of whether citations or
not.
Unlike reference list, the Bibliography may or
may not cited in your main text.
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What are the purposes of
referencing?
1. Allows to credit the contribution of authors
2. To avoid plagiarism.
3. To add strength and credibility your research project
(e.g increase strength of source)
4. To indicate scope and depth of your research (related
title abroad).
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Plagiarism &Self Plagiarism
Plagiarism: publication of another author's
language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions as one's
own original work.
Self Plagiarism: Available literatures on self-
plagiarism are concerned with two major
problems:
Using Redundant and duplicate publication
Practice of text recycling (reusing one’s own
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Referencing style
Is the standard way of referencing your source in your text
and reference list.
Commonly used referencing style :
Harvard - (author, year of publication)
Vancouver (number)
APA (American Psychological Association)
MLA (Modern Linguistics Association) –
… many others…
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Example of Harvard system
Rosen, G. (1993). A History of Public Health:
Expanded Edition Baltimore and London, The
Johns Hopkins University Press.
Author
initials
date
Name of the
book
edition
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Andresen, E. and E. D. Bouldin (2010). Public health foundations: Concepts and
practices, John Wiley & Sons.
Awofeso, N. (2004). "What's new about the "new public health"?" American
Journal of Public Health 94(5): 705-709.
Carr, S., N. Unwin, et al. (2007). An introduction to public health and epidemiology.
McGraw-Hill Education (UK).
Donald, A. (1988). Public health in England: the report of the Committee of Inquiry
into the Future Development of the Public Health Function, HM Stationery
Office.
Egilman, D. S. (1992). "Public health and epistemology." American Journal of
Industrial Medicine 22: 457-459.
Hippocrates (1988). Airs, waters, places. The challenge of epidemiology: issues
and selected readings. A. L. Carol Buck, Enrique Najera, and Milton Terris.
Washington, D.C, Pan American Health Organization 18 - 19
Petersen, A. and D. Lupton (1996). The new public health: Health and self in the
age of risk, Sage Publications, Inc.
Spasoff, R. A. (1999). Epidemiologic methods for health policy, Oxford University
Press.
Turnock, B. (2004). Public Health: What It Is and How It Works. Sudbury, Mass.,
Jones and Bartlett
Wassertheil-Smoller, S. (2004). Biostatistics and epidemiology: a primer for health
and Biomedical professionals, Springer Science & Business Media.
Sample Reference List
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It is most often seen in journals as it takes less
space than other methods.
The differences
1. The numeric system uses numbers in the text
rather than the author's name.
2. The reference list is arranged in numerical NOT
alphabetical order.
Vancouver System (number)
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Example of Vancouver System
Antwi, S.O., et al., Exposure to environmental
chemicals and heavy metals, and risk of
pancreatic cancer. Cancer Causes & Control,
2015. 26(11): p. 1583-1591.
Author
initials
date
Name of the
article
Page
number
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Sample reference lists
1. Giusti, L., A review of waste management practices and their impact
on human health. Waste management, 2009. 29(8): p. 2227-2239.
2. Hu, S.-W. and C.M. Shy, Health effects of waste incineration: a
review of epidemiologic studies. Journal of the Air & Waste
Management Association, 2001. 51(7): p. 1100-1109.
3. Vrijheid, M., Health effects of residence near hazardous waste
landfill sites: a review of epidemiologic literature. Environmental
health perspectives, 2000. 108(Suppl 1): p. 101-12.
4. Antwi, S.O., et al., Exposure to environmental chemicals and heavy
metals, and risk of pancreatic cancer. Cancer Causes & Control,
2015. 26(11): p. 1583-1591.
5. Franchini, M., et al., Health effects of exposure to waste incinerator
emissions: a review of epidemiological studies. Annali dell'Istituto
superiore di sanità 2004; 40(1): p. 101-115.
6. Porta, D., et al., Systematic review of epidemiological studies on
health effects associated with management of solid waste.
Environmental Health, 2009. 8(1): p. 60.
7. Rushton, L., Health hazards and waste management. British
medical bulletin, 2003. 68(1): p. 183-197.
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Very important!!!!
1. When citing in the text, put references where they make
the most sense.
2. Do not always include citations at the end of
sentences
3. Put each citation close to the information you wish to
acknowledge (cite in appropriate place).
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Very important!!!!
4. Don’t overuse citations. Citing a large number of papers
may be more confusing.
5. Decide which references are most important & use
them.
6. Use correct format in Literature Cited section (as per
organizational standared).
7. Always check and double check for accuracy,
completeness, and consistency!!
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8. Check that every reference you cite in the text is listed
in the literature cited.
9. Make sure year of publication in text match dates in
literature cited
10. Check all punctuation marks, abbreviations, spacing,
and spelling
Use EndNote!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Very important!!!!
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EndNote is a program that will put your references and
citations into different format
EndNote will automatically create your reference list (in
the right place)
What is EndNote?
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Endnote…
What is the importance?
1. Searches literatures from web libraries
2. Stores and organizes references from
different sources
3. Inserts citations into a Word document
4. Automatically format your references
according to a predefined citation style
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5 Steps to Import Citations into your research paper
1. Install EndNote on your PC/Laptop
2. Create an EndNote Library
3. Collect References and Import into
EndNote
4. Insert (Cite) the References in MS word
5. Change Reference (Citation) Style
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