Enforcement Penalty ProcessUniversity of HartfordApril 16,.docx
Offshore 3.4 presentation intro to exploration
1.
2. You are an exploration
team in charge of a new
petroleum province.
Multidisciplinary challenge: Enhance your
overall understanding of petroleum
exploration and field development.
Create a Return on Investment
3. You start with $200 million
Create value
Net value of the oil and gas discovered MINUS
all costs involved
Knowledge points awarded
Sensible decisions and correct answers
KPs are a measure of ability and
credibility
Considered when bidding for blocks
Use when applying for funds
4. Where and how to find hydrocarbons
Licensing rounds
Farm-in and Partnerships - negotiations
Drilling rigs
Sub-contractors
Environmental issues
Economically viable volumes
Team work, Critical decision making,
analytical skills
Multi-tasking
9. Columns e.g C1 to C112
Rowse.g.R1toR144
Block
Blocks are
divided into 64
smaller cells
e g. R52C110
10. Challenge: Find three sedimentary basins
Procedure:
Buy and study magnetic and gravimetric surveys
Submit the coordinates for each centre
Column and row number for each basin centre
11. Gravimetric surveys indicate
changes in the gravitational
pull of the Earth in different
areas of the sub-surface.
Lower gravitational fields
indicates likelihood of low
density rocks –Sedimentary
rocks, porous and hopefully
containing hydrocarbons
13. Magnetic surveys show
anomalies in in the expected
magnetic field of the Earth in
particular areas.
Sedimentary rocks in the basins
have a lower concentration of
magnetic materials and lower
magnetic field than the
surrounding crystalline rocks.
17. Locate edges of
the continous
basin structure
Locate the
diagonals and
thus basin centre
18. Example:
Top basin on both
maps
Calculate the
midpoint
between the
gravimetric and
magnetic centres
found
= C55 and R105
C50
R100
C60
R110
19. 3 centres – one Centre
midpoint for each basin
Example: C55, R105
Solve before deadline. All
submissions are evaluated
after the deadline (and not
before).
You may get 0-100 KPs. All
three centres must be located
to get full knowledge points.
21. The government has
decided to put the blocks
in one of the basins on
offer.
Challenge: Identify the 3
most promising blocks
and offer an amount for
each of them.
Licensing
area
22. Any restrictions involved? - Spawning grounds
What are we looking for? - Prospects
Where do we find prospects?
In basins, where hydrocarbons have been
1) are produced and 2) trapped
How do I find them? - Geoscientific analysis
2D seismic, Common Risk Segment maps
23. 1. SOURCE ROCK
where organic
material is put under
sufficient pressure
2. MIGRATION ROCK
where hydrocarbons
are driven through
3. CAP ROCK
Impermeable
rock that stops
migration of
hydrocarbons 4. PROSPECT
24. (c) OLF
Anticline trap
Fault trap
Stratigraphic
trap
Salt dome trap
Geological “pockets”, that might contain hydrocarbons.
25. Red areas
You will not be awarded
blocks that contain any
red spots (spawning
grounds)
Blue areas
Blocks in area may be
awarded
26. Layer 3 Eocene
1500m below the seabed
Layer 2 Paleocene
2500m below the seabed
Layer 1 Cretaceous
3500m below the seabed
CRS. Common Risk Segment
surveys tell you about the
probability of a structure in
the block/cell containing oil
or gas
Surface
27. Traps can be found with
seismic surveys and
sound waves bouncing
off structures
2D seismic survey is a
vertical cross section of
the geological layers
along either a column or
a row
30. What type of data do you want?
Columns or Rows
Unprocessed or processed data
Interpreted or not
Only buy maximum
of 1 block of data
at a time to speed
up processing
31. It takes time to process your request
Created to order
Moves to surveys once processed
32. Red circles – navigate
through the 2D seismic
Yellow square – Row 1
from Column 1-56
37. Three blocks
Three amounts
Min: $1M
Max: $30M
You will only get
awarded one block – and only pay for one
Highest bid wins
If equal, then team with highest KP wins
38. Environmentally sensitive
areas – blocks to avoid
Common Risk Segment
surveys – areas of higher
probability of prospects
2D seismic – blocks with
most structures
Final tip - Check water depth
- shallow water blocks
39. Message sent to all
Results and KPs
One license per
team
40. The headquarters of your company has
evaluated the license that you were awarded.
Although the possibility of finding oil is fair,
the costs involved are large.Thus the
headquarters want you to spread the risk.
Challenge:You shall farm-out minimum 20%
from your license – and farm-in as much as
you can in other good licenses.
41. Acquire 3D Seismic interpretations for the
block you operate, and study the results from
the licensing round
Farm-out: Get others to invest 20% or more
in your license – you can send them surveys
Farm-in: Send offers to other teams to buy
shares in their viable licenses. Submit an offer
for each viable license, with amount offered
and share wanted in whole %.
44. Spread the risk: e.g Investing in other blocks
divides the risks amongst all partners, much
more preferable than keeping 100% of one
field and all the risk.
Increase probability of profit: investment in
only 1 field which could be a dry prospect is
possible, whereas the likelihood of investing
in 5 fields which are all dry is unlikely.
45.
46. Either accept the
amount or % the
license owner
requests, or amend
the amounts to your
own offer
Add a message to
the seller
Press “Send offer”
Minimum of
$100000 per %
47. When a team receives a Farm-In offer to appears under Financing.
This is where a team can receive finance or money for a % of their
own blocks
48. license OWNER
decides whether to
ACCEPT or REJECT the
offer
Partnerships
established every time
a license owner
accepts an offer.
Overview: On the main
page, you can see all
licenses. 1) licenses
you operate, 2)
licenses you have
invested in, and other
licenses.
49. All your farm-in offers to other teams are shown under “Investing”
on the right-hand side of the homepage .
This is where a team offers investments to other teams for a % of
their blocks
50. Partners pay a proportional share of all future
costs incurred by the partnership
Partners receive a proportional share of the
net proceedings from any oil or gas found on
the license.
The operator team makes all decisions
regarding acquiring 3D seismics, drilling of
wells and testing of wells.
Information: partners in a block can access info
about drilled wells and discovered oil and gas
fields.
51. •Before choosing a
rig, you need to
check your water
depth
Find this at the
bottom of the
BLOCK page
52. Choose the right rigs for your water depths
Jack-up rigs for shallow waters
Semi-submersible rigs for middle waters
Drillships for the deepest waters
Rig cost = drilling days * day rate
53. Few: limited number of rigs available.
If you get one: start using it within 20
minutes.
If you don’t: wait in a queue, if another team
is using the rig.
Price can change: rig day rates are dynamic.
54.
55. Upto 9 Star quality-
Good: normally
costs more
Bad: cheaper,
but reliability is
low, so you risk
extra drilling time
and extra costs
56. EIA survey: more knowledge about the area.
Less probability for drilling problems.
Less severe consequences if you run into
problems.
58. Certain problems can occur if Service
Provider Selection is poor quality
Other penalties can occur if you drill in areas
indicated as problematic in the
Environmental ImpactAssessment
As in real life, problems can occur randomly
and these are also applied with fines levied
accordingly.
62. Proven volume (MBOE) counts
Test may increase proven volume
Remember to tick the boxes!
63. Only if you discover a field – find Oil or Gas
You decide whether you want more
information about that field
More information by doing a production test
(and other tests)
Tests costs:Tests take 10 days per field.Tests
have the same day-rate as the drilling if you
use the same providers.
64.
65.
66.
67. 25% of 8 MBOE @ $50
12% $39.9M
Expected costs if
you developed the
field (capex) and
produced
the oil (opex)
If total expenses are
higher than the sales
value, the value of the
license is zero
69. First well:
0 to 1572 MBOE (after drilling)
11 to 1266 MBOE (after testing)
Second well:
25 to 1033 MBOE (after drilling)
34 to 910 MBOE (after testing)
Only proven MBOE counts
70. Click on Apply for More FundsTab.
1 KP for each $100,000 applied for.
Answer the questions: All correct gives cash
and you can keep KPs. One wrong gives cash
and you keep ½ of your KPs.Two wrong gives
½ cash and you lose all KPs. All wrong, you
get no cash and lose all KPs.
Expensive money if less than 10 knowledge
points: Apply for cash and be fined $5million
for each $20million requested.
71. Narrow uncertainty: Drill appraisal wells to
get proven volumes
Drill into other prospects to find more proven
volumes.
Farm-in and -out: Get into other good blocks.
Two additional licensing rounds: Repeat the
processes.
Money: Apply for more money, if you run out
of cash.
Editor's Notes
The long and bumpy road for oil from the underground to your tank, is called the oil and gas industry value chain.The value chain is divided further into these parts:Upstream is about getting the hydrocarbons up from the ground, and comprises of activities related to exploration, field development, construction, production and abandonment. By its nature, the exploration phase is common for both oil and gas, but soon afterwards, the oil and gas value chain will segregate into two parallel value chains.Midstream is about transportation and storage, as well as oil refining and gas processing.Downstream is about distribution and retail sales of gas, fuels and lubricants, plastics and other hydrocarbon derivatives to industrial and consumer markets.OilSim Exploration is all about the exploration part of the oil and gas industry. Exploration is about finding the hydrocarbons and proving that they are in sufficient quantities to start producing. OilSim Field development and Production is about actually taking the oil or gas out of the subsurface.
So this is what it looks like when you are trying to find the midpoints for the 3 basin centres.
When you have found out where you think the basin centres are, you enter your centre coordinates into the form on the home page.When you press Submit, the simulation receives your guesses.If there is a green line across the right hand side of the page when you have submitted, the coordinates have been registered in the system.You can change your mind as long as the deadline has not passed and enter altered coordinates and press the Update button below the form.
In real life to assess the exploration risks and prospects on a bain scale, geologists use “Basin and Play Fairway Analysis” and is conducted using special GIS software and other specialist programmes. In OilSim this analysis has been simplified into one Common risk segment map to show the probability of hydrocarbons in an area. The geologists ask a number of questions to determine the probability of finding oil or gas, including:Is there a sedimentary basin and a migration route into the prospects in the area?Is there porous reservoir rock so that the oil or gas can be stored?Is there a sealing rock, so that the oil and gas can be trapped?The CRS map helps to answer these questions by combining a number of maps, surveys, charts and data analysis into one map and represents the probability of finding oil and gas in a particular geological layer or horizon.If the answers to all 3 questions mentioned are ”YES”, then the area is shown as green – a high likelihood of finding hydrocardonsIf one is negative, then the area is shown in orange – with a medium probabilty of hydrocardonsIf the answers to 2 or 3 questions are “NO”- then the area is red and has a low probability of containing oil or gas.Since the CRS show the probabilities of prospects in only one particular horizon or layer, it is necessary to purchase the CRS for all 3 layers so that you can determine which area within the licensing area contains the highest probability of containing oil and gas. So on the CRS maps shown here the area circled in black on the OilSim map and each of the CRS shows that the area in question is within the licensing area and is green on all three CRS layers, indicating high probability of oil and gas on all 3 layers within the same area or blocks. Potentially an area that requires further investigation for individual prospects.
Seismic surveys are made from sound waves that are sent into the subsurface, reflected, and measured when they get back to the surface.This slide shows an example of a real seismic line. It shows a cross-section of the subsurface with the blue and red lines indicating changes in velocity of the wave and therefore changes in geological structures in the subsurface.The black, red, and green lines are lines added as interpretation of the data by geologists.black lines are so-called faults, which have happened for instance after earth quakes or other dramatic geological events.green lines are where geologists think the reservoir rock beginsred lines are where the geologists think the sealing rock begins In this particular case there is a prospect indicated under the orange arrow, within the grey triangle.
Here the area between the reservoir and the sealant rock has been shaded in to show you whether you still have a seal at the fault or a gap where leakage could occur.
Your primary target is to find the limits of each prospects, not just plounge the drill string into the middle of each reservoir.Thus you shall drill into the periphery of each prospect, not in the middle.
When reviewing a farm-out offer you can either accept the amount or % the license owner requests, or amend the amounts to your own offer. Add a message to the seller explaining why they should choose your team and press “Send offer”
Financing – Is where a team is able to accept offers, and therefore receive money or “finance” for a % of their own blocks When a team receives a Farm-In offer it appears under financing on the right hand side of the homepage
All your farm-in offers to other teams are shown under “Investing” on the right-hand side of the homepage . This is where a team offers investments to other teams for a % of their blocksRemember you must have farmed-out 20% of your own block before you can drill.
Before you begin to drill you need to know the water depth so that you choose the right type of rig. You can find this information by clicking on your block and scrolling to the bottom of the screen where a map of the whole block’s water depths are shown. By scrolling over each cell you can see the water depth for each particular cell.
The next task is to choose which rig to use to drill the exploration well, but you will need to know how deep the water is in the area you wish to drill, so check out the water depths under your block information.There are three types of rigs: jack-up rigs for shallow waters, semi-submersible rigs for middle waters and drillships for the deepest waters. When choosing the rig ,, and.The rigs have different costs per day, and the drilling days depend on how deep you drill into the subsurface and which service providers you choose
In most cases there are fewer rigs than teams, so you need to be fast to get good and cheap rigs for your wells.When you order a rig you need to start using it within 20 minutes.If you do not use it within the 20 minutes, you will pay for 20 days of use.You can release a rig that you have ordered on the home page.The rig rates are dynamic, so that popular rigs tend to have increasing prices, while less popular rigs become cheaper.
To determine how long it will probably take to complete drilling, check out the “drilling Information” tab. The water depth is the distance from the water line to the seabed.Layer 3 is approximately 1500 meters below the seabed, layer 2 is 1000 meters further down, and layer 1 is 3500 meters below seabed.
Before you choose where to drill you should buy an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) survey to get more knowledge about the area. The benefit of an EIA survey is that you will be prepared for any environmental challenges you might encounter when drilling. With an EIA survey you will have lesser probability for drilling problems, and the extra costs will be less. Also, in the EIA survey you can see which drilling locations you should avoid. Some areas in your block are challenging to drill in. This can be because of strong currents, adverse conditions on the seabed or other local conditions. When you drill in those locations your costs go up 20%. You can see these locations in the EIA survey. You only have to buy one EIA survey for each license that you operate. You can find the EIA surveys under Surveys.
As this figure illustrates, you can drill through all three horizons in one well.You can even drill a deviated well, so that the position is not exactly the same in all horizons.The deviation can be 1 cell for each horizon.When we get to the drilling phase and we get to drill exploration wells, the wells can go through all three horizons.If you choose to drill to the bottom most horizon, whatever is in the horizons above will be discovered as well.Only one in five prospects actually contain oil or gas, so you will encounter a lot of dry prospects.Thus, it makes sense to look out for prospects that are on top of each other in the 2D seismic surveys, as this increases your chances in finding something.
Inputting estimated cost of drilling gives you knowledge points. You need to add all the costs of the rig and the service providers together and multiply this by the number of days you think it will take you to drill. The oil spill control is voluntary but costs 5% of the drilling amount per day but will earn you more knowledge points and cost you less to clear an oil spill if it happens.
When you have discovered a field the first decision you need to make is whether you want more information about that field right away and BEFORE you drill another exploration well.You can get more information by doing a production test, which is a process in which you try to produce oil or gas from the field.In OilSim production tests take 10 days per oil and gas field and you use the same providers as before.
However, if you can get the proven volume up, the block might become economically viable.This is done through production testing, and appraisal wellsWhen you have drilled the first well, you only have a small sample of the new-found oil or gas field. This is evident by the wide ranges of the area, thickness, quality, and volume variables. These wide ranges tell you that you actually do not know much about the field.After drilling and testing, your next step therefore is to drill another well – and test it. This is called an appraisal well.Normally it takes at least three or four wells into a field before the license block becomes economically viable.Sometimes it takes much more, and therefore you should not give up if the first wells into a field do not give any license value.However, you should give up if the upper boundaries of the field become so low that there is no chance that it becomes economically viable. This is often the case in deep-water blocks, where the CAPEX are very high.